The text in this book presents various system aspects on materials ows in society and nature and ... more The text in this book presents various system aspects on materials ows in society and nature and then mainly from a natural sciences and technical point of view. It is aiming at giving an overview of important material ows in society and in nature and their interactions in a sustainability perspective and the text is therefore of a more principal character. More examples and applications in specific sectors of society can be found in the other books of this series. Unfortunately, the examples and data presented in this book are exclusively from western countries. The documented and available studies on materials ows in the society and their connections to the environmental and resource problems are to an overwhelming majority describing western societies and this book has drawn from these studies.
Electric road systems (ERS)—infrastructure that allows for charging while driving—are currently c... more Electric road systems (ERS)—infrastructure that allows for charging while driving—are currently considered in Sweden for electrifying long-haul trucking. The technology can also charge battery electric passenger vehicles (BEVs). This study utilizes real-world car movement data in Sweden and detailed spatial analysis to explore to what extent ERS could displace stationary charging if it is available for BEVs and the expected benefits. We find that ERS utilization and the minimum battery ranges depend more on visited locations and home locations and less on the annual travel distances of car users. The median battery ranges required by rural residents are 15–18% greater than for urban residents. Our scenarios suggest that a mix of ERS and home-charging would achieve the most significant benefits. ERS with home charging reduces the required battery range by 62–71% in the main scenarios, and the net savings from smaller BEV batteries exceed the cost of ERS. Eliminating all stationary ch...
In 2006/2007 in Sweden, climate change was highlighted in the media, oil prices raised transport ... more In 2006/2007 in Sweden, climate change was highlighted in the media, oil prices raised transport fuel prices, and policies to reduce CO2 emissions from personal cars were introduced. How do sales patterns for new cars in Sweden reflect these issues? Traditionally Sweden has had the highest CO2 emitting new cars in the European Union with the most powerful engines and largest weight. In previous studies we have mapped the changes that occurred in new sold cars in Sweden between 1985 and 2002 through statistical analysis and modelling of sales statistics combined with vehicle characteristics. Our main finding was that 35 % of the enhanced technology and design resulted in a net reduction in fuel consumption. The remaining 65 % served to meet consumer demands such as increased passenger space and improved acceleration. This analysis updated for 2007 shows that while lower fuel consumption has become increasingly important it has still not led to a downsizing, i.e., a reversal of the trend toward improved service attributes such as acceleration capacity and passenger space. Instead the main technological and market change has been a shift toward diesel and ethanol engines. Between 2002 and 2007 43 % of the technical development was offset by the amelioration of service and performance attributes, while 57 % resulted in actual reduced fuel consumption. However, had there not been a shift toward more diesel cars then the offset would have been 70 % instead. Diesel cars, while being more fuel efficient were primarily in the large-car segments, thus not contributing to an actual change in attribute trends. Vehicles with ethanol engines were also mainly present in the upper segments with higher fuel consumption. A sign for a possible slackening of the trend was an increasing share of vehicles with CO2 emissions under 120 g/km. The average power and size of these cars have also increased, improving the cars‟ attractiveness to customers. Concluding, policies in Sweden so far have reduced average carbon emissions, but have not led to a downsizing of the new car fleet and the average new sold car in Sweden still has higher carbon emissions than the average new sold car in the EU.
This paper describes how one often highlighted key strategy for reducing the fuel consumption of ... more This paper describes how one often highlighted key strategy for reducing the fuel consumption of the personal car fleet is the so called downsizing of cars. This paper studies how the potentials for downsizing created by technical improvements, such as increased maximum specific torque and power, turbochargers, and gear shift have materialized in the actual new car market in Sweden. The authors conclude that the downsizing so far has been a lot of rhetoric and less of real savings.
The electric energy used for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) plays an important part in several ... more The electric energy used for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) plays an important part in several aspects related to the transition to electrified transport. One of the conventional vehicles in two-car commuting households in south-west Sweden during Oct 2015-May 2016 was replaced with a BEV. Data collected from GPS, on-board diagnostics, and the EVSE charging are used to evaluate the specific electricity use of the BEVs. We will report the specific electricity use at the grid-to-wheel and battery to wheel level for 15 privately driven BEVs under various driving, climate and charging conditions.
The text in this book presents various system aspects on materials ows in society and nature and ... more The text in this book presents various system aspects on materials ows in society and nature and then mainly from a natural sciences and technical point of view. It is aiming at giving an overview of important material ows in society and in nature and their interactions in a sustainability perspective and the text is therefore of a more principal character. More examples and applications in specific sectors of society can be found in the other books of this series. Unfortunately, the examples and data presented in this book are exclusively from western countries. The documented and available studies on materials ows in the society and their connections to the environmental and resource problems are to an overwhelming majority describing western societies and this book has drawn from these studies.
Electric road systems (ERS)—infrastructure that allows for charging while driving—are currently c... more Electric road systems (ERS)—infrastructure that allows for charging while driving—are currently considered in Sweden for electrifying long-haul trucking. The technology can also charge battery electric passenger vehicles (BEVs). This study utilizes real-world car movement data in Sweden and detailed spatial analysis to explore to what extent ERS could displace stationary charging if it is available for BEVs and the expected benefits. We find that ERS utilization and the minimum battery ranges depend more on visited locations and home locations and less on the annual travel distances of car users. The median battery ranges required by rural residents are 15–18% greater than for urban residents. Our scenarios suggest that a mix of ERS and home-charging would achieve the most significant benefits. ERS with home charging reduces the required battery range by 62–71% in the main scenarios, and the net savings from smaller BEV batteries exceed the cost of ERS. Eliminating all stationary ch...
In 2006/2007 in Sweden, climate change was highlighted in the media, oil prices raised transport ... more In 2006/2007 in Sweden, climate change was highlighted in the media, oil prices raised transport fuel prices, and policies to reduce CO2 emissions from personal cars were introduced. How do sales patterns for new cars in Sweden reflect these issues? Traditionally Sweden has had the highest CO2 emitting new cars in the European Union with the most powerful engines and largest weight. In previous studies we have mapped the changes that occurred in new sold cars in Sweden between 1985 and 2002 through statistical analysis and modelling of sales statistics combined with vehicle characteristics. Our main finding was that 35 % of the enhanced technology and design resulted in a net reduction in fuel consumption. The remaining 65 % served to meet consumer demands such as increased passenger space and improved acceleration. This analysis updated for 2007 shows that while lower fuel consumption has become increasingly important it has still not led to a downsizing, i.e., a reversal of the trend toward improved service attributes such as acceleration capacity and passenger space. Instead the main technological and market change has been a shift toward diesel and ethanol engines. Between 2002 and 2007 43 % of the technical development was offset by the amelioration of service and performance attributes, while 57 % resulted in actual reduced fuel consumption. However, had there not been a shift toward more diesel cars then the offset would have been 70 % instead. Diesel cars, while being more fuel efficient were primarily in the large-car segments, thus not contributing to an actual change in attribute trends. Vehicles with ethanol engines were also mainly present in the upper segments with higher fuel consumption. A sign for a possible slackening of the trend was an increasing share of vehicles with CO2 emissions under 120 g/km. The average power and size of these cars have also increased, improving the cars‟ attractiveness to customers. Concluding, policies in Sweden so far have reduced average carbon emissions, but have not led to a downsizing of the new car fleet and the average new sold car in Sweden still has higher carbon emissions than the average new sold car in the EU.
This paper describes how one often highlighted key strategy for reducing the fuel consumption of ... more This paper describes how one often highlighted key strategy for reducing the fuel consumption of the personal car fleet is the so called downsizing of cars. This paper studies how the potentials for downsizing created by technical improvements, such as increased maximum specific torque and power, turbochargers, and gear shift have materialized in the actual new car market in Sweden. The authors conclude that the downsizing so far has been a lot of rhetoric and less of real savings.
The electric energy used for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) plays an important part in several ... more The electric energy used for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) plays an important part in several aspects related to the transition to electrified transport. One of the conventional vehicles in two-car commuting households in south-west Sweden during Oct 2015-May 2016 was replaced with a BEV. Data collected from GPS, on-board diagnostics, and the EVSE charging are used to evaluate the specific electricity use of the BEVs. We will report the specific electricity use at the grid-to-wheel and battery to wheel level for 15 privately driven BEVs under various driving, climate and charging conditions.
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