The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Couta... more The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Coutant, LD Calvin, MWJ Erho, J Lichatowich Waterpower'97, 50-59. 31 Pollution, Conservation, and Health Management(CE).
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 2006
... 1993, Hendricks and White 1995, Stanley and Boulton 1995, Evans and Petts 1997, Boulton et al... more ... 1993, Hendricks and White 1995, Stanley and Boulton 1995, Evans and Petts 1997, Boulton et al. 2002). ... This paper also was improved by comments from Judson Harvey, Gary Lamberti, Leal Mertes, Ashley Helton, Krista Jones, Andrew Boulton, and 3 anonymous referees. ...
... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Wash... more ... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Washington; Christopher A. Frissell ... In (1) The number of adult salmon and steelhead -w the scientific recruited is ... such as in Cali-fornia's Owens River Gorge (Hill and Platts 1998) have ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011
Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic struct... more Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems. Here we document multitrophic level impacts in a spatially extensive system that played out over more than a century. Positive interactions among exotic vertebrate and invertebrate predators caused a substantial and abrupt shift in community composition resulting in a trophic cascade that extended to primary producers and to a nonaquatic species, the bald eagle. The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana , invaded Flathead Lake, Montana, the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. Lake trout had been introduced 80 y prior but remained at low densities until nonnative Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids and this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery; fo...
537 aBstraCt: We review the ecology and conservation of three lesserknown chars (genus Salvelinus... more 537 aBstraCt: We review the ecology and conservation of three lesserknown chars (genus Salvelinus): Dolly Varden (S. malma), white-spotted char (S. leucomaenis), and bull trout (S. confluentus). Dolly Varden is distributed across the northern Pacific Rim and co-occurs with bull trout and white-spotted char at the southern extremes of its range. In contrast, bull trout and white-spotted char are naturally isolated, with the former restricted to North America and the latter distributed in northeastern Asia. Though the range of Dolly Varden overlaps with the two other chars, it is most closely related to Arctic char (S. alpinus), whereas bull trout and white-spotted char are sister taxa. Each species exhibits diverse life histories with respect to demographic characteristics, trophic ecology, and movement. This diversity appears to be tied to environmental variability (e.g., temperature, habitat connectivity), resource availability (e.g., food), and species interactions. Increasingly, ...
We were contracted by the Northwest Institute for Bioregional Research (Smithers, BC) to use our ... more We were contracted by the Northwest Institute for Bioregional Research (Smithers, BC) to use our existing databases to produce a series of maps describing the geomorphology of tributaries of the Skeena River, British Columbia that will be crossed by the proposed Enbridge pipeline. The objective was to develop and map metrics that delineate the areas of the Skeena River and its tributaries most vulnerable to potential pipeline spills associated with the proposed Enbridge corridor to Kitimat, BC.
There is growing interest in the ecological significance of phenological diversity, particularly ... more There is growing interest in the ecological significance of phenological diversity, particularly in how spatially variable resource phenologies (i.e. resource waves) prolong foraging opportunities for mobile consumers. While there is accumulating evidence of consumers moving across landscapes to surf resource waves, there is little data quantifying how phenological tracking influences resource consumption due to the challenge of documenting all the components of this ecological phenomenon (i.e., phenological variation, consumer movement, resource consumption, and consumer fitness). We examined the space use of GPS collared female brown bears to quantify the exploitation of a salmon resource wave by individual bears. We then estimated salmon consumption levels in the same individuals using stable isotope and mercury analyses of hair. We found strong positive relationships between time spent on salmon streams and percent salmon in assimilated diets (R = 0.70) and salmon mass consumed ...
Climate change is altering the seasonal timing of life cycle events in organisms across the plane... more Climate change is altering the seasonal timing of life cycle events in organisms across the planet, but the magnitude of change often varies among taxa [Thackeray SJ, et al. (2016) Nature 535:241–245]. This can cause the temporal relationships among species to change, altering the strength of interaction. A large body of work has explored what happens when coevolved species shift out of sync, but virtually no studies have documented the effects of climate-induced synchronization, which could remove temporal barriers between species and create novel interactions. We explored how a predator, the Kodiak brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), responded to asymmetric phenological shifts between its primary trophic resources, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). In years with anomalously high spring air temperatures, elderberry fruited several weeks earlier and became available during the period when salmon spawned in tributary streams. Bears depart...
Beaver have expanded in their native habitats throughout the northern hemisphere in recent decade... more Beaver have expanded in their native habitats throughout the northern hemisphere in recent decades following reductions in trapping and reintroduction efforts. Beaver have the potential to strongly influence salmon populations in the side channels of large alluvial rivers by building dams that create pond complexes. Pond habitat may improve salmon productivity or the presence of dams may reduce productivity if dams limit habitat connectivity and inhibit fish passage. Our intent in this paper is to contrast the habitat use and production of juvenile salmon on expansive floodplains of two geomorphically similar salmon rivers: the Kol River in Kamchatka, Russia (no beavers) and the Kwethluk River in Alaska (abundant beavers), and thereby provide a case study on how beavers may influence salmonids in large floodplain rivers. We examined important rearing habitats in each floodplain, including springbrooks, beaver ponds, beaver-influenced springbrooks, and shallow shorelines of the river...
ABSTRACT In this research we take a systems ecology approach to the evaluation of river floodplai... more ABSTRACT In this research we take a systems ecology approach to the evaluation of river floodplains by ranking them according to their energetic complexity at or near base flow conditions. The underlying hypothesis is that energetic complexity equates to a higher potential for sustaining maximum biological diversity, in particular as it relates to Salmonids. Fr number is a hydraulic index of relative specific energy in a flowing water column ranging from calm, no flow conditions where Fr = 0 to 0.8 at the onset of rapids and higher values approaching 1 or > at locations of breaking waves and hydraulic jumps. Most of the water flowing in a gravel-bed river exists in the transition range of Fr = 0.1 to 0.8, creating a complex array of potential hydrologic habitat commonly described through observation as riffles, runs, pools eddies, and so on. We use 1.6 m2 resolution multispectral satellite imagery to predict and map water depth (h), mean flow velocity (V) and Froude number (Fr=V/(gh)^0.5) by using a distribution-free statistical learner and error analysis approach. This approach links measures of V and h made from a raft deploying an acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP) and GPS with the reflectance characteristics from the satellite imagery (4 bands) that correspond to each ADP profile. This analysis of Fr space in combination with independent classification of depth and velocity provides physical metrics related to the energetic state of flow in the river at the time of image acquisition. We use these metrics, determined from a suite of 23 floodplains spread across the rim of the North Pacific (including British Columbia, Alaska and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia) and covering the range in fluvial geomorphic type from braided to meandering, to rank them in terms of energetic complexity.
Accurately estimating population sizes is often a critical component of fisheries research and ma... more Accurately estimating population sizes is often a critical component of fisheries research and management. Although there is a growing appreciation of the importance of small-scale salmon population dynamics to the stability of salmon stock-complexes, our understanding of these populations is constrained by a lack of efficient and cost-effective monitoring tools for streams. Weirs are expensive, labor intensive, and can disrupt natural fish movements. While conventional video systems avoid some of these shortcomings, they are expensive and require excessive amounts of labor to review footage for data collection. Here, we present a novel method for quantifying salmon in small streams (<15 m wide, <1 m deep) that uses both time-lapse photography and video in a model-based double sampling scheme. This method produces an escapement estimate nearly as accurate as a video-only approach, but with substantially less labor, money, and effort. It requires servicing only every 14 days, d...
Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis: An Explanation for Biotic Diversity Patterns in Lotic Ecosys... more Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis: An Explanation for Biotic Diversity Patterns in Lotic Ecosystems. JW Ward, JA Stanford Dynamics of Lotic Systems, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI. ... It is consistent with diversity patterns observed in natural and altered lotic ecosystems. ...
The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Couta... more The Normative River: An Ecological Vision for the Recovery of the Columbia River Salmon. CC Coutant, LD Calvin, MWJ Erho, J Lichatowich Waterpower'97, 50-59. 31 Pollution, Conservation, and Health Management(CE).
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 2006
... 1993, Hendricks and White 1995, Stanley and Boulton 1995, Evans and Petts 1997, Boulton et al... more ... 1993, Hendricks and White 1995, Stanley and Boulton 1995, Evans and Petts 1997, Boulton et al. 2002). ... This paper also was improved by comments from Judson Harvey, Gary Lamberti, Leal Mertes, Ashley Helton, Krista Jones, Andrew Boulton, and 3 anonymous referees. ...
... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Wash... more ... Laboratory, Tennessee; Michael W. Erho, Jr., independentfisheries consultant, Wenatchee, Washington; Christopher A. Frissell ... In (1) The number of adult salmon and steelhead -w the scientific recruited is ... such as in Cali-fornia&amp;#x27;s Owens River Gorge (Hill and Platts 1998) have ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011
Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic struct... more Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems. Here we document multitrophic level impacts in a spatially extensive system that played out over more than a century. Positive interactions among exotic vertebrate and invertebrate predators caused a substantial and abrupt shift in community composition resulting in a trophic cascade that extended to primary producers and to a nonaquatic species, the bald eagle. The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana , invaded Flathead Lake, Montana, the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. Lake trout had been introduced 80 y prior but remained at low densities until nonnative Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids and this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery; fo...
537 aBstraCt: We review the ecology and conservation of three lesserknown chars (genus Salvelinus... more 537 aBstraCt: We review the ecology and conservation of three lesserknown chars (genus Salvelinus): Dolly Varden (S. malma), white-spotted char (S. leucomaenis), and bull trout (S. confluentus). Dolly Varden is distributed across the northern Pacific Rim and co-occurs with bull trout and white-spotted char at the southern extremes of its range. In contrast, bull trout and white-spotted char are naturally isolated, with the former restricted to North America and the latter distributed in northeastern Asia. Though the range of Dolly Varden overlaps with the two other chars, it is most closely related to Arctic char (S. alpinus), whereas bull trout and white-spotted char are sister taxa. Each species exhibits diverse life histories with respect to demographic characteristics, trophic ecology, and movement. This diversity appears to be tied to environmental variability (e.g., temperature, habitat connectivity), resource availability (e.g., food), and species interactions. Increasingly, ...
We were contracted by the Northwest Institute for Bioregional Research (Smithers, BC) to use our ... more We were contracted by the Northwest Institute for Bioregional Research (Smithers, BC) to use our existing databases to produce a series of maps describing the geomorphology of tributaries of the Skeena River, British Columbia that will be crossed by the proposed Enbridge pipeline. The objective was to develop and map metrics that delineate the areas of the Skeena River and its tributaries most vulnerable to potential pipeline spills associated with the proposed Enbridge corridor to Kitimat, BC.
There is growing interest in the ecological significance of phenological diversity, particularly ... more There is growing interest in the ecological significance of phenological diversity, particularly in how spatially variable resource phenologies (i.e. resource waves) prolong foraging opportunities for mobile consumers. While there is accumulating evidence of consumers moving across landscapes to surf resource waves, there is little data quantifying how phenological tracking influences resource consumption due to the challenge of documenting all the components of this ecological phenomenon (i.e., phenological variation, consumer movement, resource consumption, and consumer fitness). We examined the space use of GPS collared female brown bears to quantify the exploitation of a salmon resource wave by individual bears. We then estimated salmon consumption levels in the same individuals using stable isotope and mercury analyses of hair. We found strong positive relationships between time spent on salmon streams and percent salmon in assimilated diets (R = 0.70) and salmon mass consumed ...
Climate change is altering the seasonal timing of life cycle events in organisms across the plane... more Climate change is altering the seasonal timing of life cycle events in organisms across the planet, but the magnitude of change often varies among taxa [Thackeray SJ, et al. (2016) Nature 535:241–245]. This can cause the temporal relationships among species to change, altering the strength of interaction. A large body of work has explored what happens when coevolved species shift out of sync, but virtually no studies have documented the effects of climate-induced synchronization, which could remove temporal barriers between species and create novel interactions. We explored how a predator, the Kodiak brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), responded to asymmetric phenological shifts between its primary trophic resources, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). In years with anomalously high spring air temperatures, elderberry fruited several weeks earlier and became available during the period when salmon spawned in tributary streams. Bears depart...
Beaver have expanded in their native habitats throughout the northern hemisphere in recent decade... more Beaver have expanded in their native habitats throughout the northern hemisphere in recent decades following reductions in trapping and reintroduction efforts. Beaver have the potential to strongly influence salmon populations in the side channels of large alluvial rivers by building dams that create pond complexes. Pond habitat may improve salmon productivity or the presence of dams may reduce productivity if dams limit habitat connectivity and inhibit fish passage. Our intent in this paper is to contrast the habitat use and production of juvenile salmon on expansive floodplains of two geomorphically similar salmon rivers: the Kol River in Kamchatka, Russia (no beavers) and the Kwethluk River in Alaska (abundant beavers), and thereby provide a case study on how beavers may influence salmonids in large floodplain rivers. We examined important rearing habitats in each floodplain, including springbrooks, beaver ponds, beaver-influenced springbrooks, and shallow shorelines of the river...
ABSTRACT In this research we take a systems ecology approach to the evaluation of river floodplai... more ABSTRACT In this research we take a systems ecology approach to the evaluation of river floodplains by ranking them according to their energetic complexity at or near base flow conditions. The underlying hypothesis is that energetic complexity equates to a higher potential for sustaining maximum biological diversity, in particular as it relates to Salmonids. Fr number is a hydraulic index of relative specific energy in a flowing water column ranging from calm, no flow conditions where Fr = 0 to 0.8 at the onset of rapids and higher values approaching 1 or &gt; at locations of breaking waves and hydraulic jumps. Most of the water flowing in a gravel-bed river exists in the transition range of Fr = 0.1 to 0.8, creating a complex array of potential hydrologic habitat commonly described through observation as riffles, runs, pools eddies, and so on. We use 1.6 m2 resolution multispectral satellite imagery to predict and map water depth (h), mean flow velocity (V) and Froude number (Fr=V/(gh)^0.5) by using a distribution-free statistical learner and error analysis approach. This approach links measures of V and h made from a raft deploying an acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP) and GPS with the reflectance characteristics from the satellite imagery (4 bands) that correspond to each ADP profile. This analysis of Fr space in combination with independent classification of depth and velocity provides physical metrics related to the energetic state of flow in the river at the time of image acquisition. We use these metrics, determined from a suite of 23 floodplains spread across the rim of the North Pacific (including British Columbia, Alaska and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia) and covering the range in fluvial geomorphic type from braided to meandering, to rank them in terms of energetic complexity.
Accurately estimating population sizes is often a critical component of fisheries research and ma... more Accurately estimating population sizes is often a critical component of fisheries research and management. Although there is a growing appreciation of the importance of small-scale salmon population dynamics to the stability of salmon stock-complexes, our understanding of these populations is constrained by a lack of efficient and cost-effective monitoring tools for streams. Weirs are expensive, labor intensive, and can disrupt natural fish movements. While conventional video systems avoid some of these shortcomings, they are expensive and require excessive amounts of labor to review footage for data collection. Here, we present a novel method for quantifying salmon in small streams (<15 m wide, <1 m deep) that uses both time-lapse photography and video in a model-based double sampling scheme. This method produces an escapement estimate nearly as accurate as a video-only approach, but with substantially less labor, money, and effort. It requires servicing only every 14 days, d...
Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis: An Explanation for Biotic Diversity Patterns in Lotic Ecosys... more Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis: An Explanation for Biotic Diversity Patterns in Lotic Ecosystems. JW Ward, JA Stanford Dynamics of Lotic Systems, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI. ... It is consistent with diversity patterns observed in natural and altered lotic ecosystems. ...
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