ABSTRACT The relationship between several positive and negative percepts has been demonstrated by... more ABSTRACT The relationship between several positive and negative percepts has been demonstrated by psychological studies to be more bivariate than bipolar. The objective of the study was to compare the liking and disliking ratings generated from two unidirectional scales to a modified 9-point hedonic scale ratings to identify similarities and dissimilarities in the findings from the two different scaling methods. Three consumer acceptance tests were conducted with the 9-point liking and disliking unidirectional scales (LDUS) and the modified 9-point hedonic scale. The tested food products were soy-whole-grain beverages, Korean rice wines, and high protein snacks. Subjects demonstrated to have both liking and disliking percepts in the evaluation of novel food products. Only about 2% of the subjects had neutral perception by indicating ‘‘no opinion’’ on both LDUS. Statistical comparisons between the modified 9-point hedonic scale ratings and the LDUS ratings produced similar sample discrimination performance. Internal preference maps from the LDUS ratings provided supplementary interpretations by showing consumers’ like patterns and dislike patterns toward samples separately.
Research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific l... more Research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific literature. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine whether a sensory difference was perceivable between beet and cane sugar sources in regard to their (1) aroma-only, (2) aroma and taste without nose clips, and (3) taste-only with nose clips, and to characterize the difference between the sugar sources using descriptive analysis. One hundred panelists evaluated sugar samples using a tetrad test. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was identified between beet and cane sugar sources when evaluated by aroma-only and taste and aroma without nose clips. However, there was no difference when tasted with nose clips. To characterize the observed differences, ten trained panelists identified and quantified key sensory attributes of beet and cane sugars using descriptive analysis. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between sugar samples for 8 of the 10 attributes including: off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aroma, fruity and burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth, sweet aftertaste, and burnt sugar aftertaste. The sensory profile of beet sugar was characterized by off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aromas and by a burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth and aftertaste, whereas cane sugar was characterized by a fruity aroma-by-mouth and sweet aftertaste. This study shows that beet and cane sugar sources can be differentiated by their aroma and provides a sensory profile characterizing the differences. As sugar is used extensively as a food ingredient, sensory differences between beet and cane sugar sources once incorporated into different product matrices should be studied as a next step.
ABSTRACT Picky eating behavior may have both biological and environmental determinants. We tested... more ABSTRACT Picky eating behavior may have both biological and environmental determinants. We tested the hypothesis that variation in genes that affect taste perception would influence picky eating behavior and body mass index (BMI) by exploring associations with nine genetic variants in six chemosensory-related genes (TAS2R19, TAS2R38, CA6, TAS1R1, TAS1R2, and TAS2R1). Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data from 144 non-Hispanic white preschoolers (2-5 years) and their parents enrolled in the STRONG Kids program. Participants responded to survey questions about their children's eating habits, including picky eating. Height and weight were measured and saliva was collected for genotyping. Generalized linear models were used to examine differences in picky eating behaviors and BMI z-scores associated with selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Only two polymorphisms on the CA6 gene were associated with picky eating behavior. Both SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the minor allele frequency was 12.5% and 9.0%, respectively. CA6-rs2274327 T-homozygosity was associated with parental perception of picky eating, (χ2=3.99, p<0.05), while CA6-rs2274333 G-homozygosity was associated with children's preference for specific food-preparation methods, (χ2=4.74, p<0.05). Children's BMI z-scores were not correlated with picky eating behaviors or genotypes. These results are the first to show that variations in the CA6 gene influences picky eating behavior. Additional work is needed to confirm whether variations in chemosensory-related genes are associated with differences in children's taste preferences or long-term weight-gain trajectories. Funded by NIFA 2011-67001-30101
Background/Aims: Picky eating is prevalent among preschoolers and is associated with risk of both... more Background/Aims: Picky eating is prevalent among preschoolers and is associated with risk of both underweight and overweight. Although differences in taste perception may be due to genetic variation, it is unclear whether these variations are related to picky eating behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 candidate genes related to chemosensory perception with picky eating behavior and adiposity in a cohort of preschool-aged children. Methods: Parents of 2- to 5-year-old non-Hispanic white preschoolers (n = 153) responded to survey questions on demographics, and information regarding their child's breastfeeding history and picky eating behavior. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) z-scores using standard growth charts, and saliva was collected for genotyping. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations between picky eating behavior and BMI z-scores with gene...
Picky eating is a problematic eating behavior caregivers may encounter with children under their ... more Picky eating is a problematic eating behavior caregivers may encounter with children under their care. A picky eater (PE) is typically characterized as consuming a narrow range of food, as well as rejecting several food items. Much of the literature regarding PEs involves parents, although use of nonparental childcare arrangements in the United States has increased in the past several decades. Although data on parental mealtime strategies exist, little is known about how parent and childcare provider pickiness perceptions differ between types of childcare, such as center-based childcare (CBCC) and home-based childcare (HBCC), or how these perceptions influence the mealtime strategies utilized. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare perceptions of child pickiness between parents and childcare providers, (2) compare percent agreement in pickiness perception between the dyads of CBCC parents and providers and HBCC parents and providers, and (3) identify mealtime strategy util...
Picky eating has been investigated through numerous surveys and food recalls, but few studies hav... more Picky eating has been investigated through numerous surveys and food recalls, but few studies have applied in-home meal evaluations as a method to investigate behaviors and food preferences of children perceived by their parent to be a picky eater (PE) or nonpicky eater (NPE). A 2-wk in-home meal study was completed to investigate differences in PE and NPE mealtime behaviors and food selections using real-time parental observations. Parents (n = 170) and their 2- to 4-y-old children (83 PE and 87 NPE) evaluated 5 standardized meals in-home. Parents recorded their child's and their own hedonic liking of the products and completed an assessment of their child's behavior and consumption at each meal. Significant differences were found between perceived PE and NPE children for all 16 behaviors assessed. On average, perceived NPE were assessed to consume a higher percentage of the meal served and to have higher acceptance scores for most of the foods evaluated. Some foods, though, like breaded chicken and plain pasta, were liked equally by PE and NPE. Several significant differences in hedonic liking were revealed when PE children were compared to their parents. Yet, few differences in liking occurred between NPE children and their parents or between the 2 parental groups. Because study participants evaluated meals real-time rather than memory recall, the differences and similarities found between perceived PE and NPE may be considered direct experiential evidence with reduced subjective bias as created when subjects recall past experiences. Thus, findings from this study can provide the foundation to establish an objective definition and classification of PE and NPE.
Picky eating behavior is prevalent among toddlers and may negatively impact their growth and deve... more Picky eating behavior is prevalent among toddlers and may negatively impact their growth and development. This article summarizes the correlates of picky eating and food neophobia in young children, which were identified using a socio-ecological framework. A literature search was conducted in 4 electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were English-language peer-reviewed publications that investigated correlate(s) of picky eating or food neophobia in children aged ≤30 months. Correlates were categorized into 4 levels: cell, child, clan (family), and community/country. Thirty-two studies, which examined 89 correlates, were identified from the keyword searches of the databases and manual searches of the reference lists of included articles. The most examined correlates were characteristics related to the child (sex, weight, and dietary intake) and parent (feeding beliefs and practices). A meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of picky eating to be 22%. Each additional month of a child...
ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the acceptance of a soy-based extruded snack food by Indian c... more ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the acceptance of a soy-based extruded snack food by Indian consumers residing in India with surrogate consumers residing in the USA Soy-based snacks were extruded and contained varying levels of soy flour and grits. Seventy-...
ABSTRACT The relationship between several positive and negative percepts has been demonstrated by... more ABSTRACT The relationship between several positive and negative percepts has been demonstrated by psychological studies to be more bivariate than bipolar. The objective of the study was to compare the liking and disliking ratings generated from two unidirectional scales to a modified 9-point hedonic scale ratings to identify similarities and dissimilarities in the findings from the two different scaling methods. Three consumer acceptance tests were conducted with the 9-point liking and disliking unidirectional scales (LDUS) and the modified 9-point hedonic scale. The tested food products were soy-whole-grain beverages, Korean rice wines, and high protein snacks. Subjects demonstrated to have both liking and disliking percepts in the evaluation of novel food products. Only about 2% of the subjects had neutral perception by indicating ‘‘no opinion’’ on both LDUS. Statistical comparisons between the modified 9-point hedonic scale ratings and the LDUS ratings produced similar sample discrimination performance. Internal preference maps from the LDUS ratings provided supplementary interpretations by showing consumers’ like patterns and dislike patterns toward samples separately.
Research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific l... more Research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific literature. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine whether a sensory difference was perceivable between beet and cane sugar sources in regard to their (1) aroma-only, (2) aroma and taste without nose clips, and (3) taste-only with nose clips, and to characterize the difference between the sugar sources using descriptive analysis. One hundred panelists evaluated sugar samples using a tetrad test. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was identified between beet and cane sugar sources when evaluated by aroma-only and taste and aroma without nose clips. However, there was no difference when tasted with nose clips. To characterize the observed differences, ten trained panelists identified and quantified key sensory attributes of beet and cane sugars using descriptive analysis. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between sugar samples for 8 of the 10 attributes including: off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aroma, fruity and burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth, sweet aftertaste, and burnt sugar aftertaste. The sensory profile of beet sugar was characterized by off-dairy, oxidized, earthy, and barnyard aromas and by a burnt sugar aroma-by-mouth and aftertaste, whereas cane sugar was characterized by a fruity aroma-by-mouth and sweet aftertaste. This study shows that beet and cane sugar sources can be differentiated by their aroma and provides a sensory profile characterizing the differences. As sugar is used extensively as a food ingredient, sensory differences between beet and cane sugar sources once incorporated into different product matrices should be studied as a next step.
ABSTRACT Picky eating behavior may have both biological and environmental determinants. We tested... more ABSTRACT Picky eating behavior may have both biological and environmental determinants. We tested the hypothesis that variation in genes that affect taste perception would influence picky eating behavior and body mass index (BMI) by exploring associations with nine genetic variants in six chemosensory-related genes (TAS2R19, TAS2R38, CA6, TAS1R1, TAS1R2, and TAS2R1). Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data from 144 non-Hispanic white preschoolers (2-5 years) and their parents enrolled in the STRONG Kids program. Participants responded to survey questions about their children's eating habits, including picky eating. Height and weight were measured and saliva was collected for genotyping. Generalized linear models were used to examine differences in picky eating behaviors and BMI z-scores associated with selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Only two polymorphisms on the CA6 gene were associated with picky eating behavior. Both SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the minor allele frequency was 12.5% and 9.0%, respectively. CA6-rs2274327 T-homozygosity was associated with parental perception of picky eating, (χ2=3.99, p<0.05), while CA6-rs2274333 G-homozygosity was associated with children's preference for specific food-preparation methods, (χ2=4.74, p<0.05). Children's BMI z-scores were not correlated with picky eating behaviors or genotypes. These results are the first to show that variations in the CA6 gene influences picky eating behavior. Additional work is needed to confirm whether variations in chemosensory-related genes are associated with differences in children's taste preferences or long-term weight-gain trajectories. Funded by NIFA 2011-67001-30101
Background/Aims: Picky eating is prevalent among preschoolers and is associated with risk of both... more Background/Aims: Picky eating is prevalent among preschoolers and is associated with risk of both underweight and overweight. Although differences in taste perception may be due to genetic variation, it is unclear whether these variations are related to picky eating behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 candidate genes related to chemosensory perception with picky eating behavior and adiposity in a cohort of preschool-aged children. Methods: Parents of 2- to 5-year-old non-Hispanic white preschoolers (n = 153) responded to survey questions on demographics, and information regarding their child's breastfeeding history and picky eating behavior. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) z-scores using standard growth charts, and saliva was collected for genotyping. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations between picky eating behavior and BMI z-scores with gene...
Picky eating is a problematic eating behavior caregivers may encounter with children under their ... more Picky eating is a problematic eating behavior caregivers may encounter with children under their care. A picky eater (PE) is typically characterized as consuming a narrow range of food, as well as rejecting several food items. Much of the literature regarding PEs involves parents, although use of nonparental childcare arrangements in the United States has increased in the past several decades. Although data on parental mealtime strategies exist, little is known about how parent and childcare provider pickiness perceptions differ between types of childcare, such as center-based childcare (CBCC) and home-based childcare (HBCC), or how these perceptions influence the mealtime strategies utilized. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare perceptions of child pickiness between parents and childcare providers, (2) compare percent agreement in pickiness perception between the dyads of CBCC parents and providers and HBCC parents and providers, and (3) identify mealtime strategy util...
Picky eating has been investigated through numerous surveys and food recalls, but few studies hav... more Picky eating has been investigated through numerous surveys and food recalls, but few studies have applied in-home meal evaluations as a method to investigate behaviors and food preferences of children perceived by their parent to be a picky eater (PE) or nonpicky eater (NPE). A 2-wk in-home meal study was completed to investigate differences in PE and NPE mealtime behaviors and food selections using real-time parental observations. Parents (n = 170) and their 2- to 4-y-old children (83 PE and 87 NPE) evaluated 5 standardized meals in-home. Parents recorded their child's and their own hedonic liking of the products and completed an assessment of their child's behavior and consumption at each meal. Significant differences were found between perceived PE and NPE children for all 16 behaviors assessed. On average, perceived NPE were assessed to consume a higher percentage of the meal served and to have higher acceptance scores for most of the foods evaluated. Some foods, though, like breaded chicken and plain pasta, were liked equally by PE and NPE. Several significant differences in hedonic liking were revealed when PE children were compared to their parents. Yet, few differences in liking occurred between NPE children and their parents or between the 2 parental groups. Because study participants evaluated meals real-time rather than memory recall, the differences and similarities found between perceived PE and NPE may be considered direct experiential evidence with reduced subjective bias as created when subjects recall past experiences. Thus, findings from this study can provide the foundation to establish an objective definition and classification of PE and NPE.
Picky eating behavior is prevalent among toddlers and may negatively impact their growth and deve... more Picky eating behavior is prevalent among toddlers and may negatively impact their growth and development. This article summarizes the correlates of picky eating and food neophobia in young children, which were identified using a socio-ecological framework. A literature search was conducted in 4 electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were English-language peer-reviewed publications that investigated correlate(s) of picky eating or food neophobia in children aged ≤30 months. Correlates were categorized into 4 levels: cell, child, clan (family), and community/country. Thirty-two studies, which examined 89 correlates, were identified from the keyword searches of the databases and manual searches of the reference lists of included articles. The most examined correlates were characteristics related to the child (sex, weight, and dietary intake) and parent (feeding beliefs and practices). A meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of picky eating to be 22%. Each additional month of a child...
ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the acceptance of a soy-based extruded snack food by Indian c... more ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the acceptance of a soy-based extruded snack food by Indian consumers residing in India with surrogate consumers residing in the USA Soy-based snacks were extruded and contained varying levels of soy flour and grits. Seventy-...
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