Robert A Rucker
Bob Rucker (robertarucker@yahoo.com) attended the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago for one year, earned BS and MS degrees in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, and obtained Professional Engineer (PE) certification in nuclear engineering and in mechanical engineering. He worked in the nuclear industry for 38 years doing nuclear core analysis for advanced nuclear reactor design, statistical analysis of nuclear measurements, and criticality safety calculations for nuclear fuel production and handling. In this process, he wrote 41 peer-reviewed documents for United States nuclear agencies. Since 2014 he has been researching and promoting a linen cloth called the Shroud of Turin, which according to ancient tradition is the burial cloth of Jesus. The Shroud is unique in that it contains front and back full-size images, without pigment, of a man that was crucified exactly as the Bible describes that Jesus was crucified. In 2017 he organized a four-day International Conference on the Shroud of Turin (ICST-2017) with 28 speakers from Italy, Spain, France, Australia, Mexico, and the United States. This conference produced 34 hours of PowerPoint presentations and panel discussions. The goal of Bob’s research is to solve the mysteries of the Shroud including the image, date, and blood, by following the scientific evidence where it leads. In his research, he has run nuclear analysis computer calculations using MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle) software to solve the carbon dating problem for the Shroud and has written 30 papers that are available on the research page of his website www.shroudresearch.net . His summary papers are numbers 15, 16, 19, and 24. His main conclusions are the following:
• The full-size front and back images of a crucified man can be seen on the Shroud because the information that defines the appearance of a naked crucified man was encoded into the pattern of discolored fibers that make the image. (Papers 5 and 26)
• If we follow the scientific evidence where it leads, the best explanation for how the image was formed is the following. The required information was transported from the body to the Shroud by an extremely brief intense burst of vertically collimated radiation that was probably emitted in the body and then deposited on the cloth. This radiation probably caused an electrical discharge from the top fibers in the linen threads that could have discolored the fibers by electrical heating and/or production of ozone that could have chemically discolored the fibers. (Papers 6, 14, 22, 24, and 27)
• In 1988, samples from the Shroud were carbon dated to 1260-1390 AD. If neutrons were included in the burst of radiation from the body, a small fraction of them would have been absorbed in the trace amount of nitrogen-14 in the linen threads to produce new carbon-14 atoms in the Shroud. If this process increased the C-14 density by 16.9% at the sample location, it would have shifted the carbon date from the time of Jesus to 1260-1390 AD. (Papers 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30)
• If the burst of radiation from the body were sufficiently brief and intense, it could have thrust the blood off the body onto the cloth. This is a natural mechanism called radiation pressure. Other explanations have also been proposed. (Section 7 of paper 24)
No other cloth contains an image of the person that was wrapped within it. And no human body, alive or dead, has ever emitted a burst of radiation that could encode the appearance of his body onto a piece of fabric. Yet the Shroud of Turin indicates that this has happened to a person that was crucified and wrapped in this burial cloth. In all our historical records, only Jesus Christ was both crucified and could have emitted such a burst of radiation at his resurrection that would have encoded his image onto the inside of his burial cloth. The most reasonable conclusion is that the Shroud of Turin is Jesus’ burial cloth, consistent with His death, burial, and resurrection. (March 9, 2021)
• The full-size front and back images of a crucified man can be seen on the Shroud because the information that defines the appearance of a naked crucified man was encoded into the pattern of discolored fibers that make the image. (Papers 5 and 26)
• If we follow the scientific evidence where it leads, the best explanation for how the image was formed is the following. The required information was transported from the body to the Shroud by an extremely brief intense burst of vertically collimated radiation that was probably emitted in the body and then deposited on the cloth. This radiation probably caused an electrical discharge from the top fibers in the linen threads that could have discolored the fibers by electrical heating and/or production of ozone that could have chemically discolored the fibers. (Papers 6, 14, 22, 24, and 27)
• In 1988, samples from the Shroud were carbon dated to 1260-1390 AD. If neutrons were included in the burst of radiation from the body, a small fraction of them would have been absorbed in the trace amount of nitrogen-14 in the linen threads to produce new carbon-14 atoms in the Shroud. If this process increased the C-14 density by 16.9% at the sample location, it would have shifted the carbon date from the time of Jesus to 1260-1390 AD. (Papers 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30)
• If the burst of radiation from the body were sufficiently brief and intense, it could have thrust the blood off the body onto the cloth. This is a natural mechanism called radiation pressure. Other explanations have also been proposed. (Section 7 of paper 24)
No other cloth contains an image of the person that was wrapped within it. And no human body, alive or dead, has ever emitted a burst of radiation that could encode the appearance of his body onto a piece of fabric. Yet the Shroud of Turin indicates that this has happened to a person that was crucified and wrapped in this burial cloth. In all our historical records, only Jesus Christ was both crucified and could have emitted such a burst of radiation at his resurrection that would have encoded his image onto the inside of his burial cloth. The most reasonable conclusion is that the Shroud of Turin is Jesus’ burial cloth, consistent with His death, burial, and resurrection. (March 9, 2021)
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• The samples were essentially different from each other relative to how they were measured.
• Which means the samples contained statistically different ratios of C14 relative to the other carbon isotopes (C12 and C13).
• Which means something had changed the ratio of C14 to C12 and C13, with the amount of this change being unknown for any sample.
• Which means each measurement, though presumably measuring the correct ratio of C14 to C12 and C13 in each sample, could have obtained dates that were different than the true date by an unknown amount.
• Which means that the uncorrected average value of 1260 ± 30 cannot be regarded as necessarily accurate. More precisely, it can be wrong by an unknown amount.
• Which means the uncorrected date of 1260 ± 30 should be rejected as not valid.
• Which means the corrected date range of 1260 to 1390 AD has no basis, and thus should also be rejected, i.e. given no credibility.
Thus, the dates obtained during the 1988 carbon dating of the Shroud ought to be rejected, i.e. given no credibility, because the samples were heterogeneous (non-homogeneous). The date range of 1260 to 1390 AD was accepted for the Shroud due to an inadequate statistical analysis that failed to recognize the presence of a systematic error or bias affecting the measurements.
• The samples were essentially different from each other relative to how they were measured.
• Which means the samples contained statistically different ratios of C14 relative to the other carbon isotopes (C12 and C13).
• Which means something had changed the ratio of C14 to C12 and C13, with the amount of this change being unknown for any sample.
• Which means each measurement, though presumably measuring the correct ratio of C14 to C12 and C13 in each sample, could have obtained dates that were different than the true date by an unknown amount.
• Which means that the uncorrected average value of 1260 ± 30 cannot be regarded as necessarily accurate. More precisely, it can be wrong by an unknown amount.
• Which means the uncorrected date of 1260 ± 30 should be rejected as not valid.
• Which means the corrected date range of 1260 to 1390 AD has no basis, and thus should also be rejected, i.e. given no credibility.
Thus, the dates obtained during the 1988 carbon dating of the Shroud ought to be rejected, i.e. given no credibility, because the samples were heterogeneous (non-homogeneous). The date range of 1260 to 1390 AD was accepted for the Shroud due to an inadequate statistical analysis that failed to recognize the presence of a systematic error or bias affecting the measurements.