European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2000
Alterations of sleep can be observed polysomnographically in approximately 90 percent of depresse... more Alterations of sleep can be observed polysomnographically in approximately 90 percent of depressed patients. Most of the registered sleep abnormalities in depression also occur in other psychiatric disorders. Only some types of REM sleep alterations – short REM latency, increase of REM density and shortening of mean latency of eye movements – were reported as more specific for affective disorders. In the present study polysomnograms of 21 medication free patients with major depressive disorder (assessed with a structured interview for DSM-III-R and Hamilton Scale) and 21 healthy controls were analysed. REM latency (LREM), REM density (RD), latencies of eye movements (LEM) and mean latency of eye movements (M-LEM) were calculated for both groups. Depressed patients (compared with healthy controls) showed increased RD (38.2% vs. 28.2%, p
Purpose Due to inconsistent definitions used in the literature, the prevalence of rapid eye movem... more Purpose Due to inconsistent definitions used in the literature, the prevalence of rapid eye movement (REM)-related sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been quite variable and its clinical significance remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of and clinical characteristics between various criteria for defining REM-related SDB. We also investigated how frequently CPAP therapy was recommended in patients with REM-related SDB and if they had lower CPAP adherence compared to non-stage-specific SDB. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,019 consecutive adults referred for a polysomnogram for suspicion of SDB. The prevalence of REM-related SDB was calculated based on “traditional criteria” commonly reported in the literature and a “strict criteria” that minimized the contribution of SDB during non-REM sleep. Results The prevalence of REM-related SDB ranged from 13.5% to 36.7%. There were no clinically significant differences between the strict definition and the traditional definition of REM-related SDB. REM-related SDB was more prevalent in women, younger individuals and African Americans. Compared to non-stage-specific obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), patients with REM-related SDB were equally symptomatic and hypersomnolent. CPAP titration was recommended in 88% of patients with REM-related SDB vs. 94% of patients with non-stage-specific OSA (p Conclusions Regardless of how REM-related SDB is defined, it was highly prevalent in our large clinical cohort. Compared to non-stage-specific OSA, these patients were equally hypersomnolent and adherent to CPAP therapy despite having overall significantly milder OSA. Further research is needed to better establish whether these patients will derive any benefit from long-term CPAP therapy.
The comporative effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TR... more The comporative effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on REM sleep were investigated in normal, healthy adults. A single dose of each drug was given orally to the subjects 30 min before bedtime. A dose of 30 mg flurazepam significantly decreased REM sleep-time when compared to the mean baseline record. No change was noted in REM sleep-time on the clorazepate (15 mg) night, L-dopa (1000 mg) night, or TRH (2 mg) night, when compared to the mean baseline record. Because large individual variations were found in REM sleep time on each drug night, and in percentage increase in REM sleep following partial differential REM deprivation (PDRD), correlation was investigated between them. The percentage decrease in REM sleep during flurazepam was found to have a significant negative correlation with the percentage increase in REM sleep after PDRD in individual subjects. Although there was no significant change in REM sleep on TRH night when compared to the mean baseline record, a similar significant negative correlation was noted. On the L-dopa night, there was a tendency toward a negative correlation between them. No significant correlation was noted on the clorazepate night.
Adaptive REM(AREM) is proposed to support real time traffic from non real time traffic in routers... more Adaptive REM(AREM) is proposed to support real time traffic from non real time traffic in routers. In AREM, we classify the traffics into real time flows and non real time flows and the marking probability of non real time traffic is increased proportional to the amount of protected real time traffic until the marking probability reaches its maximum limit. Our simulation result shows that AREM provides improved overall performance to real time traffic in a sense of low loss rate and bounded delay.
To assess how REM/NREM periods can be linked to the determination of the REM/NREM sleep and/or aw... more To assess how REM/NREM periods can be linked to the determination of the REM/NREM sleep and/or awake state, we have investigated the relationship between the REM/NREM periods and penile tumescence in the human fetus. This study was made on 11 male fetuses from 36 to 41 weeks of gestation. Eye movement and penile tumescence were simultaneously examined with an observation window of 60 min, using two separate real-time ultrasound systems. The mean percentage of the total duration of penile tumescence during the REM period and that during the NREM period was 77.7 and 15.8%, respectively. In all cases, the total duration of penile tumescence during the REM period against REM duration was greater than the duration of tumescence during the NREM period against NREM duration with statistical significance. This indicates that the fetal penile tumescence is strongly associated with REM period and the REM period containing penile tumescence in the human fetus can be considered equivalent to REM sleep in utero. In addition, the finding that there exists a part of the REM period lacking penile tumescence suggests the possible origin of the awake state, brought about by advances in fetal development at this stage of gestation.
ABSTRACT For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the ... more ABSTRACT For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the critical temperature (Tcr) for the phase separation of two immiscible liquid phases and the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension between the two separated liquid phases are required. In order to obtain this information, the temperature dependence of the surface tension of 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn(-REM) alloys was measured using the constrained drop method. The slope of the temperature dependence of the surface tension changed clearly at a critical temperature for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases. The critical temperature of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy was estimated to be 1097K. An addition of 0.05% Ce decreased the critical temperature to 1085K, whereas that of 0.05% La increased it to 1117K. It was found that the surface tension and its temperature coefficient of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy were slightly increased by the addition of 0.05% Ce and 0.05% La. In addition, additions of Ce and La increased the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2000
Alterations of sleep can be observed polysomnographically in approximately 90 percent of depresse... more Alterations of sleep can be observed polysomnographically in approximately 90 percent of depressed patients. Most of the registered sleep abnormalities in depression also occur in other psychiatric disorders. Only some types of REM sleep alterations – short REM latency, increase of REM density and shortening of mean latency of eye movements – were reported as more specific for affective disorders. In the present study polysomnograms of 21 medication free patients with major depressive disorder (assessed with a structured interview for DSM-III-R and Hamilton Scale) and 21 healthy controls were analysed. REM latency (LREM), REM density (RD), latencies of eye movements (LEM) and mean latency of eye movements (M-LEM) were calculated for both groups. Depressed patients (compared with healthy controls) showed increased RD (38.2% vs. 28.2%, p
Purpose Due to inconsistent definitions used in the literature, the prevalence of rapid eye movem... more Purpose Due to inconsistent definitions used in the literature, the prevalence of rapid eye movement (REM)-related sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been quite variable and its clinical significance remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of and clinical characteristics between various criteria for defining REM-related SDB. We also investigated how frequently CPAP therapy was recommended in patients with REM-related SDB and if they had lower CPAP adherence compared to non-stage-specific SDB. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,019 consecutive adults referred for a polysomnogram for suspicion of SDB. The prevalence of REM-related SDB was calculated based on “traditional criteria” commonly reported in the literature and a “strict criteria” that minimized the contribution of SDB during non-REM sleep. Results The prevalence of REM-related SDB ranged from 13.5% to 36.7%. There were no clinically significant differences between the strict definition and the traditional definition of REM-related SDB. REM-related SDB was more prevalent in women, younger individuals and African Americans. Compared to non-stage-specific obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), patients with REM-related SDB were equally symptomatic and hypersomnolent. CPAP titration was recommended in 88% of patients with REM-related SDB vs. 94% of patients with non-stage-specific OSA (p Conclusions Regardless of how REM-related SDB is defined, it was highly prevalent in our large clinical cohort. Compared to non-stage-specific OSA, these patients were equally hypersomnolent and adherent to CPAP therapy despite having overall significantly milder OSA. Further research is needed to better establish whether these patients will derive any benefit from long-term CPAP therapy.
The comporative effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TR... more The comporative effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on REM sleep were investigated in normal, healthy adults. A single dose of each drug was given orally to the subjects 30 min before bedtime. A dose of 30 mg flurazepam significantly decreased REM sleep-time when compared to the mean baseline record. No change was noted in REM sleep-time on the clorazepate (15 mg) night, L-dopa (1000 mg) night, or TRH (2 mg) night, when compared to the mean baseline record. Because large individual variations were found in REM sleep time on each drug night, and in percentage increase in REM sleep following partial differential REM deprivation (PDRD), correlation was investigated between them. The percentage decrease in REM sleep during flurazepam was found to have a significant negative correlation with the percentage increase in REM sleep after PDRD in individual subjects. Although there was no significant change in REM sleep on TRH night when compared to the mean baseline record, a similar significant negative correlation was noted. On the L-dopa night, there was a tendency toward a negative correlation between them. No significant correlation was noted on the clorazepate night.
Adaptive REM(AREM) is proposed to support real time traffic from non real time traffic in routers... more Adaptive REM(AREM) is proposed to support real time traffic from non real time traffic in routers. In AREM, we classify the traffics into real time flows and non real time flows and the marking probability of non real time traffic is increased proportional to the amount of protected real time traffic until the marking probability reaches its maximum limit. Our simulation result shows that AREM provides improved overall performance to real time traffic in a sense of low loss rate and bounded delay.
To assess how REM/NREM periods can be linked to the determination of the REM/NREM sleep and/or aw... more To assess how REM/NREM periods can be linked to the determination of the REM/NREM sleep and/or awake state, we have investigated the relationship between the REM/NREM periods and penile tumescence in the human fetus. This study was made on 11 male fetuses from 36 to 41 weeks of gestation. Eye movement and penile tumescence were simultaneously examined with an observation window of 60 min, using two separate real-time ultrasound systems. The mean percentage of the total duration of penile tumescence during the REM period and that during the NREM period was 77.7 and 15.8%, respectively. In all cases, the total duration of penile tumescence during the REM period against REM duration was greater than the duration of tumescence during the NREM period against NREM duration with statistical significance. This indicates that the fetal penile tumescence is strongly associated with REM period and the REM period containing penile tumescence in the human fetus can be considered equivalent to REM sleep in utero. In addition, the finding that there exists a part of the REM period lacking penile tumescence suggests the possible origin of the awake state, brought about by advances in fetal development at this stage of gestation.
ABSTRACT For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the ... more ABSTRACT For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the critical temperature (Tcr) for the phase separation of two immiscible liquid phases and the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension between the two separated liquid phases are required. In order to obtain this information, the temperature dependence of the surface tension of 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn(-REM) alloys was measured using the constrained drop method. The slope of the temperature dependence of the surface tension changed clearly at a critical temperature for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases. The critical temperature of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy was estimated to be 1097K. An addition of 0.05% Ce decreased the critical temperature to 1085K, whereas that of 0.05% La increased it to 1117K. It was found that the surface tension and its temperature coefficient of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy were slightly increased by the addition of 0.05% Ce and 0.05% La. In addition, additions of Ce and La increased the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension.
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