The paper presents the results of tests on stresses produced by the K+↔Na+ ion exchange method in... more The paper presents the results of tests on stresses produced by the K+↔Na+ ion exchange method in BK7 glass. Diffusion ion exchange processes were carried out in glass plates with a surface area of a few cm2. The duration of these processes ranged from several hours to several hundred hours; process temperatures from 370 to 402 degree Celsius were used. The area of the glass in which the ion exchange took place shows refractive changes which are also accompanied by stresses. The planar waveguides produced in this way were tested by optical methods (for wavelength = 677 nm) and the refractive index profiles for the Transverse Electric (TE)and Transverse Magnetic (TM) olarization states were determined. On the basis of elasto-optic constants, the resulting stresses were determined. The temperature characteristics of diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions were also determined. Based on them a numerical simulation of real-time diffusion processes was possible, which allowed to predi...
In the work the algorithm involving the reconstruction of refractive index profiles of planar bur... more In the work the algorithm involving the reconstruction of refractive index profiles of planar buried waveguides based on modal equation was proposed. Propagation constants of own modes of those structures were determined by a goniometric method with the measurements of synchronic angles. On the basis of the measured propagation constants the reconstruction of their refractive index distribution was carried out with the help of the proposed algorithm.
The paper presents the results of investigations demonstrative possibility of formation refractiv... more The paper presents the results of investigations demonstrative possibility of formation refractive index profiles of planar waveguide produced by technique of ion's exchange in glass substrate in electrodiffusion processes with the changes of the direction of electric field polarization.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, 2014
This paper presents the technological aspect of application of the ion exchange method in produci... more This paper presents the technological aspect of application of the ion exchange method in producing gradient refractive index in glass. The possibility of predictable and repeatable producing of the changes in glass refraction with the use of this method has been presented, as well as the method of in situ control of the process of diffusion doping of glass based on the measurement of the temperature. This method is based on simultaneous (to the carried process) solving the nonlinear diffusion equation modeling the spatio-temporal changes in normalized concentration of the admixture ions in glass. For this purpose the knowledge of temperature characteristics of diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions is used. The result of such control of diffusion processes is information on the current (temporary) refractive index profile of the resulting waveguide. The presented method of control has been confirmed by experimental results, which concern modeling and measurements of planar wavegu...
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
The paper presents measurement results of the refractinve profiles of planar waveguides produced ... more The paper presents measurement results of the refractinve profiles of planar waveguides produced in glass BK-7 and in sodium-silica glass using the ion-exchange technique Ag+Na+ from the solutions AgNO3-NaNO3. The refractive profiles were reconstructed with the use of modal equation basing on the measured propagation constants of modes for the wavelength 677 nm for both polarization states. We applied AgNO3 solutions in NaNO3 in molar ratios within the range 5.1*10-4-9.97*10-3 at temperatures ~380°C. Process times were within the range from several to 48 hours. As indicated by the obtained investigation results, the shape of the obtained profile can be controlled by an appropriate selection of admixture bath composition.
The paper presents the structure of two laboratory models of waveguide planar sensors of refracti... more The paper presents the structure of two laboratory models of waveguide planar sensors of refractive index changes of liquids. Both systems have been designed basing on plasmon resonance along the interface between metallic layer and measured liquid. The models have been constructed basing on planar waveguides as well as on strip waveguides. The measurement results of spectral transmittance of the investigated structures have been presented as the function of refractive index ofthe measured liquid.
The present paper discusses theoretical and experimental research on the planar difference interf... more The present paper discusses theoretical and experimental research on the planar difference interferometer produced with the use of planar technique on a glass substrate plate (planar interferometers) in view of its application in the system of phase-polarization sensors of basic physical quantities.
ABSTRACT The work presents the possibility to control the changes involving the difference of the... more ABSTRACT The work presents the possibility to control the changes involving the difference of the propagation of waveguide modes TE0, TM0, TM1 by respective selection of technological parameters while producing the optics channel of the planar interferometer by ion-exchange technique in glass. The influence of the refractive profile of waveguide structure on the sensitivity of interferometer was observed.
The work presents the attenuation measurements of planar waveguides produced in the processes of ... more The work presents the attenuation measurements of planar waveguides produced in the processes of ion exchange Ag+--Na+ and K+--Na+ in the selected types of glass. Also, the influence of waveguide heating on the extent of attenuation has been presented.
ABSTRACT The work presents the results of research work on some types of glass in view of their a... more ABSTRACT The work presents the results of research work on some types of glass in view of their application as material for the production of waveguide structures using the technique of ion exchange Na+--Ag+ and Na+-- K+. In the testing, maximum changes of the refractive index of the glass (Delta) n, caused by the introduction of admixtures in the diffusion and electrodiffusion processes, were determined, as well as diffusion constants and mobility ratios of the exchanged ions.
The paper presents a modified method of attenuation measurement in planar optical waveguides usin... more The paper presents a modified method of attenuation measurement in planar optical waveguides using two prism couplers. In this method, the output prism has been replaced with the immersion coupler. The assumed solution ensures the maintenance of constant coupling conditions when leading out the wave from the tested planar waveguide, at the moments when the length of propagation distance in the waveguide undergoes changes. The method enables the attenuation measurement of a selected mode. Furthermore,t he assumed solution makes it possible to automation the measurement process.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the structure of measuring stands to be applied to carry out spectral... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the structure of measuring stands to be applied to carry out spectral measurements of sensor layers sensitive to the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere around. Also the structure of a model of the waveguide sensor for the detection of ammonia vapors has been presented, as well as the measurement results involving such a sensor.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of r... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of refractive profile on the reaction of modes with the absorption sensor layer. The investigation studies concerned the planar structure in which the waveguides were producd using the ion-exchange technique in glass, and the sensor layer was produced with the application of sol-gel technology. The results of experimental investigations confirm the theoretical predictions.
ABSTRACT The paper is devoted to the sensitive films for application in chemical sensors. These f... more ABSTRACT The paper is devoted to the sensitive films for application in chemical sensors. These films, made of the sol-gel derived porous silica, were fabricated via a sol-gel dip-coating method. We have obtained silica layers of the minimum refractive index of ~ 1.22 and porosity ~47%. These layers were sensitized with a pH indocator - bromocresole purple. The indicator was introduced into porous silica layers by means of impregnation. Methods and results of characterization of porous silica films, before and after sensitization are presented in this paper. It was shown that films are very sensitive toward ammonia.
ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of producing waveguide structures o... more ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of producing waveguide structures of the inverted-rib type. Such structures can be produced on the basis of planar gradient strip waveguides (channel waveguides) produced in a glass substrate by the ion exchange method. The glass surface is then covered with a thin uniform optical layer with a high refractive index. The thickness of this layer is less than the cut off thickness for the used wavelength. The wave propagation is therefore possible in the gradient area only. The homogeneous sensitivity of such waveguides is much greater than in case of single-mode waveguides without a uniform layer. The paper presents the calculations of homogeneous sensitivity for single-mode waveguides of the rib type, the inverted rib waveguides and the gradient waveguides. The use of single-mode inverted rib waveguides in the design of the planar interferometer in the Young configuration was proposed.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of r... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of refractive index profile on the interaction of modes with the absorption sensitive film. The attenuation distribution of modes in planar waveguides with absorption cover depends on the shape of refractive index profile. In particular, the character of this distribution depends on the location of turning points of particular modes. In the structures with gradient refractive index profiles, the dependence of modes attenuation on their order can be a non-monotonic function.
ABSTRACT In the paper are presented theoretical and experimental studies of multimode interferenc... more ABSTRACT In the paper are presented theoretical and experimental studies of multimode interference structures made by K+Na+ ion exchange process in glass. Investigations concerned the self-imaging phenomena for symmetrical and paired interference. The new method of mode field interference examination is proposed, using fluorescence of substance covering the MMI section.
The paper presents the fabrication technology of planar gradient tapered waveguide structures usi... more The paper presents the fabrication technology of planar gradient tapered waveguide structures using the ion exchange technique in glass. Theoretical predictions of model properties have been compared with experimental results. Application possibilities of these waveguides in sensor related techniques have also been pointed.
ABSTRACT The paper presents theoretical analysis of planar optical waveguide of the chemical sens... more ABSTRACT The paper presents theoretical analysis of planar optical waveguide of the chemical sensor with amplitude modulation. The analysis of the investigated structure is focused on refractive profiles made using ion exchange in glass as well as on the parameters of sensor layer made using sol-gel technique. The influence of waveguide parameters, sensor layer parameters and refractive index of the environment on attenuation coefficients of the guided modes are considered. For the theoretical analysis of the investigated structures the Vassell's matrix method has been used.
The paper presents the results of tests on stresses produced by the K+↔Na+ ion exchange method in... more The paper presents the results of tests on stresses produced by the K+↔Na+ ion exchange method in BK7 glass. Diffusion ion exchange processes were carried out in glass plates with a surface area of a few cm2. The duration of these processes ranged from several hours to several hundred hours; process temperatures from 370 to 402 degree Celsius were used. The area of the glass in which the ion exchange took place shows refractive changes which are also accompanied by stresses. The planar waveguides produced in this way were tested by optical methods (for wavelength = 677 nm) and the refractive index profiles for the Transverse Electric (TE)and Transverse Magnetic (TM) olarization states were determined. On the basis of elasto-optic constants, the resulting stresses were determined. The temperature characteristics of diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions were also determined. Based on them a numerical simulation of real-time diffusion processes was possible, which allowed to predi...
In the work the algorithm involving the reconstruction of refractive index profiles of planar bur... more In the work the algorithm involving the reconstruction of refractive index profiles of planar buried waveguides based on modal equation was proposed. Propagation constants of own modes of those structures were determined by a goniometric method with the measurements of synchronic angles. On the basis of the measured propagation constants the reconstruction of their refractive index distribution was carried out with the help of the proposed algorithm.
The paper presents the results of investigations demonstrative possibility of formation refractiv... more The paper presents the results of investigations demonstrative possibility of formation refractive index profiles of planar waveguide produced by technique of ion's exchange in glass substrate in electrodiffusion processes with the changes of the direction of electric field polarization.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, 2014
This paper presents the technological aspect of application of the ion exchange method in produci... more This paper presents the technological aspect of application of the ion exchange method in producing gradient refractive index in glass. The possibility of predictable and repeatable producing of the changes in glass refraction with the use of this method has been presented, as well as the method of in situ control of the process of diffusion doping of glass based on the measurement of the temperature. This method is based on simultaneous (to the carried process) solving the nonlinear diffusion equation modeling the spatio-temporal changes in normalized concentration of the admixture ions in glass. For this purpose the knowledge of temperature characteristics of diffusion coefficients of exchanged ions is used. The result of such control of diffusion processes is information on the current (temporary) refractive index profile of the resulting waveguide. The presented method of control has been confirmed by experimental results, which concern modeling and measurements of planar wavegu...
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
The paper presents measurement results of the refractinve profiles of planar waveguides produced ... more The paper presents measurement results of the refractinve profiles of planar waveguides produced in glass BK-7 and in sodium-silica glass using the ion-exchange technique Ag+Na+ from the solutions AgNO3-NaNO3. The refractive profiles were reconstructed with the use of modal equation basing on the measured propagation constants of modes for the wavelength 677 nm for both polarization states. We applied AgNO3 solutions in NaNO3 in molar ratios within the range 5.1*10-4-9.97*10-3 at temperatures ~380°C. Process times were within the range from several to 48 hours. As indicated by the obtained investigation results, the shape of the obtained profile can be controlled by an appropriate selection of admixture bath composition.
The paper presents the structure of two laboratory models of waveguide planar sensors of refracti... more The paper presents the structure of two laboratory models of waveguide planar sensors of refractive index changes of liquids. Both systems have been designed basing on plasmon resonance along the interface between metallic layer and measured liquid. The models have been constructed basing on planar waveguides as well as on strip waveguides. The measurement results of spectral transmittance of the investigated structures have been presented as the function of refractive index ofthe measured liquid.
The present paper discusses theoretical and experimental research on the planar difference interf... more The present paper discusses theoretical and experimental research on the planar difference interferometer produced with the use of planar technique on a glass substrate plate (planar interferometers) in view of its application in the system of phase-polarization sensors of basic physical quantities.
ABSTRACT The work presents the possibility to control the changes involving the difference of the... more ABSTRACT The work presents the possibility to control the changes involving the difference of the propagation of waveguide modes TE0, TM0, TM1 by respective selection of technological parameters while producing the optics channel of the planar interferometer by ion-exchange technique in glass. The influence of the refractive profile of waveguide structure on the sensitivity of interferometer was observed.
The work presents the attenuation measurements of planar waveguides produced in the processes of ... more The work presents the attenuation measurements of planar waveguides produced in the processes of ion exchange Ag+--Na+ and K+--Na+ in the selected types of glass. Also, the influence of waveguide heating on the extent of attenuation has been presented.
ABSTRACT The work presents the results of research work on some types of glass in view of their a... more ABSTRACT The work presents the results of research work on some types of glass in view of their application as material for the production of waveguide structures using the technique of ion exchange Na+--Ag+ and Na+-- K+. In the testing, maximum changes of the refractive index of the glass (Delta) n, caused by the introduction of admixtures in the diffusion and electrodiffusion processes, were determined, as well as diffusion constants and mobility ratios of the exchanged ions.
The paper presents a modified method of attenuation measurement in planar optical waveguides usin... more The paper presents a modified method of attenuation measurement in planar optical waveguides using two prism couplers. In this method, the output prism has been replaced with the immersion coupler. The assumed solution ensures the maintenance of constant coupling conditions when leading out the wave from the tested planar waveguide, at the moments when the length of propagation distance in the waveguide undergoes changes. The method enables the attenuation measurement of a selected mode. Furthermore,t he assumed solution makes it possible to automation the measurement process.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the structure of measuring stands to be applied to carry out spectral... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the structure of measuring stands to be applied to carry out spectral measurements of sensor layers sensitive to the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere around. Also the structure of a model of the waveguide sensor for the detection of ammonia vapors has been presented, as well as the measurement results involving such a sensor.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of r... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of refractive profile on the reaction of modes with the absorption sensor layer. The investigation studies concerned the planar structure in which the waveguides were producd using the ion-exchange technique in glass, and the sensor layer was produced with the application of sol-gel technology. The results of experimental investigations confirm the theoretical predictions.
ABSTRACT The paper is devoted to the sensitive films for application in chemical sensors. These f... more ABSTRACT The paper is devoted to the sensitive films for application in chemical sensors. These films, made of the sol-gel derived porous silica, were fabricated via a sol-gel dip-coating method. We have obtained silica layers of the minimum refractive index of ~ 1.22 and porosity ~47%. These layers were sensitized with a pH indocator - bromocresole purple. The indicator was introduced into porous silica layers by means of impregnation. Methods and results of characterization of porous silica films, before and after sensitization are presented in this paper. It was shown that films are very sensitive toward ammonia.
ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of producing waveguide structures o... more ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of producing waveguide structures of the inverted-rib type. Such structures can be produced on the basis of planar gradient strip waveguides (channel waveguides) produced in a glass substrate by the ion exchange method. The glass surface is then covered with a thin uniform optical layer with a high refractive index. The thickness of this layer is less than the cut off thickness for the used wavelength. The wave propagation is therefore possible in the gradient area only. The homogeneous sensitivity of such waveguides is much greater than in case of single-mode waveguides without a uniform layer. The paper presents the calculations of homogeneous sensitivity for single-mode waveguides of the rib type, the inverted rib waveguides and the gradient waveguides. The use of single-mode inverted rib waveguides in the design of the planar interferometer in the Young configuration was proposed.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of r... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results involving the influence of refractive index profile on the interaction of modes with the absorption sensitive film. The attenuation distribution of modes in planar waveguides with absorption cover depends on the shape of refractive index profile. In particular, the character of this distribution depends on the location of turning points of particular modes. In the structures with gradient refractive index profiles, the dependence of modes attenuation on their order can be a non-monotonic function.
ABSTRACT In the paper are presented theoretical and experimental studies of multimode interferenc... more ABSTRACT In the paper are presented theoretical and experimental studies of multimode interference structures made by K+Na+ ion exchange process in glass. Investigations concerned the self-imaging phenomena for symmetrical and paired interference. The new method of mode field interference examination is proposed, using fluorescence of substance covering the MMI section.
The paper presents the fabrication technology of planar gradient tapered waveguide structures usi... more The paper presents the fabrication technology of planar gradient tapered waveguide structures using the ion exchange technique in glass. Theoretical predictions of model properties have been compared with experimental results. Application possibilities of these waveguides in sensor related techniques have also been pointed.
ABSTRACT The paper presents theoretical analysis of planar optical waveguide of the chemical sens... more ABSTRACT The paper presents theoretical analysis of planar optical waveguide of the chemical sensor with amplitude modulation. The analysis of the investigated structure is focused on refractive profiles made using ion exchange in glass as well as on the parameters of sensor layer made using sol-gel technique. The influence of waveguide parameters, sensor layer parameters and refractive index of the environment on attenuation coefficients of the guided modes are considered. For the theoretical analysis of the investigated structures the Vassell's matrix method has been used.
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