The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall are... more The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall areas of the Columbia Plateau leaves the soil surface loose-structured and exposed to erosion during high winds common to the region, and is a major source of airborne particulate matter. The objective of this research is to evaluate no-till spring cropping as an alternative to traditional winter wheat/dust-mulch fallow in reducing wind erosion susceptibility. Surface residue cover, random roughness, and crop canopy coverage were measured during a 3-year transition period from winter wheat/fallow to no-till spring cereals. These measurements were applied to soil loss ratio models as indices of wind erosion susceptibility. No-till spring cereal rotations reduced erosion susceptibility compared with winter wheat/fallow by maintaining soil cover during spring and fall when erosion is high. Crop canopy cover reduced erosion susceptibility after fall seeding in winter wheat/fallow and after no-t...
This report presents a computer code that has been developed for describing and testing the stati... more This report presents a computer code that has been developed for describing and testing the statistical distribution of general continuous data sets. The statistical distributions used include the normal, lognormal, exponential, chi square, gamma, and uniform. Histograms for observed and expected values are plotted for each distribution. An example using geologic data obtained from a study of the geometric properties of natural fractures in oil shale rock illustrates the use of the computer program, GDIST.
The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall are... more The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall areas of the Columbia Plateau leaves the soil surface loose-structured and exposed to erosion during high winds common to the region, and is a major source of airborne particulate matter. The objective of this research is to evaluate no-till spring cropping as an alternative to traditional winter wheat/dust-mulch fallow in reducing wind erosion susceptibility. Surface residue cover, random roughness, and crop canopy coverage were measured during a 3-year transition period from winter wheat/fallow to no-till spring cereals. These measurements were applied to soil loss ratio models as indices of wind erosion susceptibility. No-till spring cereal rotations reduced erosion susceptibility compared with winter wheat/fallow by maintaining soil cover during spring and fall when erosion is high. Crop canopy cover reduced erosion susceptibility after fall seeding in winter wheat/fallow and after no-t...
Low sensitivity of a single bulk tank milk culture is a major limitation for detection of mycopla... more Low sensitivity of a single bulk tank milk culture is a major limitation for detection of mycoplasma organisms. We hypothesized that sedimentation of Mycoplasma spp. in a milk sample by centrifugation followed by resuspension in a small volume of fluid before agar plating would increase the ability to detect Mycoplasma spp. compared with direct conventional culture. The experiment was conducted to determine recovery of Mycoplasma spp. from milk as affected by 1) treatment (centrifugation vs. conventional method); 2) 2 species (Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma californicum and 4 strains for each species); and 3) 4 different concentrations of Mycoplasma spp. (1,000, 100, 10, and 1 cfu/mL). A 5-mL portion of mycoplasma suspension from each strain was inoculated into 45 mL of fresh bulk tank milk to achieve concentrations of 1,000, 100, 10, and 1 cfu/mL. Treatment samples were vigorously mixed and centrifuged at 5,000 x g for 30 min. Control samples were vigorously mixed. All samples wer...
Page 1. JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 76(4), 2003, pp. 567-577 Variable Hessian Fly... more Page 1. JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 76(4), 2003, pp. 567-577 Variable Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations in Cereal Production Systems in Eastern Washington SL Clement, LR ...
A method is presented for estimating the confidence region for the mean of a set of axes that are... more A method is presented for estimating the confidence region for the mean of a set of axes that are noncircularly distributed about the mean axis. The data (plotted on the upper hemisphere) are projected, through Lambert's equal-area projection, onto the plane that is tangent to the estimated mean. An elliptical confidence region is constructed around the projected mean using bivariate normal theory. The confidence region is then projected back to the sphere. The method is applied to the analysis of a set of joint orientations.
The United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has analysed tissues collected at a... more The United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has analysed tissues collected at autopsies of over 300 former radiation workers from actinide processing sites throughout the US, in addition to collecting the medical and radiation exposure histories of those workers. These data are included in a large USTUR database and they are available to research scientists throughout the world, either as public records or through collaborative projects with the USTUR. The USTUR also operates the National Human Radiobiological Tissue Repository (NHRTR), in which portions of tissue samples collected at autopsy are kept. These samples, frozen at -70 degrees C, may be used for molecular studies of the effects of radiation. Medical and radiation exposure histories of the tissue donors are available, as are the results of radiochemical analyses of adjacent portions of the samples. These materials are available to researchers who have collaborative agreements with the USTUR, which can be established by accessing USTUR staff members through the website, http://www.ustur.wsu.edu.
The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycoplasma mastitis and colo... more The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycoplasma mastitis and colonization of mycoplasma organisms at body sites of asymptomatic carriers. The investigation was done in a dairy herd with a first outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis. Milk and swab solution specimens from accessible mucosal surfaces of body sites from cows and replacements were sampled at quarterly intervals (Herd Samplings 1-4). Samples were cultured and Mycoplasma spp. were isolated, speciated and fingerprinted. During Herd Sampling 1 two cows with mycoplasma bovis mastitis were identified and all swabbing solutions of body site samples from 18 of 84 cows and 36 of 77 replacements were positive to Mycoplasma bovis and fingerprinted as the same strain. A case of clinical M. bovis mastitis developed during Herd Sampling 3. During Herd Samplings 2-4, 4 lactating cows and 12 replacements were positive to M. bovis at various body sites with 4 different strains. Three isolates of Mycoplasma californicum were found from swabbing solutions of three cows during Herd Samplings 3 and 4. Only one strain of M. bovis caused mastitis although four strains were isolated from body sites of animals. Isolation of M. bovis from a body site never preceded mastitis. No lactating cow developed mastitis during Herd Sampling 4 although some animals were colonized with the organism. It appears that during the initial outbreak of M. bovis mastitis colonization of body sites by the outbreak strain may be common. However, the prevalence of colonization subsides and colonization does not appear to precede mastitis.
Page 1. Ecology and Epidemiology Spatial Pattern of Downy Mildew in Hop Yards During Severe and M... more Page 1. Ecology and Epidemiology Spatial Pattern of Downy Mildew in Hop Yards During Severe and Mild Disease Epidemics Dennis A. Johnson, J. Richard Alldredge, Jennifer R. Allen, and Rochelle Allwine First author: plant ...
The USTUR has developed simple linear and multiple regression models for estimating skeletal acti... more The USTUR has developed simple linear and multiple regression models for estimating skeletal actinide concentrations on the basis of bone samples collected at autopsies of non-whole body tissue donors. Bone samples usually collected include a clavicle, the patella(e), one or more ribs, the sternum, and a vertebral wedge cut from within the abdominal cavity. The described models were derived by regression analyses with the analytical results from those bones and the entire skeletons of eight whole body donations to the USTUR. With the model, skeletal concentrations of 238Pu, (239+240)Pu, and 241Am can be estimated from wet or ashed actinide concentrations in one to five of the bones usually collected at autopsy and analyzed. Application of the models to a selected USTUR non-whole body donation (Case 0240) indicated that the skeletal actinide concentration estimates were reasonably precise and that there was good agreement between the results from individual bones with wet or ashed actinide concentrations. The USTUR will apply the model that is based on wet concentrations of bones to estimate skeletal concentrations of actinides in all non-whole body autopsy cases for the sake of consistency because of the large number of early cases for which ashed weights of bones were not recorded.
ABSTRACT Weeds and diseases are major problems in the tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestiv... more ABSTRACT Weeds and diseases are major problems in the tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)/summer fallow (WW/SF) cropping system of the low precipitation zone (<= 300 mm) of the Pacific Northwest. Computer models have estimated that no-till spring crops may reduce soil erosion susceptibility by 95%. However, these annual cropping systems were not economically viable alternatives to the WW/SF rotation. Late-planted WW, also examined as an alternative, was similarly not viable with 35% lower grain yields than WW planted at the normal seeding date for the area. In 2002, two facultative wheat (FW) rotations were incorporated into a long-term, multidisciplinary field study to compare weed and disease incidence with a WW/reduced tillage summer fallow (WW/RSF) system for 4 years. Facultative wheat, not synonymous with late-planted WW, is often derived from SW by WW crosses and exhibits strong photosensitivity and partial sensitivity to vernalization. The two FW systems compared with WW/RSF were no-till FW/no-till spring wheat (FW/SW) and no-till FW/chemical fallow (FW/ChF). Facultative wheat was planted in early-November compared to WW planted in early-September and SW in the following March. Although 16 weed species were present during the study, Bromus tectorum and Salsola tragus were the most pervasive weeds and were found at the highest densities in FW following SW (FW(sw)). Populations of B. tectorum were often 90% higher in FW(sw) than in either WW or FW following ChF. The FW/ChF, WW/RSF, and SW following FW had similarly low weed populations when averaged over 4 years. Facultative wheat had less root disease than WW throughout the study. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) was severe in SW in 2005, but did not affect either FW. Based on the low weed and disease incidence coupled with the no-till planting of FW, the FW/ChF system showed promise as an alternative sustainable system to WW/SF.
The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall are... more The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall areas of the Columbia Plateau leaves the soil surface loose-structured and exposed to erosion during high winds common to the region, and is a major source of airborne particulate matter. The objective of this research is to evaluate no-till spring cropping as an alternative to traditional winter wheat/dust-mulch fallow in reducing wind erosion susceptibility. Surface residue cover, random roughness, and crop canopy coverage were measured during a 3-year transition period from winter wheat/fallow to no-till spring cereals. These measurements were applied to soil loss ratio models as indices of wind erosion susceptibility. No-till spring cereal rotations reduced erosion susceptibility compared with winter wheat/fallow by maintaining soil cover during spring and fall when erosion is high. Crop canopy cover reduced erosion susceptibility after fall seeding in winter wheat/fallow and after no-t...
This report presents a computer code that has been developed for describing and testing the stati... more This report presents a computer code that has been developed for describing and testing the statistical distribution of general continuous data sets. The statistical distributions used include the normal, lognormal, exponential, chi square, gamma, and uniform. Histograms for observed and expected values are plotted for each distribution. An example using geologic data obtained from a study of the geometric properties of natural fractures in oil shale rock illustrates the use of the computer program, GDIST.
The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall are... more The dust-mulch fallow phase of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in low-rainfall areas of the Columbia Plateau leaves the soil surface loose-structured and exposed to erosion during high winds common to the region, and is a major source of airborne particulate matter. The objective of this research is to evaluate no-till spring cropping as an alternative to traditional winter wheat/dust-mulch fallow in reducing wind erosion susceptibility. Surface residue cover, random roughness, and crop canopy coverage were measured during a 3-year transition period from winter wheat/fallow to no-till spring cereals. These measurements were applied to soil loss ratio models as indices of wind erosion susceptibility. No-till spring cereal rotations reduced erosion susceptibility compared with winter wheat/fallow by maintaining soil cover during spring and fall when erosion is high. Crop canopy cover reduced erosion susceptibility after fall seeding in winter wheat/fallow and after no-t...
Low sensitivity of a single bulk tank milk culture is a major limitation for detection of mycopla... more Low sensitivity of a single bulk tank milk culture is a major limitation for detection of mycoplasma organisms. We hypothesized that sedimentation of Mycoplasma spp. in a milk sample by centrifugation followed by resuspension in a small volume of fluid before agar plating would increase the ability to detect Mycoplasma spp. compared with direct conventional culture. The experiment was conducted to determine recovery of Mycoplasma spp. from milk as affected by 1) treatment (centrifugation vs. conventional method); 2) 2 species (Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma californicum and 4 strains for each species); and 3) 4 different concentrations of Mycoplasma spp. (1,000, 100, 10, and 1 cfu/mL). A 5-mL portion of mycoplasma suspension from each strain was inoculated into 45 mL of fresh bulk tank milk to achieve concentrations of 1,000, 100, 10, and 1 cfu/mL. Treatment samples were vigorously mixed and centrifuged at 5,000 x g for 30 min. Control samples were vigorously mixed. All samples wer...
Page 1. JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 76(4), 2003, pp. 567-577 Variable Hessian Fly... more Page 1. JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 76(4), 2003, pp. 567-577 Variable Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations in Cereal Production Systems in Eastern Washington SL Clement, LR ...
A method is presented for estimating the confidence region for the mean of a set of axes that are... more A method is presented for estimating the confidence region for the mean of a set of axes that are noncircularly distributed about the mean axis. The data (plotted on the upper hemisphere) are projected, through Lambert's equal-area projection, onto the plane that is tangent to the estimated mean. An elliptical confidence region is constructed around the projected mean using bivariate normal theory. The confidence region is then projected back to the sphere. The method is applied to the analysis of a set of joint orientations.
The United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has analysed tissues collected at a... more The United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has analysed tissues collected at autopsies of over 300 former radiation workers from actinide processing sites throughout the US, in addition to collecting the medical and radiation exposure histories of those workers. These data are included in a large USTUR database and they are available to research scientists throughout the world, either as public records or through collaborative projects with the USTUR. The USTUR also operates the National Human Radiobiological Tissue Repository (NHRTR), in which portions of tissue samples collected at autopsy are kept. These samples, frozen at -70 degrees C, may be used for molecular studies of the effects of radiation. Medical and radiation exposure histories of the tissue donors are available, as are the results of radiochemical analyses of adjacent portions of the samples. These materials are available to researchers who have collaborative agreements with the USTUR, which can be established by accessing USTUR staff members through the website, http://www.ustur.wsu.edu.
The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycoplasma mastitis and colo... more The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycoplasma mastitis and colonization of mycoplasma organisms at body sites of asymptomatic carriers. The investigation was done in a dairy herd with a first outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis. Milk and swab solution specimens from accessible mucosal surfaces of body sites from cows and replacements were sampled at quarterly intervals (Herd Samplings 1-4). Samples were cultured and Mycoplasma spp. were isolated, speciated and fingerprinted. During Herd Sampling 1 two cows with mycoplasma bovis mastitis were identified and all swabbing solutions of body site samples from 18 of 84 cows and 36 of 77 replacements were positive to Mycoplasma bovis and fingerprinted as the same strain. A case of clinical M. bovis mastitis developed during Herd Sampling 3. During Herd Samplings 2-4, 4 lactating cows and 12 replacements were positive to M. bovis at various body sites with 4 different strains. Three isolates of Mycoplasma californicum were found from swabbing solutions of three cows during Herd Samplings 3 and 4. Only one strain of M. bovis caused mastitis although four strains were isolated from body sites of animals. Isolation of M. bovis from a body site never preceded mastitis. No lactating cow developed mastitis during Herd Sampling 4 although some animals were colonized with the organism. It appears that during the initial outbreak of M. bovis mastitis colonization of body sites by the outbreak strain may be common. However, the prevalence of colonization subsides and colonization does not appear to precede mastitis.
Page 1. Ecology and Epidemiology Spatial Pattern of Downy Mildew in Hop Yards During Severe and M... more Page 1. Ecology and Epidemiology Spatial Pattern of Downy Mildew in Hop Yards During Severe and Mild Disease Epidemics Dennis A. Johnson, J. Richard Alldredge, Jennifer R. Allen, and Rochelle Allwine First author: plant ...
The USTUR has developed simple linear and multiple regression models for estimating skeletal acti... more The USTUR has developed simple linear and multiple regression models for estimating skeletal actinide concentrations on the basis of bone samples collected at autopsies of non-whole body tissue donors. Bone samples usually collected include a clavicle, the patella(e), one or more ribs, the sternum, and a vertebral wedge cut from within the abdominal cavity. The described models were derived by regression analyses with the analytical results from those bones and the entire skeletons of eight whole body donations to the USTUR. With the model, skeletal concentrations of 238Pu, (239+240)Pu, and 241Am can be estimated from wet or ashed actinide concentrations in one to five of the bones usually collected at autopsy and analyzed. Application of the models to a selected USTUR non-whole body donation (Case 0240) indicated that the skeletal actinide concentration estimates were reasonably precise and that there was good agreement between the results from individual bones with wet or ashed actinide concentrations. The USTUR will apply the model that is based on wet concentrations of bones to estimate skeletal concentrations of actinides in all non-whole body autopsy cases for the sake of consistency because of the large number of early cases for which ashed weights of bones were not recorded.
ABSTRACT Weeds and diseases are major problems in the tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestiv... more ABSTRACT Weeds and diseases are major problems in the tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)/summer fallow (WW/SF) cropping system of the low precipitation zone (<= 300 mm) of the Pacific Northwest. Computer models have estimated that no-till spring crops may reduce soil erosion susceptibility by 95%. However, these annual cropping systems were not economically viable alternatives to the WW/SF rotation. Late-planted WW, also examined as an alternative, was similarly not viable with 35% lower grain yields than WW planted at the normal seeding date for the area. In 2002, two facultative wheat (FW) rotations were incorporated into a long-term, multidisciplinary field study to compare weed and disease incidence with a WW/reduced tillage summer fallow (WW/RSF) system for 4 years. Facultative wheat, not synonymous with late-planted WW, is often derived from SW by WW crosses and exhibits strong photosensitivity and partial sensitivity to vernalization. The two FW systems compared with WW/RSF were no-till FW/no-till spring wheat (FW/SW) and no-till FW/chemical fallow (FW/ChF). Facultative wheat was planted in early-November compared to WW planted in early-September and SW in the following March. Although 16 weed species were present during the study, Bromus tectorum and Salsola tragus were the most pervasive weeds and were found at the highest densities in FW following SW (FW(sw)). Populations of B. tectorum were often 90% higher in FW(sw) than in either WW or FW following ChF. The FW/ChF, WW/RSF, and SW following FW had similarly low weed populations when averaged over 4 years. Facultative wheat had less root disease than WW throughout the study. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) was severe in SW in 2005, but did not affect either FW. Based on the low weed and disease incidence coupled with the no-till planting of FW, the FW/ChF system showed promise as an alternative sustainable system to WW/SF.
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