Papers by Prof. Dr. (h.c) Mehmet Sukru Guzel
The Court of Citizens of the World (CCW), a People’s Tribunal, said to be a quasi-judicial organi... more The Court of Citizens of the World (CCW), a People’s Tribunal, said to be a quasi-judicial organization that aims to bridge gaps in access to international justice by holding political and military leaders to account through considering allegations of violations of specific standards of international law in light of documentary and oral evidence presented in formal proceedings.
The CCW has so-called charged Xi Jinping, President of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) , with crimes of aggression, under the Rome Statute against Taiwan. The tribunal addressed allegations related to aggression in Taiwan.
However, with this so-called charge, the CCW violated gravely the UN Charter, to which the CCW must be bound in terms of its legitimacy. The CCW gravely violated the UN Charter as any violation targeted Article 2.4 of the UN Charter creates a threat to World`s peace and security.
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Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, Dec 23, 2017
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Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, May 31, 2018
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Birlesmis Milletler Insan Haklari Konseyi’nin 2015 yilinda ki ,30/1 sayili karari ile Sri Lanka’d... more Birlesmis Milletler Insan Haklari Konseyi’nin 2015 yilinda ki ,30/1 sayili karari ile Sri Lanka’da yasanan terror ile savas sirasinda yasanan insan haklari ihlalleri ve ihlalleri ile ilgili iddialar hakkinda ki yargi mekanizmasinda Commonwealth ve diger yabanci hakimler, savunma avukatlari ve yetkili savci ve arastirmacilari dahil edilmesini istemistir. Ancak, Insan Haklari Konseyi, BM Kuresel Terorle Mucadele Stratejisi’nin bir yukumlulugu olan Sri Lanka’daki terorunun finansmani failleri icin uluslararasi bir ceza sorusturmasi istememistir. Insan Haklari Konseyi, Sri Lanka’daki terorizmin finansmani icin uluslararasi bir sorusturma acmayi talep etmeyerek, Sri Lanka’ da ki terorizmin finansmaninin faillerinin cezasiz kalmasini sebep olmustur.
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he Republic of Cyprus became an independent state on 16 August 1960 after being declared formally... more he Republic of Cyprus became an independent state on 16 August 1960 after being declared formally as a Crown Colony on 10 March 1925 by the United Kingdom. The Constitution of the Republic, which came into effect on the day of independence, had its roots in agreements reached between the heads of government of Greece and Turkey at Zurich on 11 February 1959. These were incorporated in agreements reached between those governments and the United Kingdom in London on 19 February. On the same day, the representatives of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities accepted the documents concerned, and accompanying declarations by the three governments, as "the agreed foundation for the final settlement of the problem of Cyprus". The agreements were embodied in treaties - the Treaty of Establishment and the Treaty of Guarantee, signed by Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, and the Treaty of Alliance, signed by Cyprus, Greece and Turkey - and in the constitution,...
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VIIth International Symposium on Social Sciences of the Turkic World , 2023
After the First World War, with the establishment of the Republic of Turkiye and with the Treaty ... more After the First World War, with the establishment of the Republic of Turkiye and with the Treaty of Lausanne, Palestine, one of the former Ottoman lands, came under the mandate system within the framework of Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant. With the abolition of the League of Nations and the establishment of the United Nations, Palestine, has been taken under the Chapter XII of the United Nations` Charter within the International Trusteeship System. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 on 29 November 1947, decided to establish two separate states, Arab and Jewish, in Palestine, which was under a single mandate. After the authorization by the United Nations General Assembly, the Jews published a declaration of independence one day before the end of the British mandate in Palestine on 14 May 1948, and announced the establishment of the state of Israel to the world. On 15 May 1948, the First Israel-Arab war began. As a result of the war, Israel took control of about 60% of the area proposed for the Arab (Palestine) state, as well as the area proposed by the United Nations for the Jewish state. On 4 March 1949, Israel was accepted as a member of the United Nations with the approval of the Security Council by the Resolution 273 of the General Assembly. After the First Arab-Israeli War, the United Nations Security Council did not demand Israel's withdrawal from the territories that it occupied. The United Nations Security Council demanded that Israel to withdraw from only the territories it occupied during the Second Arab-Israeli War in 1967 with its resolution 242. Today there is a misconception that the boundaries of Israel before the Second Arab -Israel War as legal.
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Communication Art. 15.2 of the Rome Statute Information and outreach activities pursuant Pre-Tria... more Communication Art. 15.2 of the Rome Statute Information and outreach activities pursuant Pre-Trial Chamber III issued on 20 January 2020. Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies
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Communication Art. 15.2 of the Rome Statute Information and outreach activities pursuant Pre-Tria... more Communication Art. 15.2 of the Rome Statute Information and outreach activities pursuant Pre-Trial Chamber III issued on 20 January 2020.
Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies
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Gazi Akademik Bakış, 2014
Greek goverment policy was to force to immigrate the majority of the population, the Turks in the... more Greek goverment policy was to force to immigrate the majority of the population, the Turks in the occupied lands of Anatolia and East Thrace. The policy of Greek goverment can only be described as barbarism. Greek goverment used methods of forced expropriation of Turkish lands and houses with out any indemnity, burned Turkish villages and towns, killed Turkish civilians and forced others to leave their houses. Greek goverment made mass tranfer of the Greeks living in Cacause and resettled them in Turkish homes. Greek goverment settled around 100.000 Cacause Greeks in East Thrace. More then 30.000 Turkish villagers took refuge in Bulgaria to save their lives. Also around 60.000 Turkish villagers escaped to İstanbul to save their lives. Greek Goverment in August 1922 gave the order to all Turks to leave their houses who were living between the Bulgarian frontier and Çatalca numbered around 270.000. Now today, the policy of Greek goverment is called as " Ethnic Cleansing ". A...
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The United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution 186 adopted on 4 March 1964 was wrongly under... more The United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution 186 adopted on 4 March 1964 was wrongly understood as the recognition of the effective control of the Greek Cypriot community on the Cyprus Republic institutions by the UN. When we analyse resolution 186, one can see that the resolution had given a binding decision on the restoration of the 1960 Constitution to the Cyprus Republic under the effective control of the Greek Cypriots (CRUGC) that is the obligation to give back the right to external self-determination of the Turkish Cypriot community in their partnership Republic. The Cyprus Republic was formed in accordance to the UN General Assembly resolution 1287 of 1958 on decolonization. The Turkish Cypriot community had used their recognized right to external self-determination by the UN General Assembly with the Greek Cypriot community by the founding of the Cyprus Republic in 1960. This recognized right to external right to self-determination of the Turkish Cypriots then had ta...
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On 22 June 2017, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolution A/ RES/71/292 in w... more On 22 June 2017, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolution A/ RES/71/292 in which, referring to Article 65 of the Statute of the Court, it requested the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion 2 questions on the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 by the Lancaster House Undertakings. Even if the case seems to be between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, in fact, the case has a Sui Generis character and is between the United Nations and the United Kingdom.
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The three-decade-long armed conflict ended in Sri Lanka, by the military defeat of the Liberation... more The three-decade-long armed conflict ended in Sri Lanka, by the military defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in May 2009. LTTE is defined as an international terrorist organization and banned in 32 countries. Terrorist acts of LTTE were under the category of crimes against humanity. After the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka, today there is a new conflict on Sri Lanka, in the United Nations, between the Human Rights Council and the Office of the High Commissioner for the Human Rights for defining the past armed conflict as combat terrorism or an internal war as well defining the LTTE as a terrorist organization or not.
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13 Mart 2019 tarih ve 40/1 sayili BM Insan Haklari Konseyi karari, Sri Lanka’da surdurulebilir ba... more 13 Mart 2019 tarih ve 40/1 sayili BM Insan Haklari Konseyi karari, Sri Lanka’da surdurulebilir barisi saglayabilmek adina BM Kuresel Teror ile Mucadele Stratejisini uygulamayarak ve terorun finansmani icin uluslararasi ceza sorusturmasi acmayarak, terorun finansmanini saglayan faillerin cezasiz kalmasina sebebiyet vermistir. Bu nedenle de soz konusu kararin uluslararasi bir organizasyonun gerceklestirdigi uluslararasi haksiz bir fiil olarak tanimlanmasi gerekmektedir. Bu makalede de bahse konu olan karar incelenmektedir.
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5 Agustos 2019 tarihinde Hindistan hukumeti, Jammu ve Kesmir eyaletine kayda deger siyasi ozerkli... more 5 Agustos 2019 tarihinde Hindistan hukumeti, Jammu ve Kesmir eyaletine kayda deger siyasi ozerklik kazandiran Anayasanin 370. Maddesinin iptal edildigini duyurdu. 370. Madde, Jammu ve Kesmir’in disisleri, savunma ve haberlesme disindaki tum konularda kendi anayasasina, ayri bir bayraga ve bagimsizligina sahip olmasini saglamakta idi. Hindistan hukumeti, Jammu ve Kesmir’in Birlesmis Milletler Guvenlik Konseyi tarafindan tartismali bolge olarak tanimlamasina ragmen, Hindistan Anayasasinin 370. Maddesinin Birlesmis Milletler SozlesmesI`nin 2.7 Maddesi kapsaminda Hindistan’in bir ic meselesi oldugunu iddia etmektedir. Bu makale, Birlesmis Milletler dekolonizasyon sistemi icerisinde Jammu ve Kesmir sorununu, Hindistan’in Junagadh’in Eyaleti`nin dekolonizasyon sureci ile mukayeseli olarak inceleyerek, maxim allegans contraria non est audiendus prensibi cercevesinde Hindistan`in Jammu ve Kesmir icin uluslararasi bir yukumlulugunun olup olmadigini analiz etmektedir.
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The United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (HRC) resolution 30/1 for Sri Lanka is an internatio... more The United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (HRC) resolution 30/1 for Sri Lanka is an international wrongful act of an international organization. In his resolution 30/1, the HRC did not respect and fulfill his obligation to the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (UNGCTS) by his mandate given by the General Assembly of the UN. The HRC prepared the resolution 30/1 without taking account of the systematic acts of terrorism of the Tamil militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and did not defined LTTE as a terrorist organization as defined in his resolution 25/1. LTTE financed his terrorism acts by different criminal sources including drug dealing with the terror organization PKK, illegal human trafficking and international sea piracy. The resolution of HRC 30/1 can only be defined as the internationally wrongful act of the HRC organization by not defining LTTE as a non-state armed group designated as terrorist as well not asking an international investigation for the perpet...
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The UNSC resolution 1267 gives the responsibility of freezing to the States for the funds related... more The UNSC resolution 1267 gives the responsibility of freezing to the States for the funds related with the Taliban but does not give the ownership of these funds to the States when they do freeze the funds, on contrary as written in the operative paragraph 4 (b), it is the 1267 Committee is to decide for the usage of the funds on case-by-case basis.
Any member State of the UN can ask for a special meeting from the UNSC on the legality of the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan by the US. In the case of US` veto for a special meeting in the UNSC, not only the member States of the UN but subject to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the UN Charter, other organs of the UN specialized agencies such as World Health Organization may also request advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legal dispute arising from the implementation of the US Executive Order 14064 and the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan.
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Papers by Prof. Dr. (h.c) Mehmet Sukru Guzel
The CCW has so-called charged Xi Jinping, President of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) , with crimes of aggression, under the Rome Statute against Taiwan. The tribunal addressed allegations related to aggression in Taiwan.
However, with this so-called charge, the CCW violated gravely the UN Charter, to which the CCW must be bound in terms of its legitimacy. The CCW gravely violated the UN Charter as any violation targeted Article 2.4 of the UN Charter creates a threat to World`s peace and security.
Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies
Any member State of the UN can ask for a special meeting from the UNSC on the legality of the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan by the US. In the case of US` veto for a special meeting in the UNSC, not only the member States of the UN but subject to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the UN Charter, other organs of the UN specialized agencies such as World Health Organization may also request advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legal dispute arising from the implementation of the US Executive Order 14064 and the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan.
The CCW has so-called charged Xi Jinping, President of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) , with crimes of aggression, under the Rome Statute against Taiwan. The tribunal addressed allegations related to aggression in Taiwan.
However, with this so-called charge, the CCW violated gravely the UN Charter, to which the CCW must be bound in terms of its legitimacy. The CCW gravely violated the UN Charter as any violation targeted Article 2.4 of the UN Charter creates a threat to World`s peace and security.
Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies
Any member State of the UN can ask for a special meeting from the UNSC on the legality of the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan by the US. In the case of US` veto for a special meeting in the UNSC, not only the member States of the UN but subject to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the UN Charter, other organs of the UN specialized agencies such as World Health Organization may also request advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legal dispute arising from the implementation of the US Executive Order 14064 and the unilateral freezing of the $3.5 billion assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan.
the key point whether the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is a secessionist movement or not
from the Republic of Cyprus. The Republic of Cyprus was a classical colony under Article 73 of the UN`
Charter and decolonized in 1960 in accordance with the UN General Assembly resolution 1287 of 1958
and become a member of the UN. Uti possidetis juris (UPJ) doctrine was implemented when Cyprus
obtained its independence in a partnership state for the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities. The UPJ
doctrine is neither customary international law nor jus cogens. Neither the right of self-determination nor
the principle of territorial integrity is absolute under Article 73 of the UN Charter. Both must be applied in
the context of the UN Charter and human rights treaties so as to serve the purposes and principles of the
UN. To define whether Turkish Cypriots were minority or not is the key point to define the Turkish
Cypriots` legal status within the UN legal system. The refusal of the UN General Assembly to define
Turkish Cypriots as a minority but as a partner by its resolution 1287 of 1958 is in fact is the recognition
of the external right to self-determination of Turkish Cypriots under Article 73 of the UN Charter after
which a partnership state was established in Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots can never be defined a secessionist
movement when we analyze the unilateral so-called legal actions of the Greek Cypriots in the island after
the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus.
Raporun bilgi kısmında, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Lozan Antlaşması’nı 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde imzalamasından sonra, Türkiye ile ABD arasında, 24 Aralık 1924 tarihinde imzaladıkları anlaşma ile savaş sırasında ABD vatandaşlarının görmüş oldukları maddi zararların tazmin edilmesi konusuna bir çözüm bulabilmeyi amaçladıkları belirtilmiştir. Rapordaş her iki ülkenin, 17 Şubat 1927 tarihinde ek bir antlaşma daha imzaladıkları ve her iki ülkeden, ikişer üyenin atanacağı dört kişilik bir komisyonun kurularak, bu komisyonun vereceği karar doğrultusunda ABD vatandaşlarının maddi zararlarının tazmin edilmesi konusunda anlaşmaya vardıkları yazılmıştır .
Kurulan komisyon, ABD vatandaşlarının savaş sırasında görüdkleri zararlar konusunda iddia başvuruların alındıktan sonra , zarar iddialarının değerlendirilmesi ve kabul edilen zararların tazmin edilmesi için kurulan komisyonu çalışmalarına 1933 Ağustos ayında İstanbul’da başlamıştır. Türkiye, ABD vatandaşlarının zararlarının tazmini için toplam 500.000 ABD dolarını tutan bir meblağı, 10 eşit taksitte ödemeyi önermiş olsa da ABD, Türkiye’nin bu önerisini yetersiz bulmuştur.
Fred K Nielsen, ABD Başkan tarafından 12 Şubat 1934 tarihinde kurulan komisyona atanmış ve komisyon tekrar 21 Mart 1934 tarihinde İstanbul’da toplanmıştır. 13 Ekim 1934 tarihinde komisyon, Türkiye’nin ABD vatandaşlarının savaş sırasında görmüş oldukları zararlar karşılığında 1.300.000 ABD Doları ödemesi konusunda anlaşmaya varmışlardır. Her iki devlet, 25 Ekim 1934 tarihinde komisyonun ödenecek tazminat konusunda uzlaşmaya vardıkları meblağı onaylamışlardır .
Komisyonun çalışması sırasında, ABD tarafı Türkiye toprakları dışarısında İran Urumiye bölgesinde savaş sırasında ABD vatandaşlarının görmüş olduğu zararlar konusunda da taleplerin mevcut olduğunu belirterek, konuyu komisyonun gündemine getirmiştir. Komisyonun Türk üyeleri 24 Nisan 1934 tarihinde ABD tarafına bir memorandum verilmiştir. Memorandumda Türkiye toprakları dışarısında yaşanan olaylara ilişkin iddiaları kabul edilmeyeceği belirtilmiştir. Komisyonun ABD tarafı, 3 Mayıs 1934 tarihinde vermiş olduğu memorandum ile komisyonun görevinin iddiaları incelemek olduğunu, bir devletin, kendi görevlilerinin, ülke dışarısında ki eylemlerinden de sorumlu olduğunu belirtmiştir .
Akabinde ise bizzat ABD tarafı, İran Urumiye bölgesinde, savaş sırasında yaşanan olaylarda ABD vatandaşlarının, ABD kökenli yardım kuruluşu ve misyonunun görmüş olduğu zarardan Türk askerlerinin herhangi bir sorumluluğunu bulunmadığı belirterek, tazminat talebinde bulunmamıştır.
Cemiyet-i Akvam ’ın 6 Ekim 1920 tarihindeki Konsey toplantıları sırasında Barış Konferansı’na katılan Ermeni delegasyonu, Türkler ile yapmış oldukları savaş için acil yardım talebinde bulunmuşlardır. 11 Ekim 1920 tarihinde Ermeni delegasyonunun başvurusuna Cemiyet-i Akvam hukuk bölümünden M Aghnides, Sevr Antlaşması onaylanmadığı için Cemiyet-i Akvam’ ın yetkisiz olduğuna dair hukuki görüş vermiştir.
Cemiyet-i Akvam’ ın 1.Genel Kurul toplantısı sırasında 18 Kasım 1920 tarihinde alınan bir karar ile Cemiyet-i Akvam Konseyi Ermenistan devletinin geleceğinin korunması ile görevlendirilmiştir. 16 Aralık 1920 tarihinde ise Ermenistan’ın Cemiyet-i Akvam’ a üyeliği ret edilmiştir.
4 Mart 1921 tarihinde Barış Konferansı Yüksek Konseyi, Türkiye’nin doğu sınırları içerisinde Türk Ermenileri için bir Ermeni Ulusal Evi’nin kurulması kararını almış ve Cemiyet-i Akvam tarafından oluşturulacak olan bir komisyon tarafından belirlenecek sınırları kabul ettiklerini açıklamışlardır. Cemiyet-i Akvam’ ın 2.Genel Kurulu’nun da 21 Eylül 1921 tarihinde Türkiye Ermenistan’ı olarak tarif edilen toprakları içerisinde, Türkiye’den bağımsız bir Ermeni Ulusal Evi’nin kurulması kararı alınır. Sadece Fransa bu karara çekince koyar.
Lozan Barış Konferansı öncesinde 25 Eylül 1922 tarihinde 3.Cemiyet-i Akvam Genel Kurulu’nda, Türkiye ile yapılacak olan Barış Antlaşması’nda Ermenilere bir Ulusal Ev’in sağlanmasının öncelikli olduğu dair bir karar alır ve Cemiyet-i Akvam Konsey’ini gerekli adımları atması konusunda görevlendirmiştir.
Cemiyet-i Akvam, kendisine üye olmayan 2 devlet arasında ki ilişkiler konusunda almış olduğu tüm kararlar kendi hukuk bölümünün verdiği yorum çerçevesinde hukuki dayanağı bulunmayan, politik kararlar olarak tarihe geçmiştir