COVID-19 pandemic has been a subject of extensive study. However, it is still unclear why it was ... more COVID-19 pandemic has been a subject of extensive study. However, it is still unclear why it was restricted to higher latitudes during the initial days and later cascaded in the tropics. Here, we analyzed 176 SARS-CoV-2 genomes across different climate zones and Koppen's climate that provided insights about within-species virus evolution and its relation to abiotic factors. Two genetically variant groups, named G1 and G2, were identified, well defined by four mutations. The G1 group (ancestor) is mainly restricted to warm and moist, temperate climate (Koppen's C climate) while its descendent G2 group surpasses the climatic restrictions of G1, initially cascading into neighboring cold climate (D) of higher latitudes and later into the hot climate of the tropics (A). It appears that the gradation of temperate climate (Cfa-Cfb) to cold climate (Dfa-Dfb) drives the evolution of G1 into the G2 variant group, which later adapted to tropical climate (A) as well. It seems this virus followed an inverse latitudinal gradient in the beginning due to its preference towards temperate (C) and cold climate (D). Our work elucidates virus evolutionary studies combined with climatic studies can provide crucial information about the pathogenesis and natural spreading pathways in such outbreaks, which is hard to achieve through individual studies. Mutational insights gained may help design an efficacious vaccine.
COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively studied by many researchers. However, it is still unclear ... more COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively studied by many researchers. However, it is still unclear why it was restricted to higher latitudes during the initial days and later cascaded in the tropics. Here, we analyzed 176 SARS-CoV-2 genomes across different latitudes and climate (Koppen’s climate) that provided insights about within species virus evolution and its relation to abiotic factors. Two genetically variant groups, named as G1 and G2 were identified, well defined by four mutations. The G1 group (ancestor), is mainly restricted to warm and moist, temperate climate (Koppen’s C climate) while its descendent G2 group surpasses the climatic restrictions of G1, initially cascading into neighboring cold climate (D) of higher latitudes and later into hot climate of the tropics (A). It appears that the gradation of temperate climate (Cfa-Cfb) to cold climate (Dfa-Dfb) drives the evolution of G1 into G2 variant group which later adapted to tropical climate (A) as well. It seems this vi...
This paper provides the research and development of a solar powered UPS in India’s market as an a... more This paper provides the research and development of a solar powered UPS in India’s market as an alternative source of energy. It consists of design which is done according to our research. The design of solar UPS consists of solar charge controller, inverter circuit and a solar panel. During this process many circuit simulation were done to fit the requirement of this project. It also shows that solar Ups can be highly efficient and successful in electrical UPS market. This project consists of solar panel which consist solar cell which convert solar energy into electrical energy. We also have charging circuit which will charge 12V DC (direct current) battery given in fig:-2 and inverter circuit have given in fig:-3 & fig:-5 will convert it AC (alternative current).
Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2014
ABSTRACT Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposites, with MWCNT... more ABSTRACT Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposites, with MWCNT loading up to 44.4 weight percent (wt%), were prepared by the solvent mixing and casting method. Electron microscopy indicates high degree of dispersion of MWCNT in PVC matrix, achieved by ultrasonication without using any surfactants. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a significant monotonic enhancement in the thermal stability of nanocomposites by increasing the wt% of MWCNT. Electrical conductivity of nanocomposites followed the classical percolation theory and the conductivity prominently improved from 10−7 to 9 S/cm as the MWCNT loading increased from 0.1 to 44.4 wt%. Low value of electrical percolation threshold ~0.2 wt% is achieved which is attributed to high aspect ratio and homogeneous dispersion of MWCNT in PVC. The analysis of the low temperature electrical resistivity data shows that sample of 1.9 wt% follows three dimensional variable range hopping model whereas higher wt% nanocomposite samples follow power law behavior. The magnetization versus applied field data for both bulk MWCNTs and nanocomposite of 44.4 wt% display ferromagnetic behavior with enhanced coercivities of 1.82 and 1.27 kOe at 10 K, respectively. The enhancement in coercivity is due to strong dipolar interaction and shape anisotropy of rod-shaped iron nanoparticles.
COVID-19 pandemic has been a subject of extensive study. However, it is still unclear why it was ... more COVID-19 pandemic has been a subject of extensive study. However, it is still unclear why it was restricted to higher latitudes during the initial days and later cascaded in the tropics. Here, we analyzed 176 SARS-CoV-2 genomes across different climate zones and Koppen's climate that provided insights about within-species virus evolution and its relation to abiotic factors. Two genetically variant groups, named G1 and G2, were identified, well defined by four mutations. The G1 group (ancestor) is mainly restricted to warm and moist, temperate climate (Koppen's C climate) while its descendent G2 group surpasses the climatic restrictions of G1, initially cascading into neighboring cold climate (D) of higher latitudes and later into the hot climate of the tropics (A). It appears that the gradation of temperate climate (Cfa-Cfb) to cold climate (Dfa-Dfb) drives the evolution of G1 into the G2 variant group, which later adapted to tropical climate (A) as well. It seems this virus followed an inverse latitudinal gradient in the beginning due to its preference towards temperate (C) and cold climate (D). Our work elucidates virus evolutionary studies combined with climatic studies can provide crucial information about the pathogenesis and natural spreading pathways in such outbreaks, which is hard to achieve through individual studies. Mutational insights gained may help design an efficacious vaccine.
COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively studied by many researchers. However, it is still unclear ... more COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively studied by many researchers. However, it is still unclear why it was restricted to higher latitudes during the initial days and later cascaded in the tropics. Here, we analyzed 176 SARS-CoV-2 genomes across different latitudes and climate (Koppen’s climate) that provided insights about within species virus evolution and its relation to abiotic factors. Two genetically variant groups, named as G1 and G2 were identified, well defined by four mutations. The G1 group (ancestor), is mainly restricted to warm and moist, temperate climate (Koppen’s C climate) while its descendent G2 group surpasses the climatic restrictions of G1, initially cascading into neighboring cold climate (D) of higher latitudes and later into hot climate of the tropics (A). It appears that the gradation of temperate climate (Cfa-Cfb) to cold climate (Dfa-Dfb) drives the evolution of G1 into G2 variant group which later adapted to tropical climate (A) as well. It seems this vi...
This paper provides the research and development of a solar powered UPS in India’s market as an a... more This paper provides the research and development of a solar powered UPS in India’s market as an alternative source of energy. It consists of design which is done according to our research. The design of solar UPS consists of solar charge controller, inverter circuit and a solar panel. During this process many circuit simulation were done to fit the requirement of this project. It also shows that solar Ups can be highly efficient and successful in electrical UPS market. This project consists of solar panel which consist solar cell which convert solar energy into electrical energy. We also have charging circuit which will charge 12V DC (direct current) battery given in fig:-2 and inverter circuit have given in fig:-3 & fig:-5 will convert it AC (alternative current).
Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2014
ABSTRACT Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposites, with MWCNT... more ABSTRACT Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposites, with MWCNT loading up to 44.4 weight percent (wt%), were prepared by the solvent mixing and casting method. Electron microscopy indicates high degree of dispersion of MWCNT in PVC matrix, achieved by ultrasonication without using any surfactants. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a significant monotonic enhancement in the thermal stability of nanocomposites by increasing the wt% of MWCNT. Electrical conductivity of nanocomposites followed the classical percolation theory and the conductivity prominently improved from 10−7 to 9 S/cm as the MWCNT loading increased from 0.1 to 44.4 wt%. Low value of electrical percolation threshold ~0.2 wt% is achieved which is attributed to high aspect ratio and homogeneous dispersion of MWCNT in PVC. The analysis of the low temperature electrical resistivity data shows that sample of 1.9 wt% follows three dimensional variable range hopping model whereas higher wt% nanocomposite samples follow power law behavior. The magnetization versus applied field data for both bulk MWCNTs and nanocomposite of 44.4 wt% display ferromagnetic behavior with enhanced coercivities of 1.82 and 1.27 kOe at 10 K, respectively. The enhancement in coercivity is due to strong dipolar interaction and shape anisotropy of rod-shaped iron nanoparticles.
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