Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Apr 3, 2014
Transmembrane protein 27 (Tmem27), which is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, plays an important r... more Transmembrane protein 27 (Tmem27), which is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, plays an important role in insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Analysis of the INS-1 cell proteome using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with LC-MS identified Tmem27 as the one of most robustly (up to seven-fold) upregulated proteins after treatment with the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2D3. Furthermore, we report that Tmem27 which is cleaved and released from, i.e. pancreatic β-cells, is present in human serum and its levels are significantly lower in subjects with autoimmune diabetes as compared to healthy individuals (13% of the levels). Additionally, Tmem27 correlated positively (0.70) with C-peptide serum levels in healthy subjects. Our data indicate that Tmem27 could be of potential value as a serum marker for the pathogenesis of diabetes and as such may warrant the development of measurement methods with lower limit of detection for its further validation.
Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2004
BACKGROUND A few case reports suggest that the use of androgenic anabolic steroids may be associa... more BACKGROUND A few case reports suggest that the use of androgenic anabolic steroids may be associated with myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Case report. RESULTS We report the case of a 27-year-old male body builder with acute myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. He was treated with primary angioplasty with stent implantation and intra-aortic balloon support, but still developed a large myocardial infarction as determined by both echocardiography and myocardial perfusion tomography. The patient had been using androgenic anabolic steroids regularly for ten years. There was no family history of heart disease or lipid disorder. INTERPRETATION The actual frequency of myocardial infarction and even sudden death among users of anabolic steroids is presumably underreported in the medical literature. A causal relationship is not established, but a pathogenic role is plausible. Use of androgenic anabolic steroids has been a...
There is a need for feasible and non-invasive diagnostics in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolomics is ... more There is a need for feasible and non-invasive diagnostics in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolomics is the study of small molecular weight products of cellular metabolism that may, directly and indirectly, reflect the level of oxidative stress. Saliva analysis is a novel approach that has a yet unexplored potential in metabolomics in perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this review was to give an overview of metabolomics studies of oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia, particularly searching for studies analyzing non-invasively collected biofluids including saliva. We searched the databases PubMed/Medline and included 11 original human and 4 animal studies. In perinatal asphyxia, whole blood, plasma, and urine are the most frequently used biofluids used for metabolomics analyses. Although changes in oxidative stress-related salivary metabolites have been reported in adults, the utility of this approach in perinatal asphyxia has not yet been explored. Human and animal studies indicate that, in...
The diagnosis of fetal anomaly can be a major stressor to the expectant mother. Current understan... more The diagnosis of fetal anomaly can be a major stressor to the expectant mother. Current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and cortisol in pregnancy is limited. This study examined: (1) differences in the ratio of serum cortisol to cortisol binding globulin (SC/CBG) and cortisone levels among women with and without a diagnosis of fetal anomaly, (2) the association between self-reported stress and cortisol from mid to late pregnancy, and (3) the Jo ur na l P re -p ro of
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hor... more The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included i...
Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is associated with hypocretin neuron loss. However, ther... more Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is associated with hypocretin neuron loss. However, there are still unexplained phenotypic NT1 features. We investigated the associations between clinical and sleep phenotypic characteristics, the NT1-associated P2RY11 polymorphism rs2305795, and P2Y11 protein levels in T lymphocytes in patients with NT1, their first-degree relatives and unrelated controls. Methods The P2RY11 SNP was genotyped in 100 patients (90/100 H1N1-(Pandemrix)-vaccinated), 119 related and 123 non-related controls. CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte P2Y11 protein levels were quantified using flow cytometry in 167 patients and relatives. Symptoms and sleep recording parameters were also collected. Results We found an association between NT1 and the rs2305795 A allele (OR = 2, 95% CI (1.3, 3.0), p = 0.001). T lymphocyte P2Y11 protein levels were significantly lower in patients and relatives homozygous for the rs2305795 risk A allele (CD4: p = 0.012; CD8: p = 0.007). The nocturnal s...
Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) may be complicated by comorbidities. We aimed to study t... more Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) may be complicated by comorbidities. We aimed to study the extent of obesity and other medical comorbidities in a Norwegian population of NT1 patients with debut of symptoms after the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic and vaccination campaign. We also aimed to explore factors associated with obesity. Methods Ninety-one patients (48 children and 43 adults) were included in this cross-sectional study, 80 of whom were H1N1-vaccinated. All participants were hospitalized and underwent sleep investigation and physical examination, and completed a semi-structured clinical interview. Results In children, 16 females (70%) and 10 males (40%) were classified as overweight or obese. Twenty children (42%) had a co-existing medical disorder. Medical comorbidity was significantly positively associated with BMI in children (p = .032). In adults, 19 females (58%) and 7 males (70%) were classified as overweight or obese. Twenty-six adults (61%) had a co-existing me...
Study Objectives To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients... more Study Objectives To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and assess HLA associations with clinical and sleep parameters in patients and first-degree relatives. Methods Ninety post-H1N1 NT1 patients and 202 of their first-degree relatives were HLA-genotyped (next generation sequencing) and phenotyped (semi-structured interviews, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire, polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test). HLA allele distributions were compared between DQB1*06:02-heterozygous individuals (77 patients, 59 parents, 1230 controls). A subsample (74 patients, 114 relatives) was investigated for associations between HLA-loci and continuous sleep variables using logistic regression. Identified candidate HLA-loci were explored for HLA allele associations with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis in 90 patients, and patient allele findings were checked for similar associations in 202 relatives....
Study Objectives To assess brain activation patterns in response to fun-rated and neutral-rated m... more Study Objectives To assess brain activation patterns in response to fun-rated and neutral-rated movies we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a humor-paradigm in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) patients with cataplexy (muscle atonia triggered by emotions) and controls. Methods The fMRI-humor-paradigm consisted of short movies (25/30 with a humorous punchline; 5/30 without a humorous punchline [but with similar build-up/anticipation]) rated by participants based on their humor experience. We included 41 NT1 patients and 44 controls. Group-level inferences were made using permutation testing. Results Permutation testing revealed no group differences in average movie ratings. fMRI analysis found no group differences in brain activations to fun-rated movies. Patients showed significantly higher activations compared to controls during neutral-rated movies; including bilaterally in the thalamus, pallidum, putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum,...
Immunoassays of steroid hormones are still used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with ... more Immunoassays of steroid hormones are still used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. However, cross-reactivity between steroids can give rise to falsely elevated steroid levels. Here we compare the use of immunoassays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the monitoring of patients with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Steroid profiles in different mutation groups (genotypes) were also compared. Fifty-five patients with classic 21OHD (38 women) were studied. Blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight medication fast. LC-MS/MS and immunoassays were employed to assay 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), testosterone and androstenedione. In addition, 21-deoxycortisol (21DF), 11-deoxycortisol (11DF), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisone and cortisol were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Testosterone, androstenedione and 17OHP levels were consistently lower (by about 30-50%) when measured by LC...
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation, 2017
Minimally invasive surgery seems to reduce hormonal stress response to surgery, but has not previ... more Minimally invasive surgery seems to reduce hormonal stress response to surgery, but has not previously been examined in major abdominal vascular surgery. Aortic cross-clamping time and operation time is known to be longer in the totally laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass (LABF) as compared to open aortobifemoral bypass (OABF). The main objective of our study was to measure the hormonal stress response during surgery and aortic cross-clamping in patients undergoing a totally laparoscopic versus an open aortobifemoral bypass. This was a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled multicentre trial. Thirty consecutive patients with severe aortoiliac occlusive disease were randomized to either a laparoscopic (LABF) or an open (OABF) procedure. The surgical stress response was measured by perioperative monitoring of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aldosterone, metanephrine and cortisol at eight different time-points. During surgery. there was an increase in all humoral stress markers...
Objective: To determine the relationship between serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), direc... more Objective: To determine the relationship between serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), directly measured free 25(OH) D and calculated free 25(OH)D with regard to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) phenotypes, sex, BMI, age and season, and their interrelationship to vitamin D supplementation. Design, patients and interventions: A randomized controlled trial with 20 000 IU of vitamin D3 per week or placebo for 12 months was designed. A total of 472 subjects, 236 in each of the intervention groups, were included in the analyses. Main outcome measures: Baseline serum concentrations and increases in serum total 25(OH)D, directly measured free 25(OH)D, calculated free 25(OH)D and DBP. Results: Serum total 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with the phenotype Gc2/Gc2 compared to phenotypes with the Gc1S allele, and lower in males compared to females. When using directly measured free 25(OH)D, the differences related to DBP phenotypes and sexes were clearl...
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that vitamin D can enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GS... more BACKGROUND Studies have shown that vitamin D can enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and change the expression of genes in pancreatic β-cells. Still the mechanisms linking vitamin D and GSIS are unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used an established β-cell line, INS1E. INS1E cells were pre-treated with 10 nM 1,25(OH)2vitamin D or 10 nM 25(OH)vitamin D for 72 hours and stimulated with 22 mM glucose for 60 minutes. RNA was extracted for gene expression analysis. RESULTS Expression of genes affecting viability, apoptosis and GSIS changed after pre-treatment with both 1,25(OH)2vitamin D and 25(OH)vitamin D in INS1E cells. Stimulation with glucose after pre-treatment of INS1E cells with 1,25(OH)2vitamin D resulted in 181 differentially expressed genes, whereas 526 genes were differentially expressed after pre-treatment with 25(OH)vitamin D. CONCLUSION Vitamin D metabolites may affect pancreatic β-cells and GSIS through changed gene expression for genes involved in β-cell function and viability.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Apr 3, 2014
Transmembrane protein 27 (Tmem27), which is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, plays an important r... more Transmembrane protein 27 (Tmem27), which is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, plays an important role in insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Analysis of the INS-1 cell proteome using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with LC-MS identified Tmem27 as the one of most robustly (up to seven-fold) upregulated proteins after treatment with the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2D3. Furthermore, we report that Tmem27 which is cleaved and released from, i.e. pancreatic β-cells, is present in human serum and its levels are significantly lower in subjects with autoimmune diabetes as compared to healthy individuals (13% of the levels). Additionally, Tmem27 correlated positively (0.70) with C-peptide serum levels in healthy subjects. Our data indicate that Tmem27 could be of potential value as a serum marker for the pathogenesis of diabetes and as such may warrant the development of measurement methods with lower limit of detection for its further validation.
Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2004
BACKGROUND A few case reports suggest that the use of androgenic anabolic steroids may be associa... more BACKGROUND A few case reports suggest that the use of androgenic anabolic steroids may be associated with myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Case report. RESULTS We report the case of a 27-year-old male body builder with acute myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. He was treated with primary angioplasty with stent implantation and intra-aortic balloon support, but still developed a large myocardial infarction as determined by both echocardiography and myocardial perfusion tomography. The patient had been using androgenic anabolic steroids regularly for ten years. There was no family history of heart disease or lipid disorder. INTERPRETATION The actual frequency of myocardial infarction and even sudden death among users of anabolic steroids is presumably underreported in the medical literature. A causal relationship is not established, but a pathogenic role is plausible. Use of androgenic anabolic steroids has been a...
There is a need for feasible and non-invasive diagnostics in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolomics is ... more There is a need for feasible and non-invasive diagnostics in perinatal asphyxia. Metabolomics is the study of small molecular weight products of cellular metabolism that may, directly and indirectly, reflect the level of oxidative stress. Saliva analysis is a novel approach that has a yet unexplored potential in metabolomics in perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this review was to give an overview of metabolomics studies of oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia, particularly searching for studies analyzing non-invasively collected biofluids including saliva. We searched the databases PubMed/Medline and included 11 original human and 4 animal studies. In perinatal asphyxia, whole blood, plasma, and urine are the most frequently used biofluids used for metabolomics analyses. Although changes in oxidative stress-related salivary metabolites have been reported in adults, the utility of this approach in perinatal asphyxia has not yet been explored. Human and animal studies indicate that, in...
The diagnosis of fetal anomaly can be a major stressor to the expectant mother. Current understan... more The diagnosis of fetal anomaly can be a major stressor to the expectant mother. Current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and cortisol in pregnancy is limited. This study examined: (1) differences in the ratio of serum cortisol to cortisol binding globulin (SC/CBG) and cortisone levels among women with and without a diagnosis of fetal anomaly, (2) the association between self-reported stress and cortisol from mid to late pregnancy, and (3) the Jo ur na l P re -p ro of
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hor... more The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included i...
Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is associated with hypocretin neuron loss. However, ther... more Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is associated with hypocretin neuron loss. However, there are still unexplained phenotypic NT1 features. We investigated the associations between clinical and sleep phenotypic characteristics, the NT1-associated P2RY11 polymorphism rs2305795, and P2Y11 protein levels in T lymphocytes in patients with NT1, their first-degree relatives and unrelated controls. Methods The P2RY11 SNP was genotyped in 100 patients (90/100 H1N1-(Pandemrix)-vaccinated), 119 related and 123 non-related controls. CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte P2Y11 protein levels were quantified using flow cytometry in 167 patients and relatives. Symptoms and sleep recording parameters were also collected. Results We found an association between NT1 and the rs2305795 A allele (OR = 2, 95% CI (1.3, 3.0), p = 0.001). T lymphocyte P2Y11 protein levels were significantly lower in patients and relatives homozygous for the rs2305795 risk A allele (CD4: p = 0.012; CD8: p = 0.007). The nocturnal s...
Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) may be complicated by comorbidities. We aimed to study t... more Study Objectives Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) may be complicated by comorbidities. We aimed to study the extent of obesity and other medical comorbidities in a Norwegian population of NT1 patients with debut of symptoms after the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic and vaccination campaign. We also aimed to explore factors associated with obesity. Methods Ninety-one patients (48 children and 43 adults) were included in this cross-sectional study, 80 of whom were H1N1-vaccinated. All participants were hospitalized and underwent sleep investigation and physical examination, and completed a semi-structured clinical interview. Results In children, 16 females (70%) and 10 males (40%) were classified as overweight or obese. Twenty children (42%) had a co-existing medical disorder. Medical comorbidity was significantly positively associated with BMI in children (p = .032). In adults, 19 females (58%) and 7 males (70%) were classified as overweight or obese. Twenty-six adults (61%) had a co-existing me...
Study Objectives To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients... more Study Objectives To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and assess HLA associations with clinical and sleep parameters in patients and first-degree relatives. Methods Ninety post-H1N1 NT1 patients and 202 of their first-degree relatives were HLA-genotyped (next generation sequencing) and phenotyped (semi-structured interviews, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire, polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test). HLA allele distributions were compared between DQB1*06:02-heterozygous individuals (77 patients, 59 parents, 1230 controls). A subsample (74 patients, 114 relatives) was investigated for associations between HLA-loci and continuous sleep variables using logistic regression. Identified candidate HLA-loci were explored for HLA allele associations with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis in 90 patients, and patient allele findings were checked for similar associations in 202 relatives....
Study Objectives To assess brain activation patterns in response to fun-rated and neutral-rated m... more Study Objectives To assess brain activation patterns in response to fun-rated and neutral-rated movies we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a humor-paradigm in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) patients with cataplexy (muscle atonia triggered by emotions) and controls. Methods The fMRI-humor-paradigm consisted of short movies (25/30 with a humorous punchline; 5/30 without a humorous punchline [but with similar build-up/anticipation]) rated by participants based on their humor experience. We included 41 NT1 patients and 44 controls. Group-level inferences were made using permutation testing. Results Permutation testing revealed no group differences in average movie ratings. fMRI analysis found no group differences in brain activations to fun-rated movies. Patients showed significantly higher activations compared to controls during neutral-rated movies; including bilaterally in the thalamus, pallidum, putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum,...
Immunoassays of steroid hormones are still used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with ... more Immunoassays of steroid hormones are still used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. However, cross-reactivity between steroids can give rise to falsely elevated steroid levels. Here we compare the use of immunoassays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the monitoring of patients with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Steroid profiles in different mutation groups (genotypes) were also compared. Fifty-five patients with classic 21OHD (38 women) were studied. Blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight medication fast. LC-MS/MS and immunoassays were employed to assay 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), testosterone and androstenedione. In addition, 21-deoxycortisol (21DF), 11-deoxycortisol (11DF), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisone and cortisol were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Testosterone, androstenedione and 17OHP levels were consistently lower (by about 30-50%) when measured by LC...
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation, 2017
Minimally invasive surgery seems to reduce hormonal stress response to surgery, but has not previ... more Minimally invasive surgery seems to reduce hormonal stress response to surgery, but has not previously been examined in major abdominal vascular surgery. Aortic cross-clamping time and operation time is known to be longer in the totally laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass (LABF) as compared to open aortobifemoral bypass (OABF). The main objective of our study was to measure the hormonal stress response during surgery and aortic cross-clamping in patients undergoing a totally laparoscopic versus an open aortobifemoral bypass. This was a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled multicentre trial. Thirty consecutive patients with severe aortoiliac occlusive disease were randomized to either a laparoscopic (LABF) or an open (OABF) procedure. The surgical stress response was measured by perioperative monitoring of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aldosterone, metanephrine and cortisol at eight different time-points. During surgery. there was an increase in all humoral stress markers...
Objective: To determine the relationship between serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), direc... more Objective: To determine the relationship between serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), directly measured free 25(OH) D and calculated free 25(OH)D with regard to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) phenotypes, sex, BMI, age and season, and their interrelationship to vitamin D supplementation. Design, patients and interventions: A randomized controlled trial with 20 000 IU of vitamin D3 per week or placebo for 12 months was designed. A total of 472 subjects, 236 in each of the intervention groups, were included in the analyses. Main outcome measures: Baseline serum concentrations and increases in serum total 25(OH)D, directly measured free 25(OH)D, calculated free 25(OH)D and DBP. Results: Serum total 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with the phenotype Gc2/Gc2 compared to phenotypes with the Gc1S allele, and lower in males compared to females. When using directly measured free 25(OH)D, the differences related to DBP phenotypes and sexes were clearl...
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that vitamin D can enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GS... more BACKGROUND Studies have shown that vitamin D can enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and change the expression of genes in pancreatic β-cells. Still the mechanisms linking vitamin D and GSIS are unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used an established β-cell line, INS1E. INS1E cells were pre-treated with 10 nM 1,25(OH)2vitamin D or 10 nM 25(OH)vitamin D for 72 hours and stimulated with 22 mM glucose for 60 minutes. RNA was extracted for gene expression analysis. RESULTS Expression of genes affecting viability, apoptosis and GSIS changed after pre-treatment with both 1,25(OH)2vitamin D and 25(OH)vitamin D in INS1E cells. Stimulation with glucose after pre-treatment of INS1E cells with 1,25(OH)2vitamin D resulted in 181 differentially expressed genes, whereas 526 genes were differentially expressed after pre-treatment with 25(OH)vitamin D. CONCLUSION Vitamin D metabolites may affect pancreatic β-cells and GSIS through changed gene expression for genes involved in β-cell function and viability.
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Papers by Per M Thorsby