For many years reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in biological systems has been considered... more For many years reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in biological systems has been considered to be detrimental [...]
Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time... more Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time, the attitude to free radicals is slowly changing, and their signalling role in adaptation to stress has recently received a lot of attention. Among many different antioxidants in the body, taurine (Tau), a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, is shown to have a special place as an important natural modulator of the antioxidant defence networks. Indeed, Tau is synthesised in most mammals and birds, and the Tau requirement is met by both synthesis and food/feed supply. From the analysis of recent data, it could be concluded that the direct antioxidant effect of Tau due to scavenging free radicals is limited and could be expected only in a few mammalian/avian tissues (e.g., heart and eye) with comparatively high (>15–20 mM) Tau concentrations. The stabilising effects of Tau on mitochondria, a prime site of free radical formation, are characterised and deserve more attenti...
Selenium (Se) is an essential element of poultry and livestock nutrition, and its dietary supplem... more Selenium (Se) is an essential element of poultry and livestock nutrition, and its dietary supplementation in commercial trace-mineral premixes is key in preventing deficiency. The efficiency of Se assimilation from the diet depends on the form used in the diet. In comparison to sodium selenite, selenomethionine is more effectively transferred to chicken eggs and developing embryos, as well as via placenta to mammalian embryos and is used by newly born animals. Recent developments in selenoprotein studies and the new roles of Se in antioxidant defenses and cell signaling have opened new areas of Se research, which have aided our understanding of the application of this element to the livestock industry.
Multiple pathways of maternal effects in black-headed gull eggs: Constraint and adaptive compensa... more Multiple pathways of maternal effects in black-headed gull eggs: Constraint and adaptive compensatory adjustment
Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and repro... more Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and reproductive performance of layers. A growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defence has been revised with a special attention paid to cell signalling. Antioxidant systems of the living cell is based on three major levels of defence and include several options and vitagene activation in stress conditions is considered as a fundamental adaptive mechanism. The vitagene family includes various genes responsible for synthesis of protective molecules such as thioredoxins, SOD, sirtuins and heat shock proteins (HSP). Indeed, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP32 (heme oxygenase) are among important elements of the antioxidant system network. However, by the time of writing no comprehensive review on the roles and effects of HSP in poultry biology has appeared. Therefore, the aim of this review is a critical analysis of the role of HSP in poultry biology with a specific emphasis to their functions as an essential part of the vitagene network. From the analysis of the recent data related to HSP in poultry physiology and adaptation to stresses it is possible to conclude that: a) HSP as important vitagenes are main driving force in cell/body adaptation to various stress conditions. Indeed, in stress conditions synthesis of most cellular proteins decreases while HSP expression is usually significantly increased; b) HSP as cellular chaperones are responsible for proteostasis and involved in protein quality control in the cell to prevent misfolding or to facilitate degradation, making sure that proteins are in optimal structure for their biological activities; c) there are tissue-specific differences in HSP expression which also depends on the strength of such stress-factors as heat, heavy metals, mycotoxins and other toxicants; d) HSP70, HSP90 and HSP32 are shown to be protective in heat stress, toxicity stress as well as in other oxidative-stress related conditions in poultry production; e) molecular mechanisms of HSP participation in acquisition of thermotolerance need further detailed investigation; f) there are complex interactions inside the antioxidant network of the cell/body to ensure an effective maintenance of homeostasis in stress conditions. Indeed, in many cases nutritional antioxidants (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, selenium) in the feed can decrease oxidative stress and as a result HSP expression could be decreased as well; g) regulating effects of various phytochemicals on HSP need further investigation; h) protective effects of HSP in immunity in stress conditions await practical applications in poultry production; i) nutritional means of additional HSP upregulation in stress conditions of poultry production and physiological and commercial consequences await investigation; j) vitagene upregulation in stress conditions is emerging as an effective means for stress management.
FOTINA, A. A., V. I. FISININ and P. F. SURAI, 2013. Recent developments in usage of natural antio... more FOTINA, A. A., V. I. FISININ and P. F. SURAI, 2013. Recent developments in usage of natural antioxidants to improve chicken meat production and quality. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 889-896 For the majority of organisms on Earth, life without oxygen is impossible. Animals, plants and many microorganisms rely on oxygen for the efficient production of energy. However, the high oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is potentially toxic for living organisms. Recently free radical research has generated valuable information for further understanding not only detrimental, but also beneficial role of free radicals in cell signalling and other physiological processes. The benefit or harm of free radicals ultimately depends on the level of their production and efficiency of antioxidant defence. During evolution, living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms to deal with ROS. Therefore, the presence of natural antioxidants in living organisms is the major factor tha...
Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses leading to decrease of producti... more Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses leading to decrease of productive and reproductive performance of growing chickens, parent birds as well as commercial layers. In general, there are four major types of stress in poultry industry: technological, environmental, nutritional and internal stresses. Growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Therefore, dietary antioxidants are considered to be the main protective means to deal with various stresses in poultry production. Indeed, the development of the effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commerciallyrelevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on possibilities of modulation of vitagenes, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stres...
In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, ... more In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants ...
Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox... more Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. ...
The ion, energy, lipid, nitrogen and fat-soluble vitamin contents of freshly ovulated eggs and ne... more The ion, energy, lipid, nitrogen and fat-soluble vitamin contents of freshly ovulated eggs and neonates of the viviparous lizard Niveoscincus metallicus were measured to quantify uptake of nutrients across the placenta. This species is particularly interesting because it has a chorio-allantoic placenta that is intermediate in complexity compared to viviparous species that have been the focus of other studies. Newly ovulated eggs have a wet mass of 79.6+/−4.6 mg and a dry mass of 41.8+/−2.8 mg, compared to the neonates that have a wet mass of 224.2+/−8.2 mg and dry mass of 37.9+/−1.2 mg. Thus, there is no significant net uptake of dry matter across the placenta. Neonates have significantly less lipid (6.2+/−0.4 mg) than eggs (12.7+/−0.5 mg), but no significant difference in nitrogen (4.1+/−0.3 mg) compared to eggs (4.5+/−0.2 mg). Energy densities reflect the protein and lipid composition and the relative dry masses of the eggs and neonates. There is significantly more energy (1029.1+...
One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to h... more One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/im...
In commercial animals production, productive stress can negatively impact health status and subse... more In commercial animals production, productive stress can negatively impact health status and subsequent productive and reproductive performance. A great body of evidence has demonstrated that as a consequence of productive stress, an overproduction of free radicals, disturbance of redox balance/signaling, and oxidative stress were observed. There is a range of antioxidants that can be supplied with animal feed to help build and maintain the antioxidant defense system of the body responsible for prevention of the damaging effects of free radicals and the toxic products of their metabolism. Among feed-derived antioxidants, selenium (Se) was shown to have a special place as an essential part of 25 selenoproteins identified in animals. There is a comprehensive body of research in monogastric species that clearly shows that Se bioavailability within the diet is very much dependent on the form of the element used. Organic Se, in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet), has been reported to be...
Commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses, including environmental, te... more Commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses, including environmental, technological, nutritional, and internal/biological ones, responsible for decreased productive and reproductive performance of poultry. At the molecular level, most of them are associated with oxidative stress and damages to important biological molecules. Poultry feed contains a range of feed-derived and supplemented antioxidants and, among them, vitamin E is considered as the “headquarters” of the antioxidant defense network. It is well-established that dietary supplementation of selenium, vitamin E, and carotenoids can modulate antioxidant defenses in poultry. The aim of the present paper is to present evidence related to modulation of the antioxidant capacities in poultry by vitamin E. Using 3 model systems including poultry breeders/males, semen, and chicken embryo/postnatal chickens, the possibility of modulation of the antioxidant defense mechanisms has been clearly demonstrated. It...
For many years reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in biological systems has been considered... more For many years reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in biological systems has been considered to be detrimental [...]
Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time... more Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time, the attitude to free radicals is slowly changing, and their signalling role in adaptation to stress has recently received a lot of attention. Among many different antioxidants in the body, taurine (Tau), a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, is shown to have a special place as an important natural modulator of the antioxidant defence networks. Indeed, Tau is synthesised in most mammals and birds, and the Tau requirement is met by both synthesis and food/feed supply. From the analysis of recent data, it could be concluded that the direct antioxidant effect of Tau due to scavenging free radicals is limited and could be expected only in a few mammalian/avian tissues (e.g., heart and eye) with comparatively high (>15–20 mM) Tau concentrations. The stabilising effects of Tau on mitochondria, a prime site of free radical formation, are characterised and deserve more attenti...
Selenium (Se) is an essential element of poultry and livestock nutrition, and its dietary supplem... more Selenium (Se) is an essential element of poultry and livestock nutrition, and its dietary supplementation in commercial trace-mineral premixes is key in preventing deficiency. The efficiency of Se assimilation from the diet depends on the form used in the diet. In comparison to sodium selenite, selenomethionine is more effectively transferred to chicken eggs and developing embryos, as well as via placenta to mammalian embryos and is used by newly born animals. Recent developments in selenoprotein studies and the new roles of Se in antioxidant defenses and cell signaling have opened new areas of Se research, which have aided our understanding of the application of this element to the livestock industry.
Multiple pathways of maternal effects in black-headed gull eggs: Constraint and adaptive compensa... more Multiple pathways of maternal effects in black-headed gull eggs: Constraint and adaptive compensatory adjustment
Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and repro... more Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and reproductive performance of layers. A growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defence has been revised with a special attention paid to cell signalling. Antioxidant systems of the living cell is based on three major levels of defence and include several options and vitagene activation in stress conditions is considered as a fundamental adaptive mechanism. The vitagene family includes various genes responsible for synthesis of protective molecules such as thioredoxins, SOD, sirtuins and heat shock proteins (HSP). Indeed, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP32 (heme oxygenase) are among important elements of the antioxidant system network. However, by the time of writing no comprehensive review on the roles and effects of HSP in poultry biology has appeared. Therefore, the aim of this review is a critical analysis of the role of HSP in poultry biology with a specific emphasis to their functions as an essential part of the vitagene network. From the analysis of the recent data related to HSP in poultry physiology and adaptation to stresses it is possible to conclude that: a) HSP as important vitagenes are main driving force in cell/body adaptation to various stress conditions. Indeed, in stress conditions synthesis of most cellular proteins decreases while HSP expression is usually significantly increased; b) HSP as cellular chaperones are responsible for proteostasis and involved in protein quality control in the cell to prevent misfolding or to facilitate degradation, making sure that proteins are in optimal structure for their biological activities; c) there are tissue-specific differences in HSP expression which also depends on the strength of such stress-factors as heat, heavy metals, mycotoxins and other toxicants; d) HSP70, HSP90 and HSP32 are shown to be protective in heat stress, toxicity stress as well as in other oxidative-stress related conditions in poultry production; e) molecular mechanisms of HSP participation in acquisition of thermotolerance need further detailed investigation; f) there are complex interactions inside the antioxidant network of the cell/body to ensure an effective maintenance of homeostasis in stress conditions. Indeed, in many cases nutritional antioxidants (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, selenium) in the feed can decrease oxidative stress and as a result HSP expression could be decreased as well; g) regulating effects of various phytochemicals on HSP need further investigation; h) protective effects of HSP in immunity in stress conditions await practical applications in poultry production; i) nutritional means of additional HSP upregulation in stress conditions of poultry production and physiological and commercial consequences await investigation; j) vitagene upregulation in stress conditions is emerging as an effective means for stress management.
FOTINA, A. A., V. I. FISININ and P. F. SURAI, 2013. Recent developments in usage of natural antio... more FOTINA, A. A., V. I. FISININ and P. F. SURAI, 2013. Recent developments in usage of natural antioxidants to improve chicken meat production and quality. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 889-896 For the majority of organisms on Earth, life without oxygen is impossible. Animals, plants and many microorganisms rely on oxygen for the efficient production of energy. However, the high oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is potentially toxic for living organisms. Recently free radical research has generated valuable information for further understanding not only detrimental, but also beneficial role of free radicals in cell signalling and other physiological processes. The benefit or harm of free radicals ultimately depends on the level of their production and efficiency of antioxidant defence. During evolution, living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms to deal with ROS. Therefore, the presence of natural antioxidants in living organisms is the major factor tha...
Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses leading to decrease of producti... more Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses leading to decrease of productive and reproductive performance of growing chickens, parent birds as well as commercial layers. In general, there are four major types of stress in poultry industry: technological, environmental, nutritional and internal stresses. Growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Therefore, dietary antioxidants are considered to be the main protective means to deal with various stresses in poultry production. Indeed, the development of the effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commerciallyrelevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on possibilities of modulation of vitagenes, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stres...
In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, ... more In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants ...
Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox... more Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. ...
The ion, energy, lipid, nitrogen and fat-soluble vitamin contents of freshly ovulated eggs and ne... more The ion, energy, lipid, nitrogen and fat-soluble vitamin contents of freshly ovulated eggs and neonates of the viviparous lizard Niveoscincus metallicus were measured to quantify uptake of nutrients across the placenta. This species is particularly interesting because it has a chorio-allantoic placenta that is intermediate in complexity compared to viviparous species that have been the focus of other studies. Newly ovulated eggs have a wet mass of 79.6+/−4.6 mg and a dry mass of 41.8+/−2.8 mg, compared to the neonates that have a wet mass of 224.2+/−8.2 mg and dry mass of 37.9+/−1.2 mg. Thus, there is no significant net uptake of dry matter across the placenta. Neonates have significantly less lipid (6.2+/−0.4 mg) than eggs (12.7+/−0.5 mg), but no significant difference in nitrogen (4.1+/−0.3 mg) compared to eggs (4.5+/−0.2 mg). Energy densities reflect the protein and lipid composition and the relative dry masses of the eggs and neonates. There is significantly more energy (1029.1+...
One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to h... more One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/im...
In commercial animals production, productive stress can negatively impact health status and subse... more In commercial animals production, productive stress can negatively impact health status and subsequent productive and reproductive performance. A great body of evidence has demonstrated that as a consequence of productive stress, an overproduction of free radicals, disturbance of redox balance/signaling, and oxidative stress were observed. There is a range of antioxidants that can be supplied with animal feed to help build and maintain the antioxidant defense system of the body responsible for prevention of the damaging effects of free radicals and the toxic products of their metabolism. Among feed-derived antioxidants, selenium (Se) was shown to have a special place as an essential part of 25 selenoproteins identified in animals. There is a comprehensive body of research in monogastric species that clearly shows that Se bioavailability within the diet is very much dependent on the form of the element used. Organic Se, in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet), has been reported to be...
Commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses, including environmental, te... more Commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses, including environmental, technological, nutritional, and internal/biological ones, responsible for decreased productive and reproductive performance of poultry. At the molecular level, most of them are associated with oxidative stress and damages to important biological molecules. Poultry feed contains a range of feed-derived and supplemented antioxidants and, among them, vitamin E is considered as the “headquarters” of the antioxidant defense network. It is well-established that dietary supplementation of selenium, vitamin E, and carotenoids can modulate antioxidant defenses in poultry. The aim of the present paper is to present evidence related to modulation of the antioxidant capacities in poultry by vitamin E. Using 3 model systems including poultry breeders/males, semen, and chicken embryo/postnatal chickens, the possibility of modulation of the antioxidant defense mechanisms has been clearly demonstrated. It...
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