Pubertät und Adoleszenz aus der Sicht der Klinischen Entwicklungspsychologie. Empirische Grundlagen der Psychotherapie, Teil 2: Die Adoleszenz, München: CIP-Medien, 2002
In Teil 2 dieser Arbeit werden, im Anschluss an die Darstellung der biologischen Umbrüche in der ... more In Teil 2 dieser Arbeit werden, im Anschluss an die Darstellung der biologischen Umbrüche in der Pubertät (Teil 1), zunächst die Entwicklungslinien von der späten Kindheit bis ins frühe Erwachsenenalter aufgezeigt, um vom Kontext her die Entwicklungsaufgaben der Adoleszenz zu verdeutlichen. Durch die körperlichen Veränderun-gen entsteht erhöhte Selbstaufmerksamkeit, dies stößt die „Entdeckung des Selbst“ und die Bildung genitaler Identität an. Identität wird hierbei als psychosoziales „Feldphänomen“ definiert, also nicht als ein individueller Solipsismus. Dabei verliert prolongierte Selbstaufmerksamkeit ihren salutogenen Einfluss und trägt zu Rückzug und Verunsicherung bei; teilweise bei erhöhter Konzentrationsfähigkeit. Jugendliche Identität besteht zu Beginn nicht so sehr aus dem, was man als Jugendlicher ist, sondern vielmehr aus dem, was man sein und werden will. So navigieren Adoleszente ihren Identitätsprozess in verschiedenen (postmodernen) Umfeldern – Familie, Schule, Ausbildung, Freizeit, Peegruppen, Partnerschaften, Sexualverhalten, Politik, Kultur und Gesellschaft - zwischen Widerspruch, moralischer Wertigkeit und persönlicher Stimmigkeit, bis sich prägnante Muster ausbilden. Wege in die berufliche Identität werden aufgezeigt, beginnend bei den motivationalen Entwicklungslinien. Bei der Abstimmung von Wunsch und Wirklichkeit im beruflichen Bereich werden Geschlechterunterschiede beleuch-tet, die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung am Übergang in dn Beruf wird aufgezeigt. Damit stellen sich drei Hauptent-wicklungsaufgaben der Adoleszenz heraus: Geschlechtsidentität, berufliche Identität, politisch-gesellschaftliche Identität.
Summary: Puberty and Adolesence from the View of Development Psychopathology. Empiric Foundation in Psychotherapy, Part 2: Adolescence
Following the process of biological changes in puberty, in part 2 of the article the developmental pathways from late childhood to the adult age are pointed out, to make clear the context of developmental tasks of adole-scence. The physical changes give rise to an intensification of self awarenss. This initiates the „discovery of the self“, and the formation of gender identity. Identity is defined as a psychosocial „field phenomena“, not as an individual solipsism. On this occasion, delayed self awarenss loses ist protective influence, and contributes to social retreat and insecureness, but sometimes with increased concentration at the same time. In the beginning adolescent identity is not made out of what juveniles are, but rather out of what they want to be. That´s why adolescence „navigates“ their identity process in various (postmodern) environments – family, school, vocatio-nal trainings, leisure time, peergroups, partnership, sexuality, politics, culture, and society – between contradic-tion, moral valuation, and personal tuning. The pathways to the vocational identity are discribed, beginning with motivational development. The tuning of wishes and vocational realty makes clear that there are genderly diffe-rences. The personality development in transition to the occupation is shown. On this occasion three main tasks of adolescence are pointed out: development of gender identity, vocational identity, and culture identity.
keywors: maturation in adolescence, development psychopathology, evidence research, psychotherapy in-tegration, developmental orientated intervention
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Summary: Puberty and Adolesence from the View of Development Psychopathology. Empiric Foundation in Psychotherapy, Part 2: Adolescence
Following the process of biological changes in puberty, in part 2 of the article the developmental pathways from late childhood to the adult age are pointed out, to make clear the context of developmental tasks of adole-scence. The physical changes give rise to an intensification of self awarenss. This initiates the „discovery of the self“, and the formation of gender identity. Identity is defined as a psychosocial „field phenomena“, not as an individual solipsism. On this occasion, delayed self awarenss loses ist protective influence, and contributes to social retreat and insecureness, but sometimes with increased concentration at the same time. In the beginning adolescent identity is not made out of what juveniles are, but rather out of what they want to be. That´s why adolescence „navigates“ their identity process in various (postmodern) environments – family, school, vocatio-nal trainings, leisure time, peergroups, partnership, sexuality, politics, culture, and society – between contradic-tion, moral valuation, and personal tuning. The pathways to the vocational identity are discribed, beginning with motivational development. The tuning of wishes and vocational realty makes clear that there are genderly diffe-rences. The personality development in transition to the occupation is shown. On this occasion three main tasks of adolescence are pointed out: development of gender identity, vocational identity, and culture identity.
keywors: maturation in adolescence, development psychopathology, evidence research, psychotherapy in-tegration, developmental orientated intervention
In Teil 1 dieser Arbeit wird zunächst Bezug genommen auf die Bedeutung empirischer Grundlagen - Klinische Entwicklungspsychologie und Evidenzforschung - im Kontext der Psychotherapie für er-wachsene Patienten. Die Ergebnisse direkt und längsschnittlich beobachteter Kinder und Jugendli-cher verändern sowohl das herkömmliche Entwicklungsverständnis als auch das Wissen von der Entstehung psychischer und psychosomatischer Störungen. Outcome Forschungen machen im Be-reich der Psychotherapie ein “Integrationsparadigma” notwendig (“Allgemeine Psychotherapie”), das, neben der Schulenspezifität, auch auf eine entwicklungspsychologische Orientierung von the-rapeutischen Interventionen hinausläuft. In diesem Sinne benötigen Erwachsenenpsychothera-peuten klinisch-entwicklungspsychologisches Wissen, das sie für die Entwicklungsprozesse ihrer Klienten sensibilisiert. Die Pubertät wird mit diesem Hintergrund in den Bereichen der körperlichen Veränderungen (psychosexuelle Reifungsabläufe, Wachstum, Motorik und Antriebe) und deren psychischen Adaption (Emotion, Körperbild, gender identity) dargestellt. Der Übergang vom kindli-chen Begehren bis zum Beginn der adoleszenten Identitätsbildung wird aus persönlichkeits- und sozialisationstheoretischer Perspektive beleuchtet.
Schlüsselwörter: Reifung in der Pubertät, Klinische Entwicklungspsychologie, Psychotherapiefor-schung, Allgemeine Psychotherapie, Entwicklungsorientierte Intervention
Summary: Puberty and Adolesence from the View of Development Psychopathology. Empiric Foundation in Psychotherapy, Part 1: Puberty.
Part 1 of the article refers to the meaning of empiric foundation - development psychopathology and evidence research - regarding psychotherapy for adults. The results from directly and longitu-dinal observed children and adolescents are changing the comprehension and knowing from the emergence of psychic and psychosomatic disorders. The outcome research in the field of psycho-therapy makes necessary to work in a new paradigm of psychotherapy integration that, beyond of school specifications, integrates developmental orientated interventions. In that meaning, adult psychotherapists need the knowing of lifespan developmental psychopathology that sensitize them for developmental processes. With this background, the physical changes (psychosexual ma-turation, growth, motoricity, drive) and their psychic adaptions (emotion, body image, gender iden-tity) in puberty are described. The passage from infantile desire to the beginning of adolecent iden-tity is pointed out from a personality and socialization perspective.
keywors: maturation in puberty, development psychopathology, evidence research, psychothera-py integration, developmental orientated intervention
Der Artikel stellt im Grundzug Hintergrundtheorien und Strukturen der „Integrativen Psychotherapeutischen Di-agnostik (IPD)“ dar. Dabei wird auf eine Besonderheit des Verfahrens der Integrativen Therapie abgehoben, die unterschiedliche Theorien und Methoden unter geistes-, natur- und humanwissenschaftlichen Prämissen zu in-tegrieren versucht. Im Rahmen des Menschenbildes des integrativen Verfahrens wird in leibphilosophische und anthropologische Aspekte dieser Besonderheit eingeführt. Es werden die klinischen Hintergrundtheorien der IPD aufgezeigt; dabei erfahren die Theorien der Ätiologie psychischer und psychsosomatischer Dysfunktionalität besondere Beachtung. Es wird eine Position zum diagnostischen Determinismusproblem bezogen, die den sozi-alkonstruktivistischen Vorgaben des Verfahrens Rechnung trägt. Aspekte der therapeutischen Beziehung wer-den erläutert, der methodische Aufbau und die Durchführung der IPD werden in ihren zeitlichen und inhaltli-chen Aspekten erklärt. Nur kurz werden auch Methoden der kreativ-medialgestützten Diagnostik erwähnt. Zum Schluss wird auf die differenziellen Aspekte von initialer und prozessualer Diagnostik hingewiesen.
Summary: Introduction to Integrative Psychotherapeutic Diagnostics (IPD)
The article presents background theories and structures of the "Integrative Psychotherapeutic Diagnostics (IPD)". It highlights a special feature of the integrative therapy method that tries to integrate different theories under science and humanistic approaches. As part of the integrative model of the human being image, this par-ticularity is introduced in body-philosophy and anthropological aspects. The clinical background theories of the IPD are shown; the etiology of psychological and psychosomatic dysfunctionality receives special attention. A position is taken on the diagnostic determinism problem, which takes into account the socio-constructivist re-quirements of the method. Aspects of the therapeutic relationship are explained, the methodological structure and implementation of the IPD are explained in terms of time structure and its content. Methods of creative media-based diagnostics are only mentioned briefly. Finally, the differential aspects of initial and procedural di-agnostics are pointed out.
Modern evolutionary theories (Hamilton, Williams, Emlen, Lewontin, Kenair, Mysterud) are form-ing the background of this study, that examines the motivation and behavior of family mem-bers as soon as family dynamic process. First, the article describes the willingness of parents to invest in offspring, reasons of heteronomic parenting behavoir, dynamics in siblings, and dif-ferences in siblings, all that in relation to the evolutionary pattern of “Ressorce-Elaboration” in children, as well as development of personal identity. On the top of that, the article concerns to the meaning of succession in siblings, basic patterns of reading and communication in fami-ly members, and tries with the help of the theory of „collective mentalization“ to explain the problem of transgenerational identification in a new way. By that, the dynamics of step- and half-siblings resp. patchwork families are considered, too.
The article presents perspectives of integrative therapy on the influence of transgenerational dy-namics on salutogenetic and pathogenetic process in humans. It is clarified why transgenerational thinking is an indispensable part of understanding formation of human identity. An assignment of transgenerational diagnostics into the system of integrative psychotherapeutic diagnostics (IPD) is carried out. Significant differences between family bonding and relationships with people outside the family are highlighted to explain the special characteristics of family participation and its conse-quences. A conceptual distinction is then made between transgenerational transmission and transgenerational identification. To explain the transfer of transgenerational topics in families, the-ories of body-philosophy, evolutionary psychology, social psychology and depth psychology are used. In the end, structures of therapeutic implementation are explained.
The postmodern backdrop of the pandemic is briefly presented. Different ways of dealing with the present are probabilistically interpreted as expressions of dealing with anxiety. The challenges to the individual are diag-nosed on the levels of health, economy, politics, science, the media, the social environment and society as well as on the level of spiritual life. Different problems of the individual age groups are also discussed. It is shown how different forms of individual processing of vulnerability, resilience, attribution and biographical accumula-tions lead to more or less functional responses of the subject to these challenges. Deconstructivist thinking is presented as an “anti-depressive attitude”, which enables a distancing and differentiation, thus also a more pre-cise definition of one's own positions and the improvement of discursiveness.
Scarcely any other sentiment has been picked up by the sciences with more gingerly fingers than pre-cisely the theme of love. Degraded as an impulse to procreation and brood care, as a libido, as a need to bind, ultimately only as a game of transmitters and hormones, it represents the most primordial of all motivations in human life from birth to death. Already in the child`s perception of world, there is an imminent desire: "Will I be loved - from elsewhere?" And, while this has its significance throughout the life cycle, a second, even more important, is added in the early adult age: "Can I love at first - before the other?" These two questions of the French philosopher Jean Luc Marion accompany us in tracing essential sketches in the genesis of loving ability. It becomes clear that the core competency of love in psychotherapy is “to be the first to love the other” in an universal way.
Summary: Puberty and Adolesence from the View of Development Psychopathology. Empiric Foundation in Psychotherapy, Part 2: Adolescence
Following the process of biological changes in puberty, in part 2 of the article the developmental pathways from late childhood to the adult age are pointed out, to make clear the context of developmental tasks of adole-scence. The physical changes give rise to an intensification of self awarenss. This initiates the „discovery of the self“, and the formation of gender identity. Identity is defined as a psychosocial „field phenomena“, not as an individual solipsism. On this occasion, delayed self awarenss loses ist protective influence, and contributes to social retreat and insecureness, but sometimes with increased concentration at the same time. In the beginning adolescent identity is not made out of what juveniles are, but rather out of what they want to be. That´s why adolescence „navigates“ their identity process in various (postmodern) environments – family, school, vocatio-nal trainings, leisure time, peergroups, partnership, sexuality, politics, culture, and society – between contradic-tion, moral valuation, and personal tuning. The pathways to the vocational identity are discribed, beginning with motivational development. The tuning of wishes and vocational realty makes clear that there are genderly diffe-rences. The personality development in transition to the occupation is shown. On this occasion three main tasks of adolescence are pointed out: development of gender identity, vocational identity, and culture identity.
keywors: maturation in adolescence, development psychopathology, evidence research, psychotherapy in-tegration, developmental orientated intervention
In Teil 1 dieser Arbeit wird zunächst Bezug genommen auf die Bedeutung empirischer Grundlagen - Klinische Entwicklungspsychologie und Evidenzforschung - im Kontext der Psychotherapie für er-wachsene Patienten. Die Ergebnisse direkt und längsschnittlich beobachteter Kinder und Jugendli-cher verändern sowohl das herkömmliche Entwicklungsverständnis als auch das Wissen von der Entstehung psychischer und psychosomatischer Störungen. Outcome Forschungen machen im Be-reich der Psychotherapie ein “Integrationsparadigma” notwendig (“Allgemeine Psychotherapie”), das, neben der Schulenspezifität, auch auf eine entwicklungspsychologische Orientierung von the-rapeutischen Interventionen hinausläuft. In diesem Sinne benötigen Erwachsenenpsychothera-peuten klinisch-entwicklungspsychologisches Wissen, das sie für die Entwicklungsprozesse ihrer Klienten sensibilisiert. Die Pubertät wird mit diesem Hintergrund in den Bereichen der körperlichen Veränderungen (psychosexuelle Reifungsabläufe, Wachstum, Motorik und Antriebe) und deren psychischen Adaption (Emotion, Körperbild, gender identity) dargestellt. Der Übergang vom kindli-chen Begehren bis zum Beginn der adoleszenten Identitätsbildung wird aus persönlichkeits- und sozialisationstheoretischer Perspektive beleuchtet.
Schlüsselwörter: Reifung in der Pubertät, Klinische Entwicklungspsychologie, Psychotherapiefor-schung, Allgemeine Psychotherapie, Entwicklungsorientierte Intervention
Summary: Puberty and Adolesence from the View of Development Psychopathology. Empiric Foundation in Psychotherapy, Part 1: Puberty.
Part 1 of the article refers to the meaning of empiric foundation - development psychopathology and evidence research - regarding psychotherapy for adults. The results from directly and longitu-dinal observed children and adolescents are changing the comprehension and knowing from the emergence of psychic and psychosomatic disorders. The outcome research in the field of psycho-therapy makes necessary to work in a new paradigm of psychotherapy integration that, beyond of school specifications, integrates developmental orientated interventions. In that meaning, adult psychotherapists need the knowing of lifespan developmental psychopathology that sensitize them for developmental processes. With this background, the physical changes (psychosexual ma-turation, growth, motoricity, drive) and their psychic adaptions (emotion, body image, gender iden-tity) in puberty are described. The passage from infantile desire to the beginning of adolecent iden-tity is pointed out from a personality and socialization perspective.
keywors: maturation in puberty, development psychopathology, evidence research, psychothera-py integration, developmental orientated intervention
Der Artikel stellt im Grundzug Hintergrundtheorien und Strukturen der „Integrativen Psychotherapeutischen Di-agnostik (IPD)“ dar. Dabei wird auf eine Besonderheit des Verfahrens der Integrativen Therapie abgehoben, die unterschiedliche Theorien und Methoden unter geistes-, natur- und humanwissenschaftlichen Prämissen zu in-tegrieren versucht. Im Rahmen des Menschenbildes des integrativen Verfahrens wird in leibphilosophische und anthropologische Aspekte dieser Besonderheit eingeführt. Es werden die klinischen Hintergrundtheorien der IPD aufgezeigt; dabei erfahren die Theorien der Ätiologie psychischer und psychsosomatischer Dysfunktionalität besondere Beachtung. Es wird eine Position zum diagnostischen Determinismusproblem bezogen, die den sozi-alkonstruktivistischen Vorgaben des Verfahrens Rechnung trägt. Aspekte der therapeutischen Beziehung wer-den erläutert, der methodische Aufbau und die Durchführung der IPD werden in ihren zeitlichen und inhaltli-chen Aspekten erklärt. Nur kurz werden auch Methoden der kreativ-medialgestützten Diagnostik erwähnt. Zum Schluss wird auf die differenziellen Aspekte von initialer und prozessualer Diagnostik hingewiesen.
Summary: Introduction to Integrative Psychotherapeutic Diagnostics (IPD)
The article presents background theories and structures of the "Integrative Psychotherapeutic Diagnostics (IPD)". It highlights a special feature of the integrative therapy method that tries to integrate different theories under science and humanistic approaches. As part of the integrative model of the human being image, this par-ticularity is introduced in body-philosophy and anthropological aspects. The clinical background theories of the IPD are shown; the etiology of psychological and psychosomatic dysfunctionality receives special attention. A position is taken on the diagnostic determinism problem, which takes into account the socio-constructivist re-quirements of the method. Aspects of the therapeutic relationship are explained, the methodological structure and implementation of the IPD are explained in terms of time structure and its content. Methods of creative media-based diagnostics are only mentioned briefly. Finally, the differential aspects of initial and procedural di-agnostics are pointed out.
Modern evolutionary theories (Hamilton, Williams, Emlen, Lewontin, Kenair, Mysterud) are form-ing the background of this study, that examines the motivation and behavior of family mem-bers as soon as family dynamic process. First, the article describes the willingness of parents to invest in offspring, reasons of heteronomic parenting behavoir, dynamics in siblings, and dif-ferences in siblings, all that in relation to the evolutionary pattern of “Ressorce-Elaboration” in children, as well as development of personal identity. On the top of that, the article concerns to the meaning of succession in siblings, basic patterns of reading and communication in fami-ly members, and tries with the help of the theory of „collective mentalization“ to explain the problem of transgenerational identification in a new way. By that, the dynamics of step- and half-siblings resp. patchwork families are considered, too.
The article presents perspectives of integrative therapy on the influence of transgenerational dy-namics on salutogenetic and pathogenetic process in humans. It is clarified why transgenerational thinking is an indispensable part of understanding formation of human identity. An assignment of transgenerational diagnostics into the system of integrative psychotherapeutic diagnostics (IPD) is carried out. Significant differences between family bonding and relationships with people outside the family are highlighted to explain the special characteristics of family participation and its conse-quences. A conceptual distinction is then made between transgenerational transmission and transgenerational identification. To explain the transfer of transgenerational topics in families, the-ories of body-philosophy, evolutionary psychology, social psychology and depth psychology are used. In the end, structures of therapeutic implementation are explained.
The postmodern backdrop of the pandemic is briefly presented. Different ways of dealing with the present are probabilistically interpreted as expressions of dealing with anxiety. The challenges to the individual are diag-nosed on the levels of health, economy, politics, science, the media, the social environment and society as well as on the level of spiritual life. Different problems of the individual age groups are also discussed. It is shown how different forms of individual processing of vulnerability, resilience, attribution and biographical accumula-tions lead to more or less functional responses of the subject to these challenges. Deconstructivist thinking is presented as an “anti-depressive attitude”, which enables a distancing and differentiation, thus also a more pre-cise definition of one's own positions and the improvement of discursiveness.
Scarcely any other sentiment has been picked up by the sciences with more gingerly fingers than pre-cisely the theme of love. Degraded as an impulse to procreation and brood care, as a libido, as a need to bind, ultimately only as a game of transmitters and hormones, it represents the most primordial of all motivations in human life from birth to death. Already in the child`s perception of world, there is an imminent desire: "Will I be loved - from elsewhere?" And, while this has its significance throughout the life cycle, a second, even more important, is added in the early adult age: "Can I love at first - before the other?" These two questions of the French philosopher Jean Luc Marion accompany us in tracing essential sketches in the genesis of loving ability. It becomes clear that the core competency of love in psychotherapy is “to be the first to love the other” in an universal way.