Aim : The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Ci... more Aim : The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Citrus sinensis Linn. (Rutaceae) fruit peel. There is a basis for the traditional use of this plant for local health remedies. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of C. sinensis fruit peel was tested against three bacterial and two fungal strains. Turbidimetric or tube dilution method and paper disc diffusion method were followed. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.78 μg/ ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 6.25 μg/ml, and appreciable antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. The phytochemistry of C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates (reducing sugars, hexose sugars, non-reducing polysaccharides, gums, and mucilages), flavonoid glycosides, coumarin glycosides, volatile oils, organic acids, fats and fixed oils. Conclusion: Most of the organic chemical constituents reported are aromatic phenolic compounds, which are known for their wide spectra of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the bacteriostatic and fungistatic action of the tested extract may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In short, C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract is a potential source of natural antimicrobials.
This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential ... more This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava Linn (Myrtaceae). The inhibitory effect of methanolic extract of P. guajava was tested against three bacterial and two fungal strains by using the paper disc diffusion method. The methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli with minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.78 μg/ml, minimum bactericidal concentration of 50 μg/ml, and appreciable antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, and tannins, which may contribute for the antimicrobial action of P. guajava. The extract was found to be bacteriostatic and fungistatic in action.
The objective of the present research work was to establish the various pharmacognostical paramet... more The objective of the present research work was to establish the various pharmacognostical parameters for the Marrubium vulgare Linn (FamilyLamiaceae) collected from the Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir region of India. The evaluation of organoleptic, microscopical features (root, stem and leaf) and leaf constant such as vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal index and palisade ratio aids in detection of adulteration and allied species of the plant. The study of various physicochemical parameters helps in determining the quality of the herb. The higher alcohol soluble extractive value (8.66 ± 1.2%) suggests that most of the constituents of the plant were soluble in alcohol. The total ash acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found to be 10.7 ± 0.46, 1.73 ± 0.61, 8.9 ± 0.65 % respectively. The moisture content and total fibre content of the drug was 17.2 ± 0.35 % and 9.5 ± 0.88 % respectively. The plant was also extracted by percolation and microwave assisted...
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
: Preventing the development of cardiovascular problems is a key objective of antihypertensive dr... more : Preventing the development of cardiovascular problems is a key objective of antihypertensive drugs. Many of the non-pressure related coronary risk factors for hypertension are thought to be connected to an increase in sympathetic activity. The sympathetic systems have N-type calcium channels at the nerve terminals that control neurotransmitter release. Cilnidipine is a unique fourth-generation calcium channel blocker with blocking action on both L-/N- type calcium channels. Several L-type calcium channel blockers (Nilvadipine, amlodipine, azelnidipine, nifedipine, etc.) have been used to treat hypertensive patients. Cilnidipine is a novel drug that exerts a hypotensive effect through vasodilation action via blocking L-type calcium channels and potent anti-sympathetic activity via blocking N-type calcium channels. Inhibiting N-type calcium channels might be a new approach to treating cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, it is expected that cilnidipine may respond well to complicated hypertension. The present review aims to describe the management mechanism of hypertension, and other pharmacological and physicochemical properties of cilnidipine. Cilnidipine has various other beneficial effects such as lipid-lowering effect, reduced white coat effect, improves insulin sensitivity in essential hypertensive patients, ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized hypertensive rats, reduced arterial stiffness, reduced the risk of pedal edema, antinociceptive effects, neuroprotective and renal protective effect, probably through inhibition of N-type calcium channels. Cilnidipine distinguishes itself from other calcium channel blockers due to its wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects. In conclusion, cilnidipine may be more advantageous than dihydropyridines, such as nisoldipine, amlodipine, azelnidipine, and other antihypertensive drugs.
Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences
Crystallization is a very promising approach to design solid-state properties with desired physic... more Crystallization is a very promising approach to design solid-state properties with desired physicochemical properties. The objective of the present research work was to design, formulate and evaluate Ezetimibe cocrystals. In the present study, Cocrystals of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, Ezetimibe using 3-pyridine carboxamide as coformer were prepared. 3-pyridine carboxamide was selected as suitable coformer from initial screening. Cocrystals of Ezetimibe with 3-pyridine carboxamide were obtained in 1:1 ratio by solution crystallization method. Hot stage microscopy indicated interaction among drug and coformer. Differential scanning calorimetry spectra of formulated cocrystals reflected shift in endotherm corresponding to melting point in comparison to Ezetimibe, coformer and physical mixture. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated towards shifting in specific bands characteristic of Ezetimibe. X-Ray Powder Diffraction pattern pointed toward...
Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs, 2020
Background:: Protection of Intellectual Property Rights is a clear incentive to innovations; yet,... more Background:: Protection of Intellectual Property Rights is a clear incentive to innovations; yet, several countries have provided further incentives to patents in pharmaceuticals because the full patent term of 20 years is largely exhausted, before marketing authorization. Objective:: The purpose of this article is to describe the various incentives to patents in the form of financial support, data exclusivity and most importantly extended market exclusivities and comparison of various incentives to patents in the United States of America, European Union and India. Methodology:: The detail of incentives is collected from various articles, latest topics, books, and newspapers. Result:: These incentives create a positive surrounding to encourage the drug development process, strengthen economic growth and improve a balance between new pharmaceuticals in the market and access of that medicine to general public at a reasonable price. Conclusion:: European Union and the United States of ...
The problem of high blood pressure/hypertension has become a global issue for health not only for... more The problem of high blood pressure/hypertension has become a global issue for health not only for elderly but also for young age groups. Also, the high blood pressure is associated with severe heart attack problem as well which is second most factor for early death of an individual. The chemical based compounds used as drugs for treatment of hypertension have been associated with several side effects and complications, hence the need of natural sources to cure and treat the problem of hypertension is of dire need. Hope, this book may help to impart knowledge about the plants from various parts of world having anti-hypertensive effects.
Received: December 31, 2014 Revised: February 26, 2015 Accepted: March 06, 2015 Available online ... more Received: December 31, 2014 Revised: February 26, 2015 Accepted: March 06, 2015 Available online March 26, 2015 Children are not small adults. Their metabolism is quite different from that of adults. Their response to medicines is different in both the ways, pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically. Considering this fact, there are specific regulations for paediatrics in US and EU. In US, Pediatrics exclusivity provisions were established in 1997 as part of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA), and in 2002 the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) was introduced followed by the Pediatrics Research Equity Act (PREA) in 2003. In Europe, the Pediatrics Regulation (EC 1901/2006 Medicinal Products for Pediatrics use) came into force in January 2007. This article reviews and compares the current status of Pediatrics regulations in US and EU and emphasizes the need to develop specific guidelines for paediatrics in developing countries.
Background: Improvement in extract quality in terms of concentration of secondary metabolites and... more Background: Improvement in extract quality in terms of concentration of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activity has always been the need of the hour. In the present research, the target was to extract the selected medicinal herb using the ultrasound waves and to optimize the extraction conditions for the improvement in the quality of extract with respect to furan labdane diterpene (marrubiin) concentration and antihypertensive potential. Methods: The whole plant of Marrubium vulgare Linn. was collected from the fields of Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir state in India and extracted by cold maceration (MVM) and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques (MVU). The response surface methodology coupled with the central composite design was employed to optimize the selected extraction parameters in UAE method. The marrubiin concentration in different extracts was determined by HPTLC. The extracts were also evaluated for the antihypertensive potential by non-invasive blood...
Aim : The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Ci... more Aim : The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Citrus sinensis Linn. (Rutaceae) fruit peel. There is a basis for the traditional use of this plant for local health remedies. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of C. sinensis fruit peel was tested against three bacterial and two fungal strains. Turbidimetric or tube dilution method and paper disc diffusion method were followed. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.78 μg/ ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 6.25 μg/ml, and appreciable antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. The phytochemistry of C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates (reducing sugars, hexose sugars, non-reducing polysaccharides, gums, and mucilages), flavonoid glycosides, coumarin glycosides, volatile oils, organic acids, fats and fixed oils. Conclusion: Most of the organic chemical constituents reported are aromatic phenolic compounds, which are known for their wide spectra of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the bacteriostatic and fungistatic action of the tested extract may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In short, C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract is a potential source of natural antimicrobials.
This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential ... more This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava Linn (Myrtaceae). The inhibitory effect of methanolic extract of P. guajava was tested against three bacterial and two fungal strains by using the paper disc diffusion method. The methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli with minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.78 μg/ml, minimum bactericidal concentration of 50 μg/ml, and appreciable antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, and tannins, which may contribute for the antimicrobial action of P. guajava. The extract was found to be bacteriostatic and fungistatic in action.
The objective of the present research work was to establish the various pharmacognostical paramet... more The objective of the present research work was to establish the various pharmacognostical parameters for the Marrubium vulgare Linn (FamilyLamiaceae) collected from the Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir region of India. The evaluation of organoleptic, microscopical features (root, stem and leaf) and leaf constant such as vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal index and palisade ratio aids in detection of adulteration and allied species of the plant. The study of various physicochemical parameters helps in determining the quality of the herb. The higher alcohol soluble extractive value (8.66 ± 1.2%) suggests that most of the constituents of the plant were soluble in alcohol. The total ash acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found to be 10.7 ± 0.46, 1.73 ± 0.61, 8.9 ± 0.65 % respectively. The moisture content and total fibre content of the drug was 17.2 ± 0.35 % and 9.5 ± 0.88 % respectively. The plant was also extracted by percolation and microwave assisted...
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
: Preventing the development of cardiovascular problems is a key objective of antihypertensive dr... more : Preventing the development of cardiovascular problems is a key objective of antihypertensive drugs. Many of the non-pressure related coronary risk factors for hypertension are thought to be connected to an increase in sympathetic activity. The sympathetic systems have N-type calcium channels at the nerve terminals that control neurotransmitter release. Cilnidipine is a unique fourth-generation calcium channel blocker with blocking action on both L-/N- type calcium channels. Several L-type calcium channel blockers (Nilvadipine, amlodipine, azelnidipine, nifedipine, etc.) have been used to treat hypertensive patients. Cilnidipine is a novel drug that exerts a hypotensive effect through vasodilation action via blocking L-type calcium channels and potent anti-sympathetic activity via blocking N-type calcium channels. Inhibiting N-type calcium channels might be a new approach to treating cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, it is expected that cilnidipine may respond well to complicated hypertension. The present review aims to describe the management mechanism of hypertension, and other pharmacological and physicochemical properties of cilnidipine. Cilnidipine has various other beneficial effects such as lipid-lowering effect, reduced white coat effect, improves insulin sensitivity in essential hypertensive patients, ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized hypertensive rats, reduced arterial stiffness, reduced the risk of pedal edema, antinociceptive effects, neuroprotective and renal protective effect, probably through inhibition of N-type calcium channels. Cilnidipine distinguishes itself from other calcium channel blockers due to its wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects. In conclusion, cilnidipine may be more advantageous than dihydropyridines, such as nisoldipine, amlodipine, azelnidipine, and other antihypertensive drugs.
Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences
Crystallization is a very promising approach to design solid-state properties with desired physic... more Crystallization is a very promising approach to design solid-state properties with desired physicochemical properties. The objective of the present research work was to design, formulate and evaluate Ezetimibe cocrystals. In the present study, Cocrystals of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, Ezetimibe using 3-pyridine carboxamide as coformer were prepared. 3-pyridine carboxamide was selected as suitable coformer from initial screening. Cocrystals of Ezetimibe with 3-pyridine carboxamide were obtained in 1:1 ratio by solution crystallization method. Hot stage microscopy indicated interaction among drug and coformer. Differential scanning calorimetry spectra of formulated cocrystals reflected shift in endotherm corresponding to melting point in comparison to Ezetimibe, coformer and physical mixture. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated towards shifting in specific bands characteristic of Ezetimibe. X-Ray Powder Diffraction pattern pointed toward...
Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs, 2020
Background:: Protection of Intellectual Property Rights is a clear incentive to innovations; yet,... more Background:: Protection of Intellectual Property Rights is a clear incentive to innovations; yet, several countries have provided further incentives to patents in pharmaceuticals because the full patent term of 20 years is largely exhausted, before marketing authorization. Objective:: The purpose of this article is to describe the various incentives to patents in the form of financial support, data exclusivity and most importantly extended market exclusivities and comparison of various incentives to patents in the United States of America, European Union and India. Methodology:: The detail of incentives is collected from various articles, latest topics, books, and newspapers. Result:: These incentives create a positive surrounding to encourage the drug development process, strengthen economic growth and improve a balance between new pharmaceuticals in the market and access of that medicine to general public at a reasonable price. Conclusion:: European Union and the United States of ...
The problem of high blood pressure/hypertension has become a global issue for health not only for... more The problem of high blood pressure/hypertension has become a global issue for health not only for elderly but also for young age groups. Also, the high blood pressure is associated with severe heart attack problem as well which is second most factor for early death of an individual. The chemical based compounds used as drugs for treatment of hypertension have been associated with several side effects and complications, hence the need of natural sources to cure and treat the problem of hypertension is of dire need. Hope, this book may help to impart knowledge about the plants from various parts of world having anti-hypertensive effects.
Received: December 31, 2014 Revised: February 26, 2015 Accepted: March 06, 2015 Available online ... more Received: December 31, 2014 Revised: February 26, 2015 Accepted: March 06, 2015 Available online March 26, 2015 Children are not small adults. Their metabolism is quite different from that of adults. Their response to medicines is different in both the ways, pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically. Considering this fact, there are specific regulations for paediatrics in US and EU. In US, Pediatrics exclusivity provisions were established in 1997 as part of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA), and in 2002 the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) was introduced followed by the Pediatrics Research Equity Act (PREA) in 2003. In Europe, the Pediatrics Regulation (EC 1901/2006 Medicinal Products for Pediatrics use) came into force in January 2007. This article reviews and compares the current status of Pediatrics regulations in US and EU and emphasizes the need to develop specific guidelines for paediatrics in developing countries.
Background: Improvement in extract quality in terms of concentration of secondary metabolites and... more Background: Improvement in extract quality in terms of concentration of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activity has always been the need of the hour. In the present research, the target was to extract the selected medicinal herb using the ultrasound waves and to optimize the extraction conditions for the improvement in the quality of extract with respect to furan labdane diterpene (marrubiin) concentration and antihypertensive potential. Methods: The whole plant of Marrubium vulgare Linn. was collected from the fields of Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir state in India and extracted by cold maceration (MVM) and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques (MVU). The response surface methodology coupled with the central composite design was employed to optimize the selected extraction parameters in UAE method. The marrubiin concentration in different extracts was determined by HPTLC. The extracts were also evaluated for the antihypertensive potential by non-invasive blood...
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