A CT and MRI study of the variations of the sciatic nerve branches of the pediatric knee: implica... more A CT and MRI study of the variations of the sciatic nerve branches of the pediatric knee: implications for peripheral nerve blockade
Partially observable Markov decision processes have been widely used to provide models for real-w... more Partially observable Markov decision processes have been widely used to provide models for real-world decision making problems. In this paper, we will provide a method in which a slightly different version of them called Mixed observability Markov decision process, MOMDP, is going to join with our problem. Basically, we aim at offering a behavioural model for interaction of intelligent agents with musical pitch environment and we will show that how MOMDP can shed some light on building up a decision making model for musical pitch conveniently.
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2011
Anatomy has been at the foundation of medical students&am... more Anatomy has been at the foundation of medical students' training. In recent decades, medical programs in many countries have undergone major reform in both pedagogy and content. These reforms generated intense debates, focusing mainly on the way the new programs affected medical graduates' knowledge of anatomy and their clinical capabilities. Anatomy, however, is not only core to medicine, but also to a number of allied and complementary health disciplines. While the evaluation of anatomy teaching and learning in the medical programs has been heavily scrutinized, anatomy education in the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professions, including those, such as chiropractic, in which anatomy has traditionally been one of the main preclinical subjects, has been less frequently evaluated. The study aimed to make a preliminary assessment of the final year chiropractic students' knowledge of anatomy using the "carpal bone test." The testing was conducted on the final-year chiropractic students at Macquarie University in 2009. In this test, the students were given 5 minutes to label an illustration of the bony skeleton of the carpal region. The results of this assessment were then compared to results of previously published surveys using the "carpal bone test." A total of 84 students participated in the study. Thirty-eight percent (38%) of students identified all eight bones, while 60% of students identified five or more carpal bones. The most frequent correctly identified bone was the pisiform, followed by the scaphoid bone (82% and 74% of students, respectively). The trapezium and trapezoid bones were least frequently identified: both by 52% of students each. These results were generally better than those of the previously tested final-year medical students. The importance of anatomy in chiropractors' education has been generally acknowledged. This study suggests that the comparatively high number of hours devoted to anatomy in Macquarie University chiropractic curriculum and underpinning of clinical skills to anatomy knowledge in the senior year have increased retention of anatomy knowledge. The study, preliminary in nature, has also recognized the need for more detailed assessment of teaching and learning of the basic medical sciences in chiropractic and other CAM disciplines.
The article outlines the career of the renowned South African scientist Phillip Vallentine Tobias... more The article outlines the career of the renowned South African scientist Phillip Vallentine Tobias. While he made substantial contributions to a number of scientific disciplines, Tobias spent most of his career teaching anatomy at his alma mater, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and saw himself primarily as an anatomist. The first part of this article presents Tobias' major contributions to science and demonstrates that his profound knowledge of anatomy was the basis of many of his groundbreaking research accomplishments. The second part of the article focuses on Tobias' career in anatomy and his significant contribution to anatomy teaching and administration, particularly in establishing and organizing the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa. The article also demonstrates how Tobias' academic career was constrained by the oppressive system of apartheid South Africa and how social engagement was an integral part of his intellectual activities. Clin. Anat. 2012. V
This chapter describes the creation and deployment of the Immersive Learning Level Editor (iLLE),... more This chapter describes the creation and deployment of the Immersive Learning Level Editor (iLLE), a new cross-platform IVE engineered at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney. It illustrates the design considerations, discipline-specific workflows and pedagogical strategies employed in beginning to formulate a new and coherent pedagogy for immersive learning that is transferable, distributable and scalable across disciplines and platforms. In this way, it provides a number of methodological templates for contemplating discipline-specific immersive learning needs.
Technological advancements have made it possible to create realistic virtual representations of t... more Technological advancements have made it possible to create realistic virtual representations of the real world, although it is unclear in medical education whether high physical fidelity is required in virtual learning resources (VLRs). This study therefore aimed to compare the effectiveness of high-fidelity (HF) and low-fidelity (LF) VLRs for learning anatomy. For this study, HF and LF VLRs were developed for liver anatomy and participants were voluntarily recruited from two cohorts (cohorts 1 and 2). Knowledge outcomes were measured through pre- and post-tests, task outcomes including activity score and completion time were recorded and participants' perceptions of the VLRs were surveyed. A total of 333 participants (165 HF, 168 LF) took part in this study. Knowledge outcomes were higher for the HF activity in cohort 1 and for the LF activity in cohort 2, although not significantly. There were no significant differences in activity score within either cohort, although completion time was significantly longer for the HF activity in cohort 1 (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences within either cohort in perceptions of the VLRs regarding usefulness for reviewing conceptual knowledge, aesthetics, quality, mental effort experienced or future use, although the LF VLR was scored significantly higher regarding value for understanding in cohort 1 (P = 0.027). This study suggests that high physical fidelity is not necessarily required for anatomy VLRs, although may potentially be valuable for improving knowledge outcomes. Also, level of prior knowledge may be an important factor when considering the physical fidelity of anatomy VLRs.
Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate comp... more Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate component of chiropractic education. There is the potential for loss of anatomy knowledge before the opportunity to apply it in a clinical setting. This study aimed to determine whether chiropractic clinicians retain a level of anatomy knowledge comparable to that of chiropractic students and to compare chiropractors' self-rating of their anatomical knowledge against an objective knowledge assessment tool. A previously validated multiple-choice test was utilized to measure retention of limb musculoskeletal knowledge in Australian chiropractors. One hundred and one registered chiropractors completed the questionnaire and responses were scored, analyzed, and compared to scores attained by undergraduate and postgraduate chiropractic students who had previously completed the same questionnaire. The results indicated that practitioners retained their anatomy knowledge, with a significantly higher total mean score than the undergraduate group [total mean score = 36.5% (±SD 13.6%); P < 0.01] but not significantly different to the postgraduate group [total mean score = 52.2% (±SD 14.1%); P = 0.74]. There was a weak positive correlation between chiropractors' self-rated knowledge and test performance scores indicating the effectiveness of this Australian chiropractic group in self-assessing their anatomy knowledge. This study found that Australian chiropractors' knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy was retained during the transition from university to clinical practice and they accurately evaluated their own test performance.
Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry, 2018
Understanding complex physiological processes demands the integration of diverse insights derived... more Understanding complex physiological processes demands the integration of diverse insights derived from visual and quantitative analysis of bio-image data, such as microscopy images. This process is currently constrained by disconnects between methods for interpreting data, as well as by language barriers that hamper the necessary cross-disciplinary collaborations. Using immersive analytics, we leveraged bespoke immersive visualizations to integrate bio-images and derived quantitative data, enabling deeper comprehension and seamless interaction with multi-dimensional cellular information. We designed and developed a visualization platform that combines time-lapse confocal microscopy recordings of cancer cell motility with image-derived quantitative data spanning 52 parameters. The integrated data representations enable rapid, intuitive interpretation, bridging the divide between bio-images and quantitative information. Moreover, the immersive visualization environment promotes collaborative data interrogation, supporting vital cross-disciplinary collaborations capable of deriving transformative insights from rapidly emerging bio-image big data.
Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 larg... more Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 largely with 'business as usual'. The subsequent COVID-19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice. Rapid change occurred due to government-imposed physical distancing regulations from March 2020 that increasingly restricted anatomy laboratory teaching practices. Anatomy educators in both these countries were mobilized to adjust their teaching approaches. This study on anatomy education disruption at pandemic onset within Australia and New Zealand adopts a social constructivist lens. The research question was "What are the perceived disruptions and changes made to anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand during the initial period of the Covid-19 pandemic, as reflected on by anatomy educators?". Thematic analysis to elucidate ''the what and why'' of anatomy education was applied to these reflections. Eighteen anatomy academics from ten institutions participated in this exercise. The analysis revealed loss of integrated 'hands-on' experiences, and impacts on workload, traditional roles, students, pedagogy and anatomists' personal educational philosophies. The key opportunities recognized for anatomy education included: enabling synchronous teaching across remote sites, expanding offerings into the remote learning space, and embracing new pedagogies. In managing anatomy education's transition in response to the pandemic, six critical elements were identified: community care, clear communications, clarified expectations, constructive alignment, community of practice, ability to compromise and adapt and continuity planning. There is no doubt that anatomy education has stepped into a yet unknown future in the island countries of Australia and New Zealand.
Concept and knowledge maps have been shown to improve students' learning by emphasising meaningfu... more Concept and knowledge maps have been shown to improve students' learning by emphasising meaningful relationships between phenomena. A user-friendly online tool that enables assessment of students' maps with automated feedback might therefore have significant benefits for learning. For that purpose, we developed an online software platform known as Knowledge Maps. Two pilot studies were performed to evaluate the usability and efficacy of Knowledge Maps. Study A demonstrated significantly improved perceptions of learning after using Knowledge Maps to learn pathology. Study B showed significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores in an anatomy course. These preliminary studies indicate that this software is readily accepted and may have potential benefits for learning.
Human anatomy knowledge is a core requirement for all health care clinicians. There is a paucity ... more Human anatomy knowledge is a core requirement for all health care clinicians. There is a paucity of information relating to anatomy content and delivery in Australian chiropractic programs. The aim of this study was to describe anatomy teaching in Australian chiropractic programs, utilizing a survey which was distributed to all four programs, requesting information on: anatomy program structure, delivery methods, assessment, teaching resources, and academic staff profile at their institution. The survey was undertaken in 2016 and documented practices in that academic year. All four institutions responded. There was a reported difference in the teaching hours, content, delivery and assessment of anatomy utilized in Australian chiropractic programs. Anatomy was compulsory at all four institutions with the mean total of 214 (SD ±100.2) teaching hours. Teaching was undertaken by permanent ongoing (30%) and sessional academic staff, and student to teacher ratio varied from 15:1 to 12:1. A variety of teaching resources were utilized, including human tissue access, either as prosected cadavers or plastinated body parts. The results of this survey confirm that anatomy has an established place in chiropractic education programs in Australia and whilst curricular variations exist, all programs had similar course design, delivery and assessment methods. This study confirmed the provision of a strong foundation in topographical anatomy and neuroanatomy, whilst other anatomical sciences such as histology and embryology were not consistently delivered. Formalization of a core anatomy curriculum together with competency standards is needed to assist program evaluation and development, and for accreditation purposes.
A comprehensive knowledge of mitral valve (MV) anatomy is crucial in the assessment of MV disease... more A comprehensive knowledge of mitral valve (MV) anatomy is crucial in the assessment of MV disease. While the use of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing in MV assessment has undergone early clinical evaluation, the precision and usefulness of this technology requires further investigation. This study aimed to assess and validate 3D modelling and printing technology to produce patient-specific 3D MV models. Methods A prototype method for MV 3D modelling and printing was developed from computed tomography (CT) scans of a plastinated human heart. Mitral valve models were printed using four 3D printing methods and validated to assess precision. Cardiac CT and 3D echocardiography imaging data of four MV disease patients was used to produce patient-specific 3D printed models, and 40 cardiac health professionals (CHPs) were surveyed on the perceived value and potential uses of 3D models in a clinical setting. Results The prototype method demonstrated submillimetre precision for all four 3D printing methods used, and statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in precision between these methods. Patientspecific 3D printed models, particularly using multiple print materials, were considered useful by CHPs for preoperative planning, as well as other applications such as teaching and training. Conclusions This study suggests that, with further advances in 3D modelling and printing technology, patient-specific 3D MV models could serve as a useful clinical tool. The findings also highlight the potential of this technology to be applied in a variety of medical areas within both clinical and educational settings.
Current cardiovascular imaging techniques allow anatomical relationships and pathological conditi... more Current cardiovascular imaging techniques allow anatomical relationships and pathological conditions to be captured in three dimensions. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or rapid prototyping, has also become readily available and made it possible to transform virtual reconstructions into physical 3D models. This technology has been utilised to demonstrate cardiovascular anatomy and disease in clinical, research and educational settings. In particular, 3D models have been generated from cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) imaging data for purposes such as surgical planning and teaching. This review summarises applications, limitations and practical steps required to create a 3D printed model from cardiovascular CT.
The number of peripheral segmental branches of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains are m... more The number of peripheral segmental branches of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains are more variable and larger than assumed by textbooks and literature (Groen et al., 1987). This investigation aims to clarify and update the variable patterns of the cervical sympathetic chain, the incidence of fused thoracic ganglia and the contributions of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain to the cardiac plexus. The study involved the macro and micro-dissection of 89 cadaveric sides (foetal, 60 and adult, 29). The gross anatomy of the cervical sympathetic chain and variations is documented. This study confirms previous reports that the number of ganglia in the cervical region ranged from 2 (absent MCG) to four (double MCG) ganglia. A double MCG was found in 25.9%. This study reports the higher incidence of the normal/typical MCG (as per textbook definition) i.e. Type II MCG (46.6%) than the Type I MCG (27.6%) and Type III (32.8%). The number of thoracic ganglia in this study is 8-11. Fusion of ganglia was found to be more common in the lower thoracic chain than in the upper thoracic chain. This study reports the origin of cardiac rami from the thoracic sympathetic chain up to the interganglionic segment between Ts and T 6 ganglia. The incidence if TCR 5 was 60.4%. In 15/58 sides (25.9 %) TCR 5 arose from the interganglionic segment of the chain, either above or below the ganglipn. An accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system and the adjacent structures is, inescapably a definite asset to the procedures used in interrupting the neural mechanism (Jamieson et al.) 1952). Successful sympathetic denervation of the heart, a field often beset with failure, is dependant on adequate morphological knowledge. It is hoped that this study using human foetuses as Well as adult cadaveric specimens will draw the attention to important variations that are relevant to the surgeon. The intricate anatomical relations presented in this study attest the complex anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system.
A CT and MRI study of the variations of the sciatic nerve branches of the pediatric knee: implica... more A CT and MRI study of the variations of the sciatic nerve branches of the pediatric knee: implications for peripheral nerve blockade
Partially observable Markov decision processes have been widely used to provide models for real-w... more Partially observable Markov decision processes have been widely used to provide models for real-world decision making problems. In this paper, we will provide a method in which a slightly different version of them called Mixed observability Markov decision process, MOMDP, is going to join with our problem. Basically, we aim at offering a behavioural model for interaction of intelligent agents with musical pitch environment and we will show that how MOMDP can shed some light on building up a decision making model for musical pitch conveniently.
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2011
Anatomy has been at the foundation of medical students&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;am... more Anatomy has been at the foundation of medical students&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; training. In recent decades, medical programs in many countries have undergone major reform in both pedagogy and content. These reforms generated intense debates, focusing mainly on the way the new programs affected medical graduates&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; knowledge of anatomy and their clinical capabilities. Anatomy, however, is not only core to medicine, but also to a number of allied and complementary health disciplines. While the evaluation of anatomy teaching and learning in the medical programs has been heavily scrutinized, anatomy education in the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professions, including those, such as chiropractic, in which anatomy has traditionally been one of the main preclinical subjects, has been less frequently evaluated. The study aimed to make a preliminary assessment of the final year chiropractic students&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; knowledge of anatomy using the &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;carpal bone test.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; The testing was conducted on the final-year chiropractic students at Macquarie University in 2009. In this test, the students were given 5 minutes to label an illustration of the bony skeleton of the carpal region. The results of this assessment were then compared to results of previously published surveys using the &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;carpal bone test.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; A total of 84 students participated in the study. Thirty-eight percent (38%) of students identified all eight bones, while 60% of students identified five or more carpal bones. The most frequent correctly identified bone was the pisiform, followed by the scaphoid bone (82% and 74% of students, respectively). The trapezium and trapezoid bones were least frequently identified: both by 52% of students each. These results were generally better than those of the previously tested final-year medical students. The importance of anatomy in chiropractors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; education has been generally acknowledged. This study suggests that the comparatively high number of hours devoted to anatomy in Macquarie University chiropractic curriculum and underpinning of clinical skills to anatomy knowledge in the senior year have increased retention of anatomy knowledge. The study, preliminary in nature, has also recognized the need for more detailed assessment of teaching and learning of the basic medical sciences in chiropractic and other CAM disciplines.
The article outlines the career of the renowned South African scientist Phillip Vallentine Tobias... more The article outlines the career of the renowned South African scientist Phillip Vallentine Tobias. While he made substantial contributions to a number of scientific disciplines, Tobias spent most of his career teaching anatomy at his alma mater, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and saw himself primarily as an anatomist. The first part of this article presents Tobias' major contributions to science and demonstrates that his profound knowledge of anatomy was the basis of many of his groundbreaking research accomplishments. The second part of the article focuses on Tobias' career in anatomy and his significant contribution to anatomy teaching and administration, particularly in establishing and organizing the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa. The article also demonstrates how Tobias' academic career was constrained by the oppressive system of apartheid South Africa and how social engagement was an integral part of his intellectual activities. Clin. Anat. 2012. V
This chapter describes the creation and deployment of the Immersive Learning Level Editor (iLLE),... more This chapter describes the creation and deployment of the Immersive Learning Level Editor (iLLE), a new cross-platform IVE engineered at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney. It illustrates the design considerations, discipline-specific workflows and pedagogical strategies employed in beginning to formulate a new and coherent pedagogy for immersive learning that is transferable, distributable and scalable across disciplines and platforms. In this way, it provides a number of methodological templates for contemplating discipline-specific immersive learning needs.
Technological advancements have made it possible to create realistic virtual representations of t... more Technological advancements have made it possible to create realistic virtual representations of the real world, although it is unclear in medical education whether high physical fidelity is required in virtual learning resources (VLRs). This study therefore aimed to compare the effectiveness of high-fidelity (HF) and low-fidelity (LF) VLRs for learning anatomy. For this study, HF and LF VLRs were developed for liver anatomy and participants were voluntarily recruited from two cohorts (cohorts 1 and 2). Knowledge outcomes were measured through pre- and post-tests, task outcomes including activity score and completion time were recorded and participants' perceptions of the VLRs were surveyed. A total of 333 participants (165 HF, 168 LF) took part in this study. Knowledge outcomes were higher for the HF activity in cohort 1 and for the LF activity in cohort 2, although not significantly. There were no significant differences in activity score within either cohort, although completion time was significantly longer for the HF activity in cohort 1 (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences within either cohort in perceptions of the VLRs regarding usefulness for reviewing conceptual knowledge, aesthetics, quality, mental effort experienced or future use, although the LF VLR was scored significantly higher regarding value for understanding in cohort 1 (P = 0.027). This study suggests that high physical fidelity is not necessarily required for anatomy VLRs, although may potentially be valuable for improving knowledge outcomes. Also, level of prior knowledge may be an important factor when considering the physical fidelity of anatomy VLRs.
Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate comp... more Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate component of chiropractic education. There is the potential for loss of anatomy knowledge before the opportunity to apply it in a clinical setting. This study aimed to determine whether chiropractic clinicians retain a level of anatomy knowledge comparable to that of chiropractic students and to compare chiropractors' self-rating of their anatomical knowledge against an objective knowledge assessment tool. A previously validated multiple-choice test was utilized to measure retention of limb musculoskeletal knowledge in Australian chiropractors. One hundred and one registered chiropractors completed the questionnaire and responses were scored, analyzed, and compared to scores attained by undergraduate and postgraduate chiropractic students who had previously completed the same questionnaire. The results indicated that practitioners retained their anatomy knowledge, with a significantly higher total mean score than the undergraduate group [total mean score = 36.5% (±SD 13.6%); P < 0.01] but not significantly different to the postgraduate group [total mean score = 52.2% (±SD 14.1%); P = 0.74]. There was a weak positive correlation between chiropractors' self-rated knowledge and test performance scores indicating the effectiveness of this Australian chiropractic group in self-assessing their anatomy knowledge. This study found that Australian chiropractors' knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy was retained during the transition from university to clinical practice and they accurately evaluated their own test performance.
Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry, 2018
Understanding complex physiological processes demands the integration of diverse insights derived... more Understanding complex physiological processes demands the integration of diverse insights derived from visual and quantitative analysis of bio-image data, such as microscopy images. This process is currently constrained by disconnects between methods for interpreting data, as well as by language barriers that hamper the necessary cross-disciplinary collaborations. Using immersive analytics, we leveraged bespoke immersive visualizations to integrate bio-images and derived quantitative data, enabling deeper comprehension and seamless interaction with multi-dimensional cellular information. We designed and developed a visualization platform that combines time-lapse confocal microscopy recordings of cancer cell motility with image-derived quantitative data spanning 52 parameters. The integrated data representations enable rapid, intuitive interpretation, bridging the divide between bio-images and quantitative information. Moreover, the immersive visualization environment promotes collaborative data interrogation, supporting vital cross-disciplinary collaborations capable of deriving transformative insights from rapidly emerging bio-image big data.
Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 larg... more Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 largely with 'business as usual'. The subsequent COVID-19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice. Rapid change occurred due to government-imposed physical distancing regulations from March 2020 that increasingly restricted anatomy laboratory teaching practices. Anatomy educators in both these countries were mobilized to adjust their teaching approaches. This study on anatomy education disruption at pandemic onset within Australia and New Zealand adopts a social constructivist lens. The research question was "What are the perceived disruptions and changes made to anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand during the initial period of the Covid-19 pandemic, as reflected on by anatomy educators?". Thematic analysis to elucidate ''the what and why'' of anatomy education was applied to these reflections. Eighteen anatomy academics from ten institutions participated in this exercise. The analysis revealed loss of integrated 'hands-on' experiences, and impacts on workload, traditional roles, students, pedagogy and anatomists' personal educational philosophies. The key opportunities recognized for anatomy education included: enabling synchronous teaching across remote sites, expanding offerings into the remote learning space, and embracing new pedagogies. In managing anatomy education's transition in response to the pandemic, six critical elements were identified: community care, clear communications, clarified expectations, constructive alignment, community of practice, ability to compromise and adapt and continuity planning. There is no doubt that anatomy education has stepped into a yet unknown future in the island countries of Australia and New Zealand.
Concept and knowledge maps have been shown to improve students' learning by emphasising meaningfu... more Concept and knowledge maps have been shown to improve students' learning by emphasising meaningful relationships between phenomena. A user-friendly online tool that enables assessment of students' maps with automated feedback might therefore have significant benefits for learning. For that purpose, we developed an online software platform known as Knowledge Maps. Two pilot studies were performed to evaluate the usability and efficacy of Knowledge Maps. Study A demonstrated significantly improved perceptions of learning after using Knowledge Maps to learn pathology. Study B showed significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores in an anatomy course. These preliminary studies indicate that this software is readily accepted and may have potential benefits for learning.
Human anatomy knowledge is a core requirement for all health care clinicians. There is a paucity ... more Human anatomy knowledge is a core requirement for all health care clinicians. There is a paucity of information relating to anatomy content and delivery in Australian chiropractic programs. The aim of this study was to describe anatomy teaching in Australian chiropractic programs, utilizing a survey which was distributed to all four programs, requesting information on: anatomy program structure, delivery methods, assessment, teaching resources, and academic staff profile at their institution. The survey was undertaken in 2016 and documented practices in that academic year. All four institutions responded. There was a reported difference in the teaching hours, content, delivery and assessment of anatomy utilized in Australian chiropractic programs. Anatomy was compulsory at all four institutions with the mean total of 214 (SD ±100.2) teaching hours. Teaching was undertaken by permanent ongoing (30%) and sessional academic staff, and student to teacher ratio varied from 15:1 to 12:1. A variety of teaching resources were utilized, including human tissue access, either as prosected cadavers or plastinated body parts. The results of this survey confirm that anatomy has an established place in chiropractic education programs in Australia and whilst curricular variations exist, all programs had similar course design, delivery and assessment methods. This study confirmed the provision of a strong foundation in topographical anatomy and neuroanatomy, whilst other anatomical sciences such as histology and embryology were not consistently delivered. Formalization of a core anatomy curriculum together with competency standards is needed to assist program evaluation and development, and for accreditation purposes.
A comprehensive knowledge of mitral valve (MV) anatomy is crucial in the assessment of MV disease... more A comprehensive knowledge of mitral valve (MV) anatomy is crucial in the assessment of MV disease. While the use of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing in MV assessment has undergone early clinical evaluation, the precision and usefulness of this technology requires further investigation. This study aimed to assess and validate 3D modelling and printing technology to produce patient-specific 3D MV models. Methods A prototype method for MV 3D modelling and printing was developed from computed tomography (CT) scans of a plastinated human heart. Mitral valve models were printed using four 3D printing methods and validated to assess precision. Cardiac CT and 3D echocardiography imaging data of four MV disease patients was used to produce patient-specific 3D printed models, and 40 cardiac health professionals (CHPs) were surveyed on the perceived value and potential uses of 3D models in a clinical setting. Results The prototype method demonstrated submillimetre precision for all four 3D printing methods used, and statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in precision between these methods. Patientspecific 3D printed models, particularly using multiple print materials, were considered useful by CHPs for preoperative planning, as well as other applications such as teaching and training. Conclusions This study suggests that, with further advances in 3D modelling and printing technology, patient-specific 3D MV models could serve as a useful clinical tool. The findings also highlight the potential of this technology to be applied in a variety of medical areas within both clinical and educational settings.
Current cardiovascular imaging techniques allow anatomical relationships and pathological conditi... more Current cardiovascular imaging techniques allow anatomical relationships and pathological conditions to be captured in three dimensions. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or rapid prototyping, has also become readily available and made it possible to transform virtual reconstructions into physical 3D models. This technology has been utilised to demonstrate cardiovascular anatomy and disease in clinical, research and educational settings. In particular, 3D models have been generated from cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) imaging data for purposes such as surgical planning and teaching. This review summarises applications, limitations and practical steps required to create a 3D printed model from cardiovascular CT.
The number of peripheral segmental branches of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains are m... more The number of peripheral segmental branches of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains are more variable and larger than assumed by textbooks and literature (Groen et al., 1987). This investigation aims to clarify and update the variable patterns of the cervical sympathetic chain, the incidence of fused thoracic ganglia and the contributions of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain to the cardiac plexus. The study involved the macro and micro-dissection of 89 cadaveric sides (foetal, 60 and adult, 29). The gross anatomy of the cervical sympathetic chain and variations is documented. This study confirms previous reports that the number of ganglia in the cervical region ranged from 2 (absent MCG) to four (double MCG) ganglia. A double MCG was found in 25.9%. This study reports the higher incidence of the normal/typical MCG (as per textbook definition) i.e. Type II MCG (46.6%) than the Type I MCG (27.6%) and Type III (32.8%). The number of thoracic ganglia in this study is 8-11. Fusion of ganglia was found to be more common in the lower thoracic chain than in the upper thoracic chain. This study reports the origin of cardiac rami from the thoracic sympathetic chain up to the interganglionic segment between Ts and T 6 ganglia. The incidence if TCR 5 was 60.4%. In 15/58 sides (25.9 %) TCR 5 arose from the interganglionic segment of the chain, either above or below the ganglipn. An accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system and the adjacent structures is, inescapably a definite asset to the procedures used in interrupting the neural mechanism (Jamieson et al.) 1952). Successful sympathetic denervation of the heart, a field often beset with failure, is dependant on adequate morphological knowledge. It is hoped that this study using human foetuses as Well as adult cadaveric specimens will draw the attention to important variations that are relevant to the surgeon. The intricate anatomical relations presented in this study attest the complex anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system.
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