Business analysts are in a continuous effort to improve the cycle time of a process by identifyin... more Business analysts are in a continuous effort to improve the cycle time of a process by identifying waiting time bottlenecks and adapting strategies to improve the business processes by reducing delays. However, there are several sources of waiting times. Therefore, it is a challenge for a business analyst to categorize and quantify the sources of waiting time and discover changes that may reduce or eliminate these delays. We will empirically address this research problem by first identifying the sources of waiting time from the process execution logs and quantifying the share of waiting time attributable to each of the sources. Secondly, we will identify the interventions to reduce or eliminate the waiting time in business processes. Our proposed approach will be evaluated in two phases. In the first phase, it will be evaluated using BPI challenges, and in the second phase, we will conduct a case study with industrial partners to further validate our approach.
Pemanfaatan energi primer yang baru dan terbarukan mulai banyak di terapkan di berbagai negara, d... more Pemanfaatan energi primer yang baru dan terbarukan mulai banyak di terapkan di berbagai negara, dikarenakan berkurangnya sumber bahan baku energi primer yang berasal dari fosil (minyak bumi, gas dan batubara). Usaha untuk menggantikan energi primer yang berasal dari fosil selain dari berkurangnya cadangan baik minyak bumi, gas dan batubara, juga disebabkan karena pengaruh emisi gas buang dari pemanfaatan energi primer dari fosil. Energi primer dari fosil dalam setiap perubahan bentuk energinya seringkali menggunakan teknologi insinerasi yang menyebabkan peningkatan emisi karbondioksida sehingga dapat berakibat buruk terhadap lingkungan dan mempengaruhi perubahan iklim. Dalam makalah ini penulis menitikberatkan pemanfaatan energy primer dari matahari menjadi energi final yang dapat secara langsung dimanfaatkan dan juga tidak mengeluarkan emisi karbondioksida. Pemanfaatan energi matahari secara thermal diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi dengan menggantikan atau mensubtitusi tekno...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Over the years, machinists have been exploring the hard part turning of AISI D2 steels. Initially... more Over the years, machinists have been exploring the hard part turning of AISI D2 steels. Initially, cylindrical grinding was used for this purpose, but it was later replaced by single-point turning due to its advantages such as high material removal, low cost, and greater flexibility. Conventional inserts are used in single-point turning, but they have been reported to have large radial forces, high notch wear, and poor surface finish. Therefore, multi-radii wiper inserts were designed to overcome these machining issues, but their use was restricted to shallower depths of cut and moderate feed rates because of the thick chips produced by the high entry angle. Prime inserts, on the other hand, were designed with a modest entry angle, making them ideal for evaluating tool wear/life, material removal and surface roughness at greater cutting speeds, depths of cut, and feed rates. It was observed that cutting speed has a significant effect on tool wear/life with a contribution of 55.38% f...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
In the light-activated work-holding devices, hardened adhesive residues on the fixture plate need... more In the light-activated work-holding devices, hardened adhesive residues on the fixture plate need to be removed to make it available for the subsequent work holding. There are several ways to remove the cured adhesive from the gripper, such as laser-based degradation, and softening and removing with high temperature pressured water wash. These processes are associated with the generation of carbon black, affecting transparency which compromises the efficiency of the light-activated device. A novel peripheral grinding-based cleaning process has been developed to strip the adhesive from the fixture plate. The present research is aimed to analyze the effect of variation in grinding parameters, viz., spindle speed, feed, depth of cut, and the grain size of the grinding wheel on the temperature of the adhesive being ground and cleaning of the adhesive-filled channel. Aggressive values of grinding parameters are selected to achieve the desired removal of adhesive, putting a step towards s...
Sucking insects require a surface of plants on which the legs and the eggs of insects will adhere... more Sucking insects require a surface of plants on which the legs and the eggs of insects will adhere and to which insect mouthparts will access. The primary plant protection against insects is their surface property, which hinders the attachment of the insect’s legs and eggs. The epicuticular waxes chemistry influences the fine structure of the cuticular surface. In current study, an attempt was made to investigate the variation of chemical compounds in epicuticular waxes of four cotton species that classify them resistant or susceptible i.e., Gossypium abroreum, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum wax deficient mutant (GaWM3) and G. harknessi which were evaluated for their interaction with whitefly and CLCuV transmission. Gossypium hirsutum an insect and CLCuV susceptible cotton variety, was found to have four compounds namely Trichloroacetic acid, hexadecylester, P-xylenolpthalein, 2-cyclopentene-1-ol, 1-phenyl-and Phenol, 2,5-bis [1,1- dimethyl] which could interact with chitin of whitefly whi...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Ablation sand casting is a new technology for casting aluminum alloys which helps to achieve supe... more Ablation sand casting is a new technology for casting aluminum alloys which helps to achieve superior cooling trends during the solidification and results in eutectic microstructure, reduced degree of defects, and improved mechanical attributes. To further enhance the functionality, water-soluble binder-based sand molds are used in conjunction with appropriate control over process parameters for specialized applications such as complex and thin-walled impeller manufacturing. In this regard, the influence of key process parameters including binder ratio (BR), sand grain fineness number (AFS number), and pouring temperature (PT) is investigated thoroughly on the mechanical characteristics (ultimate tensile strength and hardness) and dimensional accuracy of the thin-walled impeller. Ablation sand casting revealed exceptionally enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy as compared to conventional sand casting. The AFS number and binder ratio were most significant for contr...
Background. The mixing of cereals and legumes with nuts and seeds can produce various products th... more Background. The mixing of cereals and legumes with nuts and seeds can produce various products that can be optimal for consumption with respect to their nutritional density. The use of legumes in gluten-free foods is becoming very prominent with increase in advancement in food engineering and technology. This study was aimed to develop a gluten-free product (cupcake) enriched with chick pea flour, almonds, and flaxseeds for celiac disease patients. Materials and Methods. The procured raw material including almonds, chickpea flour, and flaxseeds was mixed in appropriate amounts, and cupcakes were formulated following a specified recipe. The cupcakes were divided in five groups based on their recipe. First one was wheat based; 2nd one was corn and rice based; and next 3 were chickpea, almond, and flaxseed based, respectively. The cupcakes were checked for their proximate analysis parameters (carbohydrate, protein, and nitrogen-free extract), gluten and heavy metals (lead, chromium, an...
In this research work, a nondestructive technique of image analysis was explored to determine the... more In this research work, a nondestructive technique of image analysis was explored to determine the fibre orientation and void content in Bagasse fibre reinforced composites. Fibre length, alkali treatment and fibre loading were studied as variables. The fibre orientation was irrespective of the fibre length, fibre loading and alkali treatment variables. The void content and size decreased with increases in fibre length and alkali treatment. The alkali treatment resulted in the removal of lignin, making the surface of the fibres rough. It also led to making the fibre count fine i.e. reducing the diameter of the fibres and thus presenting more fibres for interaction with resin. Both these phenomena resulted in a slower flow of resin. The void content of bagasse fibre composites decreased with higher fibre loading because a higher number of fibres slows the resin flow. However, the size i.e. area of the voids increased with the fibre loading from 20 to 30%, probably due to increased wet...
NPTs have vast applications because of no tyre puncture, no need for air pressure, low rolling re... more NPTs have vast applications because of no tyre puncture, no need for air pressure, low rolling resistance, and also have higher flexibility for design and recyclability. In this research work, different structures of polyurethane (PU) spokes have been designed and analyzed under radial loading conditions which include structures like honeycomb with varying cell angles, simple spoke, and trapezoid type by keeping in view that the cell wall thickness and somehow the mass of the structures remain the same. Based on the Mooney-Rivlin hyper-elastic material model and performing 2D non-linear static structural analysis on different types of NPTs using ANSYS, it has been observed that the simple spoke structure has the lowest spoke stress and deformation values of 2.01 MPa and 11.7 mm, while HC–A1 has the least value of strain energy of 2.58 mJ, at a load of 2500 N. The above results show that the straight spoke structures like simple spoke and trapezoid type have a high load-carrying abil...
The purpose of this study was to find out the determinant physical condition and service skills o... more The purpose of this study was to find out the determinant physical condition and service skills of court tennis in tennis players of the city's achievement coaching club Jambi. The subjects of this study were 15 tennis players of the city's achievement coaching club Jambi. Test instruments Push-Up Test (arm muscle strength), Sit and Reach (flexibility), Tennis ball throwing test (Eye and Hand Coordination), and Service Test (Service Skills). The results showed that the results of arm muscle strength owned by players coaching the achievements of the city of Jambi's tennis court most of the 14 players gained a good category once with a percentage of 93%. The togok flexibility test that players coaching the achievements of the city of Jambi city tennis mostly 9 players gained a very good category with a percentage of 60%. The eye and hand coordination tests that Jambi city court tennis coaching players have most of the 12 players gained a good category with a percentage of ...
Fine-Grained Named Entity Typing (FG-NET) classifies an entity mention into a fine range of entit... more Fine-Grained Named Entity Typing (FG-NET) classifies an entity mention into a fine range of entity types. A large number of entity types make it difficult to manually label the training data, thus distant supervision is used to automatically acquire the training data. Distant supervision incurs a lot of training noise which hinders the performance improvement of the FG-NET systems. In this paper, we propose to use hyperbolic geometry for FG-NET with the hope that it can help overcoming the noise incurred by distant supervision.
This study aims to determine the effect of ball feeling training on dribbling skills in novice so... more This study aims to determine the effect of ball feeling training on dribbling skills in novice soccer athletes. This research is an experimental research. This study used a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design, where one group was observed and then treated. This design test was carried out twice, namely before the experiment and after the experiment. The test that is done before the experiment is called the pre-test, and the test after the experiment is called the post-test. The population of this study were 20 soccer athletes in Pontianak. While the sample of this research is 20 football athletes in Pontianak. The instrument in this study was divided into 2 parts, namely the measurement instrument and the treatment instrument. The test instrument used to measure the results of the ability to dribble is the dribbling test and the instrument used to measure the results of dribbling is the stop time in seconds. The training instrument (training program) used in the ability to dribble is ...
Treatment with a direct acting antiviral (DAA) has revolutionized HCV therapy, as more than 95% o... more Treatment with a direct acting antiviral (DAA) has revolutionized HCV therapy, as more than 95% of patients achieve a sustained virological response (SVR). Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CryoVas), however, can persist and recur after the HCV cure. In this systematic review, we include data from 19 studies that provided information on the persistence and recurrence of CryoVas after the HCV cure with DAAs. A complete clinical response (CR) was reported in 63.7% to 90.2% of the DAA-treated patients after achieving SVR. Relapse of CryoVas symptoms was reported in 4% to 18% of the patients. Neuropathy, nephropathy, and dermatological complications were the most common manifestations of CryoVas. B-cell clones persisted in 31–40% of the patients and could contribute to CryoVas relapse. INFL3-rs12979860, ARNTL-rs648122, RETN-rs1423096, and SERPINE1-rs6976053 were associated with a higher incidence of persistence and recurrence of CryoVas. Prospective multicenter studies with diverse patient p...
The assessment of climate extremes’ impact on crop yield is essential to improve our understandin... more The assessment of climate extremes’ impact on crop yield is essential to improve our understanding of agricultural resilience. In the present study, we analyzed the potential impact of climate extremes on wheat and cotton production in Southern Punjab, Pakistan using 30-year observed data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and the fifth-generation reanalysis data (ERA-5) from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Cotton is a Kharif season crop that is sown in May and harvested in October, and wheat is a Rabi season crop that is planted in November and harvested in April. The agricultural data (1985–2015) that contained the crop area and crop yield were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, Punjab for six selected districts in Southern Punjab. Three precipitation indices, namely consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD) and total precipitation of wet days (PRCPTOT), and four temperature indices, namely warm days (TX90p), warm ni...
Arabidopsis contains 317 genes for defensin-like (DEFL) peptides. DEFLs have been grouped into di... more Arabidopsis contains 317 genes for defensin-like (DEFL) peptides. DEFLs have been grouped into different families based mainly on cysteine motifs. The DEFL0770 group contains seven genes, of which four are strongly expressed in roots. We found that the expression of these genes is downregulated in syncytia induced by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii as revealed by RNAseq analysis. We have studied one gene of this group, At3g59930, in detail. A promoter::GUS line revealed that the gene is only expressed in roots but not in other plant organs. Infection of the GUS line with larvae of H. schachtii showed a strong downregulation of GUS expression in infection sites as early as 1 dpi, confirming the RNAseq data. The At3g59930 peptide had only weak antimicrobial activity against Botrytis cinerea. Overexpression lines had no enhanced resistance against this fungus but were more resistant to H. schachtii infection. Our data indicate that At3g59930 is involved in resistance to nem...
Business analysts are in a continuous effort to improve the cycle time of a process by identifyin... more Business analysts are in a continuous effort to improve the cycle time of a process by identifying waiting time bottlenecks and adapting strategies to improve the business processes by reducing delays. However, there are several sources of waiting times. Therefore, it is a challenge for a business analyst to categorize and quantify the sources of waiting time and discover changes that may reduce or eliminate these delays. We will empirically address this research problem by first identifying the sources of waiting time from the process execution logs and quantifying the share of waiting time attributable to each of the sources. Secondly, we will identify the interventions to reduce or eliminate the waiting time in business processes. Our proposed approach will be evaluated in two phases. In the first phase, it will be evaluated using BPI challenges, and in the second phase, we will conduct a case study with industrial partners to further validate our approach.
Pemanfaatan energi primer yang baru dan terbarukan mulai banyak di terapkan di berbagai negara, d... more Pemanfaatan energi primer yang baru dan terbarukan mulai banyak di terapkan di berbagai negara, dikarenakan berkurangnya sumber bahan baku energi primer yang berasal dari fosil (minyak bumi, gas dan batubara). Usaha untuk menggantikan energi primer yang berasal dari fosil selain dari berkurangnya cadangan baik minyak bumi, gas dan batubara, juga disebabkan karena pengaruh emisi gas buang dari pemanfaatan energi primer dari fosil. Energi primer dari fosil dalam setiap perubahan bentuk energinya seringkali menggunakan teknologi insinerasi yang menyebabkan peningkatan emisi karbondioksida sehingga dapat berakibat buruk terhadap lingkungan dan mempengaruhi perubahan iklim. Dalam makalah ini penulis menitikberatkan pemanfaatan energy primer dari matahari menjadi energi final yang dapat secara langsung dimanfaatkan dan juga tidak mengeluarkan emisi karbondioksida. Pemanfaatan energi matahari secara thermal diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi dengan menggantikan atau mensubtitusi tekno...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Over the years, machinists have been exploring the hard part turning of AISI D2 steels. Initially... more Over the years, machinists have been exploring the hard part turning of AISI D2 steels. Initially, cylindrical grinding was used for this purpose, but it was later replaced by single-point turning due to its advantages such as high material removal, low cost, and greater flexibility. Conventional inserts are used in single-point turning, but they have been reported to have large radial forces, high notch wear, and poor surface finish. Therefore, multi-radii wiper inserts were designed to overcome these machining issues, but their use was restricted to shallower depths of cut and moderate feed rates because of the thick chips produced by the high entry angle. Prime inserts, on the other hand, were designed with a modest entry angle, making them ideal for evaluating tool wear/life, material removal and surface roughness at greater cutting speeds, depths of cut, and feed rates. It was observed that cutting speed has a significant effect on tool wear/life with a contribution of 55.38% f...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
In the light-activated work-holding devices, hardened adhesive residues on the fixture plate need... more In the light-activated work-holding devices, hardened adhesive residues on the fixture plate need to be removed to make it available for the subsequent work holding. There are several ways to remove the cured adhesive from the gripper, such as laser-based degradation, and softening and removing with high temperature pressured water wash. These processes are associated with the generation of carbon black, affecting transparency which compromises the efficiency of the light-activated device. A novel peripheral grinding-based cleaning process has been developed to strip the adhesive from the fixture plate. The present research is aimed to analyze the effect of variation in grinding parameters, viz., spindle speed, feed, depth of cut, and the grain size of the grinding wheel on the temperature of the adhesive being ground and cleaning of the adhesive-filled channel. Aggressive values of grinding parameters are selected to achieve the desired removal of adhesive, putting a step towards s...
Sucking insects require a surface of plants on which the legs and the eggs of insects will adhere... more Sucking insects require a surface of plants on which the legs and the eggs of insects will adhere and to which insect mouthparts will access. The primary plant protection against insects is their surface property, which hinders the attachment of the insect’s legs and eggs. The epicuticular waxes chemistry influences the fine structure of the cuticular surface. In current study, an attempt was made to investigate the variation of chemical compounds in epicuticular waxes of four cotton species that classify them resistant or susceptible i.e., Gossypium abroreum, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum wax deficient mutant (GaWM3) and G. harknessi which were evaluated for their interaction with whitefly and CLCuV transmission. Gossypium hirsutum an insect and CLCuV susceptible cotton variety, was found to have four compounds namely Trichloroacetic acid, hexadecylester, P-xylenolpthalein, 2-cyclopentene-1-ol, 1-phenyl-and Phenol, 2,5-bis [1,1- dimethyl] which could interact with chitin of whitefly whi...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Ablation sand casting is a new technology for casting aluminum alloys which helps to achieve supe... more Ablation sand casting is a new technology for casting aluminum alloys which helps to achieve superior cooling trends during the solidification and results in eutectic microstructure, reduced degree of defects, and improved mechanical attributes. To further enhance the functionality, water-soluble binder-based sand molds are used in conjunction with appropriate control over process parameters for specialized applications such as complex and thin-walled impeller manufacturing. In this regard, the influence of key process parameters including binder ratio (BR), sand grain fineness number (AFS number), and pouring temperature (PT) is investigated thoroughly on the mechanical characteristics (ultimate tensile strength and hardness) and dimensional accuracy of the thin-walled impeller. Ablation sand casting revealed exceptionally enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy as compared to conventional sand casting. The AFS number and binder ratio were most significant for contr...
Background. The mixing of cereals and legumes with nuts and seeds can produce various products th... more Background. The mixing of cereals and legumes with nuts and seeds can produce various products that can be optimal for consumption with respect to their nutritional density. The use of legumes in gluten-free foods is becoming very prominent with increase in advancement in food engineering and technology. This study was aimed to develop a gluten-free product (cupcake) enriched with chick pea flour, almonds, and flaxseeds for celiac disease patients. Materials and Methods. The procured raw material including almonds, chickpea flour, and flaxseeds was mixed in appropriate amounts, and cupcakes were formulated following a specified recipe. The cupcakes were divided in five groups based on their recipe. First one was wheat based; 2nd one was corn and rice based; and next 3 were chickpea, almond, and flaxseed based, respectively. The cupcakes were checked for their proximate analysis parameters (carbohydrate, protein, and nitrogen-free extract), gluten and heavy metals (lead, chromium, an...
In this research work, a nondestructive technique of image analysis was explored to determine the... more In this research work, a nondestructive technique of image analysis was explored to determine the fibre orientation and void content in Bagasse fibre reinforced composites. Fibre length, alkali treatment and fibre loading were studied as variables. The fibre orientation was irrespective of the fibre length, fibre loading and alkali treatment variables. The void content and size decreased with increases in fibre length and alkali treatment. The alkali treatment resulted in the removal of lignin, making the surface of the fibres rough. It also led to making the fibre count fine i.e. reducing the diameter of the fibres and thus presenting more fibres for interaction with resin. Both these phenomena resulted in a slower flow of resin. The void content of bagasse fibre composites decreased with higher fibre loading because a higher number of fibres slows the resin flow. However, the size i.e. area of the voids increased with the fibre loading from 20 to 30%, probably due to increased wet...
NPTs have vast applications because of no tyre puncture, no need for air pressure, low rolling re... more NPTs have vast applications because of no tyre puncture, no need for air pressure, low rolling resistance, and also have higher flexibility for design and recyclability. In this research work, different structures of polyurethane (PU) spokes have been designed and analyzed under radial loading conditions which include structures like honeycomb with varying cell angles, simple spoke, and trapezoid type by keeping in view that the cell wall thickness and somehow the mass of the structures remain the same. Based on the Mooney-Rivlin hyper-elastic material model and performing 2D non-linear static structural analysis on different types of NPTs using ANSYS, it has been observed that the simple spoke structure has the lowest spoke stress and deformation values of 2.01 MPa and 11.7 mm, while HC–A1 has the least value of strain energy of 2.58 mJ, at a load of 2500 N. The above results show that the straight spoke structures like simple spoke and trapezoid type have a high load-carrying abil...
The purpose of this study was to find out the determinant physical condition and service skills o... more The purpose of this study was to find out the determinant physical condition and service skills of court tennis in tennis players of the city's achievement coaching club Jambi. The subjects of this study were 15 tennis players of the city's achievement coaching club Jambi. Test instruments Push-Up Test (arm muscle strength), Sit and Reach (flexibility), Tennis ball throwing test (Eye and Hand Coordination), and Service Test (Service Skills). The results showed that the results of arm muscle strength owned by players coaching the achievements of the city of Jambi's tennis court most of the 14 players gained a good category once with a percentage of 93%. The togok flexibility test that players coaching the achievements of the city of Jambi city tennis mostly 9 players gained a very good category with a percentage of 60%. The eye and hand coordination tests that Jambi city court tennis coaching players have most of the 12 players gained a good category with a percentage of ...
Fine-Grained Named Entity Typing (FG-NET) classifies an entity mention into a fine range of entit... more Fine-Grained Named Entity Typing (FG-NET) classifies an entity mention into a fine range of entity types. A large number of entity types make it difficult to manually label the training data, thus distant supervision is used to automatically acquire the training data. Distant supervision incurs a lot of training noise which hinders the performance improvement of the FG-NET systems. In this paper, we propose to use hyperbolic geometry for FG-NET with the hope that it can help overcoming the noise incurred by distant supervision.
This study aims to determine the effect of ball feeling training on dribbling skills in novice so... more This study aims to determine the effect of ball feeling training on dribbling skills in novice soccer athletes. This research is an experimental research. This study used a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design, where one group was observed and then treated. This design test was carried out twice, namely before the experiment and after the experiment. The test that is done before the experiment is called the pre-test, and the test after the experiment is called the post-test. The population of this study were 20 soccer athletes in Pontianak. While the sample of this research is 20 football athletes in Pontianak. The instrument in this study was divided into 2 parts, namely the measurement instrument and the treatment instrument. The test instrument used to measure the results of the ability to dribble is the dribbling test and the instrument used to measure the results of dribbling is the stop time in seconds. The training instrument (training program) used in the ability to dribble is ...
Treatment with a direct acting antiviral (DAA) has revolutionized HCV therapy, as more than 95% o... more Treatment with a direct acting antiviral (DAA) has revolutionized HCV therapy, as more than 95% of patients achieve a sustained virological response (SVR). Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CryoVas), however, can persist and recur after the HCV cure. In this systematic review, we include data from 19 studies that provided information on the persistence and recurrence of CryoVas after the HCV cure with DAAs. A complete clinical response (CR) was reported in 63.7% to 90.2% of the DAA-treated patients after achieving SVR. Relapse of CryoVas symptoms was reported in 4% to 18% of the patients. Neuropathy, nephropathy, and dermatological complications were the most common manifestations of CryoVas. B-cell clones persisted in 31–40% of the patients and could contribute to CryoVas relapse. INFL3-rs12979860, ARNTL-rs648122, RETN-rs1423096, and SERPINE1-rs6976053 were associated with a higher incidence of persistence and recurrence of CryoVas. Prospective multicenter studies with diverse patient p...
The assessment of climate extremes’ impact on crop yield is essential to improve our understandin... more The assessment of climate extremes’ impact on crop yield is essential to improve our understanding of agricultural resilience. In the present study, we analyzed the potential impact of climate extremes on wheat and cotton production in Southern Punjab, Pakistan using 30-year observed data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and the fifth-generation reanalysis data (ERA-5) from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Cotton is a Kharif season crop that is sown in May and harvested in October, and wheat is a Rabi season crop that is planted in November and harvested in April. The agricultural data (1985–2015) that contained the crop area and crop yield were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, Punjab for six selected districts in Southern Punjab. Three precipitation indices, namely consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD) and total precipitation of wet days (PRCPTOT), and four temperature indices, namely warm days (TX90p), warm ni...
Arabidopsis contains 317 genes for defensin-like (DEFL) peptides. DEFLs have been grouped into di... more Arabidopsis contains 317 genes for defensin-like (DEFL) peptides. DEFLs have been grouped into different families based mainly on cysteine motifs. The DEFL0770 group contains seven genes, of which four are strongly expressed in roots. We found that the expression of these genes is downregulated in syncytia induced by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii as revealed by RNAseq analysis. We have studied one gene of this group, At3g59930, in detail. A promoter::GUS line revealed that the gene is only expressed in roots but not in other plant organs. Infection of the GUS line with larvae of H. schachtii showed a strong downregulation of GUS expression in infection sites as early as 1 dpi, confirming the RNAseq data. The At3g59930 peptide had only weak antimicrobial activity against Botrytis cinerea. Overexpression lines had no enhanced resistance against this fungus but were more resistant to H. schachtii infection. Our data indicate that At3g59930 is involved in resistance to nem...
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