The author presents her observations resulting from the researches on teaching Roman law at the Z... more The author presents her observations resulting from the researches on teaching Roman law at the Zamośc Academy in 18th century. From the beginnings the Academy was allowed to create doctors of Roman (civil) and canon law , but during ten final years of the Academy’s existence doctoral promotions become especially numerous. In 1772 Zamośc was taken over by Austria as a result of the first partition of Poland, so the Zamośc Academy was afraid of the possibility to loose its rights, privileges and prerogatives. Walenty Maciej Tepper (born about 1747, died in 1810) was giving lectures on Polish law at the Zamośc Academy since 1778 to 1780, and then, till the fall of the Academy in 1784, he was the professor of law of nature and nations. This paper discusses a dissertation on Roman law of succession written by him (in Latin) in 1779 to receive a doctoral degree in law. Tepper gives the outline of Roman intestate succession in the light of Justinian’s ligislation, comparing some Roman rul...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine pathology that affects 814% of women of re... more Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine pathology that affects 814% of women of reproductive age. The leading signs of the disease are hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Over the past decades, a variety of animal models have been developed to study the etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS, including chemical, hormonal, and genetic interventions. However, a large number of experimental techniques differ even in the framework of a single model. In this review article, we summarized PCOS animal models using both direct hormonal effects and indirect methods.
The paper discusses the confiscation of property (publicatio bonorum) as a source of revenue for ... more The paper discusses the confiscation of property (publicatio bonorum) as a source of revenue for the fiscus in ancient Rome. The term fiscus means, among other things, the public property, State funds, but also the private property of emperors. The confiscated property could be adjudged not only to aerarium – the State Treasury (publicare), but also to the personal treasury of emperors, and trials seem to have been inspired to supply it. The most „successful” accusation was connected with the crime of lese-majesty: the scope of this crime was especially wide and it was easy to convict the defendant. The Senate often voted for adjudgement of the confiscated property in respect of the Emperor, especially if the convict had received some benefits from him. This practice turned into a rule and the Emperor’s treasury became the sole beneficiary of publicatio bonorum. Some emperors are especially known as rulers accumulating their private property on confiscated goods (Caligula, Septimius...
According to the rule being in force in Republican Rome, the slave testimony could not be used to... more According to the rule being in force in Republican Rome, the slave testimony could not be used to the detriment of their owners, in particular in cases punishable by death (in caput domini), and the slaves could not bring charges against the owners. The few crimes in which exceptions were permitted was the crime of majesty. This article presents the most important views of Roman authors on the credibility of testimony given under torture and also explains the reasons for using torture in interrogating slaves. During the Principate period, the ban on interrogating slaves against their owners in maiestas cases was circumvented and then was abolished by imperial constitutions. During the Dominate period, the crime of lese-majesty was the only one in which a slave was allowed to accuse his master.
The article aims to investigate the most accurate way to translate Latin phrase privilegium odios... more The article aims to investigate the most accurate way to translate Latin phrase privilegium odiosum into Polish. The most popular translation « przywilej niekorzystny » can be regarded as awkward. On the grounds of legal and literary Roman sources the etymology of word privilegium was taken into consideration and the meaning of this word can be defined as a rule granted to an individual or to a restricted group, not always profitable for them. The Author takes into consideration the meaning of phrase in question in old and contemporary sources and literature of canon law, examples of such privileges were also given. In the last part of the article the Author points out how important is to determine the proper meaning of Latin phrases for the most proper translation, and suggests such translation of phrase privilegium odiosum into Polish.
Article is devoted to issues of accuracy of the translation of texts of canon law from Latin into... more Article is devoted to issues of accuracy of the translation of texts of canon law from Latin into Polish, which involves the proper interpretation of the norms of this law. Correct the problems precede the discussion of the role of Latin in the Catholic Church and moving away from that language, among others. in the liturgy for the vernacular after Vatican II, even though such documents, as published in the Council shortly before the start of the Apostolic Constitution of John XXIII Veterum sapientia and conciliar Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium dictated the behavior of Latin in the liturgy. The need to use the Latin language was also emphasized in many statements of the Magisterium of the Church. Translation into national languages of Latin instruction has paid the 1969 De interpretatione textuum liturgicorum whose rules refer to a large extent also to the texts of canon law (in particular sections 19-33, 57). Translation problems are discussed on the exam...
The author presents her observations resulting from the researches on teaching Roman law at the Z... more The author presents her observations resulting from the researches on teaching Roman law at the Zamośc Academy in 18th century. From the beginnings the Academy was allowed to create doctors of Roman (civil) and canon law , but during ten final years of the Academy’s existence doctoral promotions become especially numerous. In 1772 Zamośc was taken over by Austria as a result of the first partition of Poland, so the Zamośc Academy was afraid of the possibility to loose its rights, privileges and prerogatives. Walenty Maciej Tepper (born about 1747, died in 1810) was giving lectures on Polish law at the Zamośc Academy since 1778 to 1780, and then, till the fall of the Academy in 1784, he was the professor of law of nature and nations. This paper discusses a dissertation on Roman law of succession written by him (in Latin) in 1779 to receive a doctoral degree in law. Tepper gives the outline of Roman intestate succession in the light of Justinian’s ligislation, comparing some Roman rul...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine pathology that affects 814% of women of re... more Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine pathology that affects 814% of women of reproductive age. The leading signs of the disease are hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Over the past decades, a variety of animal models have been developed to study the etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS, including chemical, hormonal, and genetic interventions. However, a large number of experimental techniques differ even in the framework of a single model. In this review article, we summarized PCOS animal models using both direct hormonal effects and indirect methods.
The paper discusses the confiscation of property (publicatio bonorum) as a source of revenue for ... more The paper discusses the confiscation of property (publicatio bonorum) as a source of revenue for the fiscus in ancient Rome. The term fiscus means, among other things, the public property, State funds, but also the private property of emperors. The confiscated property could be adjudged not only to aerarium – the State Treasury (publicare), but also to the personal treasury of emperors, and trials seem to have been inspired to supply it. The most „successful” accusation was connected with the crime of lese-majesty: the scope of this crime was especially wide and it was easy to convict the defendant. The Senate often voted for adjudgement of the confiscated property in respect of the Emperor, especially if the convict had received some benefits from him. This practice turned into a rule and the Emperor’s treasury became the sole beneficiary of publicatio bonorum. Some emperors are especially known as rulers accumulating their private property on confiscated goods (Caligula, Septimius...
According to the rule being in force in Republican Rome, the slave testimony could not be used to... more According to the rule being in force in Republican Rome, the slave testimony could not be used to the detriment of their owners, in particular in cases punishable by death (in caput domini), and the slaves could not bring charges against the owners. The few crimes in which exceptions were permitted was the crime of majesty. This article presents the most important views of Roman authors on the credibility of testimony given under torture and also explains the reasons for using torture in interrogating slaves. During the Principate period, the ban on interrogating slaves against their owners in maiestas cases was circumvented and then was abolished by imperial constitutions. During the Dominate period, the crime of lese-majesty was the only one in which a slave was allowed to accuse his master.
The article aims to investigate the most accurate way to translate Latin phrase privilegium odios... more The article aims to investigate the most accurate way to translate Latin phrase privilegium odiosum into Polish. The most popular translation « przywilej niekorzystny » can be regarded as awkward. On the grounds of legal and literary Roman sources the etymology of word privilegium was taken into consideration and the meaning of this word can be defined as a rule granted to an individual or to a restricted group, not always profitable for them. The Author takes into consideration the meaning of phrase in question in old and contemporary sources and literature of canon law, examples of such privileges were also given. In the last part of the article the Author points out how important is to determine the proper meaning of Latin phrases for the most proper translation, and suggests such translation of phrase privilegium odiosum into Polish.
Article is devoted to issues of accuracy of the translation of texts of canon law from Latin into... more Article is devoted to issues of accuracy of the translation of texts of canon law from Latin into Polish, which involves the proper interpretation of the norms of this law. Correct the problems precede the discussion of the role of Latin in the Catholic Church and moving away from that language, among others. in the liturgy for the vernacular after Vatican II, even though such documents, as published in the Council shortly before the start of the Apostolic Constitution of John XXIII Veterum sapientia and conciliar Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium dictated the behavior of Latin in the liturgy. The need to use the Latin language was also emphasized in many statements of the Magisterium of the Church. Translation into national languages of Latin instruction has paid the 1969 De interpretatione textuum liturgicorum whose rules refer to a large extent also to the texts of canon law (in particular sections 19-33, 57). Translation problems are discussed on the exam...
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