The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challeng... more The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal c...
Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest obecnie w okresie transformacji wynikającej zarówno ze sta... more Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest obecnie w okresie transformacji wynikającej zarówno ze stanu technicznego jednostek wytwórczych energii elektrycznej, jak i z założeń polityki klimatycznej wyrażonych w Zielonym Ładzie. Proces transformacji jest odzwierciedlony w Polityce Energetycznej Polski do 2040 r. (PEP 2040) i zakłada duży wzrost niestabilnych źródeł OZE w miksie energetycznym. Stabilizacja tych źródeł będzie możliwa poprzez modernizację ciepłownictwa polegającą na zamianie źródeł ciepła na systemy kogeneracyjne. Kogeneracja stanie się technologią regulacyjną w systemie elektroenergetycznym i zacznie wykorzystywać na dużą skalę magazyny ciepła i chłodu również w okresie letnim. W pracy omówiono procesy transformacji polskiej energetyki oraz uwypuklono rolę ciepłownictwa w tym procesie, w szczególności kogeneracji i trigeneracji.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Polish Free Electron Laser facility (PolFEL) will be the first free electron laser in Poland. The... more Polish Free Electron Laser facility (PolFEL) will be the first free electron laser in Poland. The PolFEL superconducting linear electron accelerator will first consist of an electron gun and four RI-HZDR type cryomodules, each housing two 9-cell superconducting TESLA RF cavities. Such configuration allows the generation of a continuous wave and long pulse beam with 5-50 MeV of energy and a long pulse electron beam with energy up to 187 MeV and photon wavelength ranged from THz region down to 55 nm. In the second stage an extension is planned with two cryomodules, which allows to reach 300 MeV electron beam energy and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range of electromagnetic radiation. RF cavities will be operated at 2.0 K (optionally 1.8 K). For a four cryomodule linac the static and dynamic loads are estimated to be 61 W and 240 W @ 2 K, respectively. One of the investigated option is that the cooling power will be generated by the TCF50 Linde helium plant. The helium plant has a liquefac...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
This work describes the methods for transporting cryogens through multi-channel transfer lines. I... more This work describes the methods for transporting cryogens through multi-channel transfer lines. It also presents examples of the use of cryogenic lines and of their designs, referring in detail to typical structural nodes found in cryogenic transfer lines. The second principle of thermodynamics and the Gouy-Stodola theorem are discussed from the perspective of their application in optimizing and evaluating heat and mass transfer devices. The next part of the work presents the internal structure of the selected 100 m multi-channel cryogenic transfer line. Several variants of the method of supporting process pipes have been presented. For each of the solutions, an entropy analysis was carried out in order to select the best design in terms of the entropy generated in the process pipes.
The aim of the ArDM project is the development and operation of a one ton double-phase liquid arg... more The aim of the ArDM project is the development and operation of a one ton double-phase liquid argon detector for direct Dark Matter searches. The detector measures both the scintillation light and the ionization charge from ionizing radiation using two independent readout systems. This paper briefly describes the detector concept and presents preliminary results from the ArDM R&D program, including
The project of the first Polish underground laboratory SUNLAB, in the Polkowice-Sieroszowice copp... more The project of the first Polish underground laboratory SUNLAB, in the Polkowice-Sieroszowice copper mine, belonging to the KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. holding, is presented. Two stages of the project are foreseen: SUNLAB1 (a small laboratory in the salt layer exhibiting extremely low level of natural radioactivity) and SUNLAB2 (a big laboratory in the anhydrite layer, able to host the next
We were looking for presence, severity and extension of the invasion of vessels, with regard to t... more We were looking for presence, severity and extension of the invasion of vessels, with regard to the prognosis in 275 patient with infiltration limited only to uterine cervix (Ib), in which Wertheim-Meigs surgery was performed. It was found invasion of many vessels- in outside of the cervix is associated with poor prognosis, no matter weather the local lymph nodes are metastatic or not and no matter what the size of the neoplastic infiltration is. Patient with severe and extensive vascular invasion require further postoperative treatment.
The paper discusses the main constraints and boundary conditions and describes the baseline confi... more The paper discusses the main constraints and boundary conditions and describes the baseline configuration of the International Linear Collider (ILC) cryogenic system. The cryogenic layout, architecture and the cooling principle are presented. The paper addresses a plan for study and development required to demonstrate and improve the performance, to reduce cost and to attain the desired reliability.
The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challeng... more The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal c...
Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest obecnie w okresie transformacji wynikającej zarówno ze sta... more Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest obecnie w okresie transformacji wynikającej zarówno ze stanu technicznego jednostek wytwórczych energii elektrycznej, jak i z założeń polityki klimatycznej wyrażonych w Zielonym Ładzie. Proces transformacji jest odzwierciedlony w Polityce Energetycznej Polski do 2040 r. (PEP 2040) i zakłada duży wzrost niestabilnych źródeł OZE w miksie energetycznym. Stabilizacja tych źródeł będzie możliwa poprzez modernizację ciepłownictwa polegającą na zamianie źródeł ciepła na systemy kogeneracyjne. Kogeneracja stanie się technologią regulacyjną w systemie elektroenergetycznym i zacznie wykorzystywać na dużą skalę magazyny ciepła i chłodu również w okresie letnim. W pracy omówiono procesy transformacji polskiej energetyki oraz uwypuklono rolę ciepłownictwa w tym procesie, w szczególności kogeneracji i trigeneracji.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Polish Free Electron Laser facility (PolFEL) will be the first free electron laser in Poland. The... more Polish Free Electron Laser facility (PolFEL) will be the first free electron laser in Poland. The PolFEL superconducting linear electron accelerator will first consist of an electron gun and four RI-HZDR type cryomodules, each housing two 9-cell superconducting TESLA RF cavities. Such configuration allows the generation of a continuous wave and long pulse beam with 5-50 MeV of energy and a long pulse electron beam with energy up to 187 MeV and photon wavelength ranged from THz region down to 55 nm. In the second stage an extension is planned with two cryomodules, which allows to reach 300 MeV electron beam energy and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range of electromagnetic radiation. RF cavities will be operated at 2.0 K (optionally 1.8 K). For a four cryomodule linac the static and dynamic loads are estimated to be 61 W and 240 W @ 2 K, respectively. One of the investigated option is that the cooling power will be generated by the TCF50 Linde helium plant. The helium plant has a liquefac...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
This work describes the methods for transporting cryogens through multi-channel transfer lines. I... more This work describes the methods for transporting cryogens through multi-channel transfer lines. It also presents examples of the use of cryogenic lines and of their designs, referring in detail to typical structural nodes found in cryogenic transfer lines. The second principle of thermodynamics and the Gouy-Stodola theorem are discussed from the perspective of their application in optimizing and evaluating heat and mass transfer devices. The next part of the work presents the internal structure of the selected 100 m multi-channel cryogenic transfer line. Several variants of the method of supporting process pipes have been presented. For each of the solutions, an entropy analysis was carried out in order to select the best design in terms of the entropy generated in the process pipes.
The aim of the ArDM project is the development and operation of a one ton double-phase liquid arg... more The aim of the ArDM project is the development and operation of a one ton double-phase liquid argon detector for direct Dark Matter searches. The detector measures both the scintillation light and the ionization charge from ionizing radiation using two independent readout systems. This paper briefly describes the detector concept and presents preliminary results from the ArDM R&D program, including
The project of the first Polish underground laboratory SUNLAB, in the Polkowice-Sieroszowice copp... more The project of the first Polish underground laboratory SUNLAB, in the Polkowice-Sieroszowice copper mine, belonging to the KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. holding, is presented. Two stages of the project are foreseen: SUNLAB1 (a small laboratory in the salt layer exhibiting extremely low level of natural radioactivity) and SUNLAB2 (a big laboratory in the anhydrite layer, able to host the next
We were looking for presence, severity and extension of the invasion of vessels, with regard to t... more We were looking for presence, severity and extension of the invasion of vessels, with regard to the prognosis in 275 patient with infiltration limited only to uterine cervix (Ib), in which Wertheim-Meigs surgery was performed. It was found invasion of many vessels- in outside of the cervix is associated with poor prognosis, no matter weather the local lymph nodes are metastatic or not and no matter what the size of the neoplastic infiltration is. Patient with severe and extensive vascular invasion require further postoperative treatment.
The paper discusses the main constraints and boundary conditions and describes the baseline confi... more The paper discusses the main constraints and boundary conditions and describes the baseline configuration of the International Linear Collider (ILC) cryogenic system. The cryogenic layout, architecture and the cooling principle are presented. The paper addresses a plan for study and development required to demonstrate and improve the performance, to reduce cost and to attain the desired reliability.
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