This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urba... more This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and industrial waste, used in English agriculture during the industrial revolution, arguing that their use was widespread and intensive by 1700 and that there was only modest growth in their use up to 1840. It explains the pattern of use by supply and demand factors,
... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The im... more ... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The importance of ensuring adequate nitrogen resources for proper plant growth is well known. A discussion focused on wheat production in the ...
Using modern econometric techniques, we show that it is feasible to accurately extract the intere... more Using modern econometric techniques, we show that it is feasible to accurately extract the interest rate from the appreciation of asset prices within the year. On the basis of movements in the price of wheat, we estimate that the interest rate in medieval England was around 12 per cent ...
Using a large panel of weekly wheat prices, we infer the annual rate of return on capital in each... more Using a large panel of weekly wheat prices, we infer the annual rate of return on capital in each county in England and Wales in the period 1770-1820. Throughout this period markets were efficient in the sense that weekly returns were serially uncorrelated. We show that the ...
... LIAM BRUNT NUFFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS TELEP... more ... LIAM BRUNT NUFFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS TELEPHONE AND FAX + 33 1 44 16 24 62 LIAM.BRUNT@NUF.OX.AC. UK ... 13 Neal E and K Neal, Biology For Today (Blandford, 1983). ...
Wheat was the single most important product of the British economy during the Industrial Revoluti... more Wheat was the single most important product of the British economy during the Industrial Revolution, being both the largest component of national income and the primary determinant of caloric intake. This paper offers new estimates of annual wheat production during industrialisation. Whereas other researchers infer wheat production indirectly from demand equations, we estimate production directly from output equations. Our estimates
Between 1700 and 1850, English grain yields were substantially higher than those attained in othe... more Between 1700 and 1850, English grain yields were substantially higher than those attained in other countries. It is widely believed that yields were constrained by the availability of nitrogen, and that supplies of nitrogen were effectively limited to animal dung produced on the farm. This paper presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and
This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urba... more This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and industrial waste, used in English agriculture during the industrial revolution, arguing that their use was widespread and intensive by 1700 and that there was only modest growth in their use up to 1840. It explains the pattern of use by supply and demand factors,
Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1969882 Discussion paper SAM 20 20... more Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1969882 Discussion paper SAM 20 2011 ISSN: 0804-6824 November 2011 INSTITUTT FOR SAMFUNNSØKONOMI DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Property rights and economic growth: evidence from a natural ...
... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The im... more ... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The importance of ensuring adequate nitrogen resources for proper plant growth is well known. A discussion focused on wheat production in the ...
... The literature stretches back at least as far as Walter Bagehot in the 1860s and is being car... more ... The literature stretches back at least as far as Walter Bagehot in the 1860s and is being carried forward on the basis of painstaking research by (amongst others) Liam Brunt and Edmund Cannon; Lance Davis and Larry Neal; Stephen Haber and Noel Maurer; Philip Hoffman ...
This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urba... more This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and industrial waste, used in English agriculture during the industrial revolution, arguing that their use was widespread and intensive by 1700 and that there was only modest growth in their use up to 1840. It explains the pattern of use by supply and demand factors,
... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The im... more ... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The importance of ensuring adequate nitrogen resources for proper plant growth is well known. A discussion focused on wheat production in the ...
Using modern econometric techniques, we show that it is feasible to accurately extract the intere... more Using modern econometric techniques, we show that it is feasible to accurately extract the interest rate from the appreciation of asset prices within the year. On the basis of movements in the price of wheat, we estimate that the interest rate in medieval England was around 12 per cent ...
Using a large panel of weekly wheat prices, we infer the annual rate of return on capital in each... more Using a large panel of weekly wheat prices, we infer the annual rate of return on capital in each county in England and Wales in the period 1770-1820. Throughout this period markets were efficient in the sense that weekly returns were serially uncorrelated. We show that the ...
... LIAM BRUNT NUFFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS TELEP... more ... LIAM BRUNT NUFFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS TELEPHONE AND FAX + 33 1 44 16 24 62 LIAM.BRUNT@NUF.OX.AC. UK ... 13 Neal E and K Neal, Biology For Today (Blandford, 1983). ...
Wheat was the single most important product of the British economy during the Industrial Revoluti... more Wheat was the single most important product of the British economy during the Industrial Revolution, being both the largest component of national income and the primary determinant of caloric intake. This paper offers new estimates of annual wheat production during industrialisation. Whereas other researchers infer wheat production indirectly from demand equations, we estimate production directly from output equations. Our estimates
Between 1700 and 1850, English grain yields were substantially higher than those attained in othe... more Between 1700 and 1850, English grain yields were substantially higher than those attained in other countries. It is widely believed that yields were constrained by the availability of nitrogen, and that supplies of nitrogen were effectively limited to animal dung produced on the farm. This paper presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and
This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urba... more This article presents the first systematic analysis of off-farm sources of nitrogen, such as urban and industrial waste, used in English agriculture during the industrial revolution, arguing that their use was widespread and intensive by 1700 and that there was only modest growth in their use up to 1840. It explains the pattern of use by supply and demand factors,
Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1969882 Discussion paper SAM 20 20... more Page 1. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1969882 Discussion paper SAM 20 2011 ISSN: 0804-6824 November 2011 INSTITUTT FOR SAMFUNNSØKONOMI DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Property rights and economic growth: evidence from a natural ...
... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The im... more ... Higher natural soil fertility pushes up wheat yields. Page 5. Nature or Nurture 197 13 The importance of ensuring adequate nitrogen resources for proper plant growth is well known. A discussion focused on wheat production in the ...
... The literature stretches back at least as far as Walter Bagehot in the 1860s and is being car... more ... The literature stretches back at least as far as Walter Bagehot in the 1860s and is being carried forward on the basis of painstaking research by (amongst others) Liam Brunt and Edmund Cannon; Lance Davis and Larry Neal; Stephen Haber and Noel Maurer; Philip Hoffman ...
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