2017 4th IEEE International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS), 2017
This paper present a detection technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique s... more This paper present a detection technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique scheme of recognition of metallic objects through Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Modified Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (MAVA) frequency range of (3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz) is presented in this paper. The working mechanism of detection system based on Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) using through wall imaging (TWMI). A very small duration pulses generated by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) which are used for illuminating the wall. The investigation of outcomes of a system under UWB antenna probe array. The simulation results of MAVA have given a massive potential of penetration, in order to identify concealed metal objects with fine accuracy, proving a smart development in the detection system technology. The improvement of resolution in an image, special filters have been developed and implemented. The design and optimization progression is conceded out via CST simulation software for parametric performance assessment of return loss, radiation pattern and directivity.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
This paper present a recognition technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique... more This paper present a recognition technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique scheme of recognition of metallic objects through Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Modified Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (MAVA) frequency range of (3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz) is presented in this paper.The working mechanism of detection system based on Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) using through wall imaging (TWMI). A very small duration pulses generated by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) which are used for illuminate the wall.The analysis of a system under UWB antenna probe array. The simulation results of MAVA have given an enormous potential of penetration, in order to recognize concealed metal objects with fine precision, proving a smart development in the detection system technology. The improvement of resolution in an image, special filters have been developed and implemented. The design and optimization progression is conceded out via CST simulation software for parametric performance assessment of ...
ABSTRACT In OFDM based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deploying femtocells (HeNodeBs) causes’ in... more ABSTRACT In OFDM based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deploying femtocells (HeNodeBs) causes’ inter-cell interference in uplink as well as downlink. Spectrum allocation is one of the technique as many researcher identified. However, using frequency reuse/cognitive system for dynamic spectrum reallocation is also a challenging issues. Therefore, this paper focuses on unused spectrum sensing (SS) through proposing cluster-based spectrum sensing for OFDM based two-tier HetNets. The proposed SS scheme adopted the basic model of energy detector and compared with cooperative spectrum sensing scheme. In the proposed scheme, the energy detection model is extended into multiple channel detection model. To detect spectrums from nearby macrocell (macro-eNodeB) HeNodeBs are grouped into cluster. A cluster formation algorithm is also proposed in where, cluster head (CH) and signaling node (SN) will detect implies the multi-channel SS technique. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the spectrum detection with minimum error. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in Monte Carlo simulation validate the scheme performance.
Attenuation due to rain is a critical constraint in the design of Earth-space links especially at... more Attenuation due to rain is a critical constraint in the design of Earth-space links especially at frequencies higher than 10 GHz. Rain attenuation prediction models proposed by ITU-R were reported to offer good estimation for temperate regions but a number of studies reveal that it severely underestimates the concerned signal in the tropics. The study attempted to derive new applicable specific attenuation coefficients using one-year 11 GHz satellite beacon data and rainfall rate measurements in Malaysia. The acquired outcomes are incorporated in the ITU-R procedure to assess their suitability and significance.
Rain attenuated Ku-band beacon signal from Malaysia's MEASAT satellite was compared with vari... more Rain attenuated Ku-band beacon signal from Malaysia's MEASAT satellite was compared with various ITU-R prediction models in the attempt to identify the best applicable technique. The preliminary findings indicate that ITU-R P.618-5 is the best ITU-R model since it offers good estimations that almost comparable to the measured attenuation values. The use of radar-derived parameter namely the local rain height information was observed to contribute a significant improvement to the prediction models.
The analyses concerning comparison between measured signals of RazakSAT’s Malaysian X-band satell... more The analyses concerning comparison between measured signals of RazakSAT’s Malaysian X-band satellite link and radar derived attenuation using an S-band meteorological radar is presented. Weather radars have been consistently used for investigating propagation phenomena which can affect satellite communication links since the year 1960. A weather radar return which is known as reflectivity can be used to estimate rainfall intensity, attenuation and depolarization caused by hydrometeors. RazakSAT's satellite link received power during clear sky and rainy conditions are compared to extract the rain attenuation values. The S-band radar horizontal polarization reflectivity information was used to calculate the likely rain attenuation along the same RazakSAT satellite propagation paths. The radar reflectivity values are first converted into rainfall rate using the established Z-R relation of Marshall-Palmer. Afterwards the slant path attenuation is determined using the specific rain attenuation formula and the rainfall rate values. It can be observed that the radar derived rain attenuation values are lower than the measured satellite link signals.
Abstract Satellite links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz in the tropics typically suffer se... more Abstract Satellite links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz in the tropics typically suffer severe signal degradation due to rain. The study attempts to investigate the impacts of rain on the performance of satellite-Earth links at V-band frequency. Attenuation due to rain at ...
Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by mo... more Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by more than 500 exabytes by 2025 and beyond. 5G networks are predicted to meet these demands, provided that the spectrum resources are well managed. In this paper, an enhanced dynamic spectrum allocation (E-DSA) method is proposed, which incorporates a cooperative type of game theory called the Nash bargaining solution (NBS). It was assumed that there is one primary user (PU) and two secondary users (SU) in the network and their spectrum allocation was analyzed by testing the validity of the algorithm itself by using price weight factors to control the costs of the spectrum sharing. The solution was established by combining a proposed multiplexing method called the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) for 5G configuration, with the E-DSA algorithm to maximize the throughput of a heterogeneous 5G network. It was shown that the throughputs for 5G with E-DSA implementation were always higher than th...
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications
Several interference mitigation strategies can be used in LTE networks to meet the consumers'... more Several interference mitigation strategies can be used in LTE networks to meet the consumers' increasing need for faster data speeds. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA), which maintains spectrum in a converged radio system and distributes it across all participating radio terminals, is one of the most promising solutions. However, the fundamental obstacle to achieving increased network capacities is increased inter-cell interference. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of a newly proposed DSA technique by comparing its bit error rate (BER) and throughput (TP) with a typical uplink LTE configuration. To maximise throughput in a heterogeneous network, the suggested DSA technique utilises the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) scheme, a cooperative game theory that could correlate with the bit error rate. The software tool GNU Radio, which offers signal-processing blocks to develop softwaredefined radios and signal-processing systems, was used to create the setups. Aft...
The satellite communication system is currently congested because of the high demand for data tra... more The satellite communication system is currently congested because of the high demand for data transmission. The Ka-band is a greater range band that can help to solve the issue. However, Ka-band is severely impacted by scintillation at its high frequency. One of the transmitting impairments is scintillation, a sudden fluctuation in the amplitude of the signal and electromagnetic waves, that generates signal attenuation and degradation. In the presence of rain and even under clear skies, scintillation affects the output of Ka-Band. The scintillation prediction model has mostly been evaluated and applied in countries with four-season climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Ka-band scintillation data and compare the findings with other existing scintillation models to validate the outcome. For data of one year (2016) at the Ka-Band frequency of 20.2 GHz, this research focused on analysing the tropospheric scintillation from the satellite data. The experimental data fr...
2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2021
Satellite communication in the future is shifting to higher frequency Ka and V-bands. The fundame... more Satellite communication in the future is shifting to higher frequency Ka and V-bands. The fundamental issue in designing viable earth-to-satellite communication links at these bands is rain fade. In tropical areas, the problem is increased severely by the fact that high-intensity rainfall occurs for the majority of times in the year. One of the potential solutions presented by researchers to combat attenuation due to rain is the time diversity method. To explore the improvement, measured real-time rain attenuation data are necessary for time diversity analysis. However, the problem is that data in higher frequency bands such as the Ka and V bands are not available in most of the places. As a result, the Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) can be used to convert real-time rain rate data into real-time rain attenuation data at any required frequency. This research analyses data collected at IIUM's Kuala Lumpur campus over one-year period using one-minute integration time. Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) is used to estimate rain attenuation for Ku, Ka, and V-bands based on one-year recorded rain rate data. Time diversity gains are assessed and compared to available measured gain at Ku-band and that predicted by Matricciani's model using anticipated rain attenuation time series.
2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2021
Frequency spectrum for satellite communication systems is moving towards Ka- and V-bands, the per... more Frequency spectrum for satellite communication systems is moving towards Ka- and V-bands, the performance of which is severely degraded by rain attenuation, especially in tropical regions. ITU-R 618-13 and few other researchers proposed a complete method to predict rain attenuation at any desired frequency. All prediction models require rain rate at 0.01% of time occurrence measured by rain gauge with 1-min integration time. Few measurements of rain attenuation in Malaysia reported that ITU-R 618-13 model underestimated the measurement at Ku-band. However, ITU-R recommends that rain intensity must be measured with one-minute integration time or less in order to predict rain effects on microwave propagation. All Recommendations and prediction methods are reported and presented based on rain rate measured with 1-minute integration time. This paper presents the statistical distributions of rain rate measured in Malaysia with 10-sec, 20-sec, 30-sec, 1-min and 2-min integration times. ITU-R P.618-13 prediction method is used to estimate earth-to-satellite link’s rain attenuation using measured rain rate with 10-sec, 20-sec, 30-sec, 1-min and 2-min integration times and compared with measurements.
2017 4th IEEE International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS), 2017
This paper present a detection technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique s... more This paper present a detection technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique scheme of recognition of metallic objects through Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Modified Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (MAVA) frequency range of (3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz) is presented in this paper. The working mechanism of detection system based on Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) using through wall imaging (TWMI). A very small duration pulses generated by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) which are used for illuminating the wall. The investigation of outcomes of a system under UWB antenna probe array. The simulation results of MAVA have given a massive potential of penetration, in order to identify concealed metal objects with fine accuracy, proving a smart development in the detection system technology. The improvement of resolution in an image, special filters have been developed and implemented. The design and optimization progression is conceded out via CST simulation software for parametric performance assessment of return loss, radiation pattern and directivity.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
This paper present a recognition technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique... more This paper present a recognition technique of metal placed inside and between two walls. A unique scheme of recognition of metallic objects through Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Modified Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (MAVA) frequency range of (3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz) is presented in this paper.The working mechanism of detection system based on Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) using through wall imaging (TWMI). A very small duration pulses generated by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) which are used for illuminate the wall.The analysis of a system under UWB antenna probe array. The simulation results of MAVA have given an enormous potential of penetration, in order to recognize concealed metal objects with fine precision, proving a smart development in the detection system technology. The improvement of resolution in an image, special filters have been developed and implemented. The design and optimization progression is conceded out via CST simulation software for parametric performance assessment of ...
ABSTRACT In OFDM based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deploying femtocells (HeNodeBs) causes’ in... more ABSTRACT In OFDM based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deploying femtocells (HeNodeBs) causes’ inter-cell interference in uplink as well as downlink. Spectrum allocation is one of the technique as many researcher identified. However, using frequency reuse/cognitive system for dynamic spectrum reallocation is also a challenging issues. Therefore, this paper focuses on unused spectrum sensing (SS) through proposing cluster-based spectrum sensing for OFDM based two-tier HetNets. The proposed SS scheme adopted the basic model of energy detector and compared with cooperative spectrum sensing scheme. In the proposed scheme, the energy detection model is extended into multiple channel detection model. To detect spectrums from nearby macrocell (macro-eNodeB) HeNodeBs are grouped into cluster. A cluster formation algorithm is also proposed in where, cluster head (CH) and signaling node (SN) will detect implies the multi-channel SS technique. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the spectrum detection with minimum error. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in Monte Carlo simulation validate the scheme performance.
Attenuation due to rain is a critical constraint in the design of Earth-space links especially at... more Attenuation due to rain is a critical constraint in the design of Earth-space links especially at frequencies higher than 10 GHz. Rain attenuation prediction models proposed by ITU-R were reported to offer good estimation for temperate regions but a number of studies reveal that it severely underestimates the concerned signal in the tropics. The study attempted to derive new applicable specific attenuation coefficients using one-year 11 GHz satellite beacon data and rainfall rate measurements in Malaysia. The acquired outcomes are incorporated in the ITU-R procedure to assess their suitability and significance.
Rain attenuated Ku-band beacon signal from Malaysia's MEASAT satellite was compared with vari... more Rain attenuated Ku-band beacon signal from Malaysia's MEASAT satellite was compared with various ITU-R prediction models in the attempt to identify the best applicable technique. The preliminary findings indicate that ITU-R P.618-5 is the best ITU-R model since it offers good estimations that almost comparable to the measured attenuation values. The use of radar-derived parameter namely the local rain height information was observed to contribute a significant improvement to the prediction models.
The analyses concerning comparison between measured signals of RazakSAT’s Malaysian X-band satell... more The analyses concerning comparison between measured signals of RazakSAT’s Malaysian X-band satellite link and radar derived attenuation using an S-band meteorological radar is presented. Weather radars have been consistently used for investigating propagation phenomena which can affect satellite communication links since the year 1960. A weather radar return which is known as reflectivity can be used to estimate rainfall intensity, attenuation and depolarization caused by hydrometeors. RazakSAT's satellite link received power during clear sky and rainy conditions are compared to extract the rain attenuation values. The S-band radar horizontal polarization reflectivity information was used to calculate the likely rain attenuation along the same RazakSAT satellite propagation paths. The radar reflectivity values are first converted into rainfall rate using the established Z-R relation of Marshall-Palmer. Afterwards the slant path attenuation is determined using the specific rain attenuation formula and the rainfall rate values. It can be observed that the radar derived rain attenuation values are lower than the measured satellite link signals.
Abstract Satellite links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz in the tropics typically suffer se... more Abstract Satellite links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz in the tropics typically suffer severe signal degradation due to rain. The study attempts to investigate the impacts of rain on the performance of satellite-Earth links at V-band frequency. Attenuation due to rain at ...
Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by mo... more Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by more than 500 exabytes by 2025 and beyond. 5G networks are predicted to meet these demands, provided that the spectrum resources are well managed. In this paper, an enhanced dynamic spectrum allocation (E-DSA) method is proposed, which incorporates a cooperative type of game theory called the Nash bargaining solution (NBS). It was assumed that there is one primary user (PU) and two secondary users (SU) in the network and their spectrum allocation was analyzed by testing the validity of the algorithm itself by using price weight factors to control the costs of the spectrum sharing. The solution was established by combining a proposed multiplexing method called the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) for 5G configuration, with the E-DSA algorithm to maximize the throughput of a heterogeneous 5G network. It was shown that the throughputs for 5G with E-DSA implementation were always higher than th...
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications
Several interference mitigation strategies can be used in LTE networks to meet the consumers'... more Several interference mitigation strategies can be used in LTE networks to meet the consumers' increasing need for faster data speeds. Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA), which maintains spectrum in a converged radio system and distributes it across all participating radio terminals, is one of the most promising solutions. However, the fundamental obstacle to achieving increased network capacities is increased inter-cell interference. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of a newly proposed DSA technique by comparing its bit error rate (BER) and throughput (TP) with a typical uplink LTE configuration. To maximise throughput in a heterogeneous network, the suggested DSA technique utilises the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) scheme, a cooperative game theory that could correlate with the bit error rate. The software tool GNU Radio, which offers signal-processing blocks to develop softwaredefined radios and signal-processing systems, was used to create the setups. Aft...
The satellite communication system is currently congested because of the high demand for data tra... more The satellite communication system is currently congested because of the high demand for data transmission. The Ka-band is a greater range band that can help to solve the issue. However, Ka-band is severely impacted by scintillation at its high frequency. One of the transmitting impairments is scintillation, a sudden fluctuation in the amplitude of the signal and electromagnetic waves, that generates signal attenuation and degradation. In the presence of rain and even under clear skies, scintillation affects the output of Ka-Band. The scintillation prediction model has mostly been evaluated and applied in countries with four-season climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Ka-band scintillation data and compare the findings with other existing scintillation models to validate the outcome. For data of one year (2016) at the Ka-Band frequency of 20.2 GHz, this research focused on analysing the tropospheric scintillation from the satellite data. The experimental data fr...
2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2021
Satellite communication in the future is shifting to higher frequency Ka and V-bands. The fundame... more Satellite communication in the future is shifting to higher frequency Ka and V-bands. The fundamental issue in designing viable earth-to-satellite communication links at these bands is rain fade. In tropical areas, the problem is increased severely by the fact that high-intensity rainfall occurs for the majority of times in the year. One of the potential solutions presented by researchers to combat attenuation due to rain is the time diversity method. To explore the improvement, measured real-time rain attenuation data are necessary for time diversity analysis. However, the problem is that data in higher frequency bands such as the Ka and V bands are not available in most of the places. As a result, the Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) can be used to convert real-time rain rate data into real-time rain attenuation data at any required frequency. This research analyses data collected at IIUM's Kuala Lumpur campus over one-year period using one-minute integration time. Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) is used to estimate rain attenuation for Ku, Ka, and V-bands based on one-year recorded rain rate data. Time diversity gains are assessed and compared to available measured gain at Ku-band and that predicted by Matricciani's model using anticipated rain attenuation time series.
2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2021
Frequency spectrum for satellite communication systems is moving towards Ka- and V-bands, the per... more Frequency spectrum for satellite communication systems is moving towards Ka- and V-bands, the performance of which is severely degraded by rain attenuation, especially in tropical regions. ITU-R 618-13 and few other researchers proposed a complete method to predict rain attenuation at any desired frequency. All prediction models require rain rate at 0.01% of time occurrence measured by rain gauge with 1-min integration time. Few measurements of rain attenuation in Malaysia reported that ITU-R 618-13 model underestimated the measurement at Ku-band. However, ITU-R recommends that rain intensity must be measured with one-minute integration time or less in order to predict rain effects on microwave propagation. All Recommendations and prediction methods are reported and presented based on rain rate measured with 1-minute integration time. This paper presents the statistical distributions of rain rate measured in Malaysia with 10-sec, 20-sec, 30-sec, 1-min and 2-min integration times. ITU-R P.618-13 prediction method is used to estimate earth-to-satellite link’s rain attenuation using measured rain rate with 10-sec, 20-sec, 30-sec, 1-min and 2-min integration times and compared with measurements.
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