<p><i>Beggiatoa</i> live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide ... more <p><i>Beggiatoa</i> live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide presence and oxygenated water <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035975#pone.0035975-Jrgensen1" target="_blank">[51]</a>. <i>O. mucofloris</i> must therefore be in contact with toxic sulphide concentrations. <b>Photographer:</b> Helena Wiklund, Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Sweden.</p
<i>Key to Godzillius</i> 1. Mx1 segment 4 without digitiform endite..................... more <i>Key to Godzillius</i> 1. Mx1 segment 4 without digitiform endite........................................... <i>Godzilliognomus</i> Yager, 1989 – Mx1 segment 4 with digitiform endite..............................................................................................2 2. Mx1 endite segment 4 with ten conical denticulae.................................. <i>Godzillius louriei</i> sp. nov. – Mx1 endite segment 4 with six to eight conical denticulae..............................................................3 3. Left md lacinia mobilis with five denticulae............................................................................................................................................................ <i>Godzillius fuchsi</i> Gonzalez, Singpiel &amp; Schlagner, 2013 – Left md lacinia mobilis with six denticulae... <i>Godzillius robustus</i> Schram, Yager &amp; Emerson, 1986
Fig. 9. Morphological comparison of maxilla 1 (mx1) and maxilla 2 (mx2) between Godzillius lourie... more Fig. 9. Morphological comparison of maxilla 1 (mx1) and maxilla 2 (mx2) between Godzillius louriei sp. nov. (NHMD 669698) (A–D, M–O), G. robustus Schram, Yager & Emerson, 1986 (UNSM 1524349) (E–H, P–R) and G. fuchsi Gonzalez, Singpiel & Schlagner, 2013 (NHMD 165841) (I–L, S–U), scanning electron microscopy. A. Left mx1, posterior face. B. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. C. Spatulate endite of segment 2. D. Endite of segment 1. E. Left mx1, posterior face. F. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. G. Spatulate endite of segment 2. H. Endite of segment 1. I. Right mx1, posterior face (mirrored). J. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. K. Spatulate endite of segment 2. L. Endite of segment 1. M. Left mx2, posterior face. N. Apical view of terminal claw. O. Posterior view of terminal claw. P. Left mx2, posterior face. Q. Apical view of terminal claw. R. Posterior view of terminal claw. S. Left mx2, posterior face. T. Apical view of terminal claw. U. P...
Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood analyses and Bayesian Inference of concatenated gene data (16S rRNA a... more Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood analyses and Bayesian Inference of concatenated gene data (16S rRNA and H3) for Godzilliidae. Bootstrap support values and posterior probabilities provided above branches (ML/BI). Any bootstrap value or posterior probability at 100 or 1.0, respectively, is indicated with an asterisk (*). For the concatenated gene analyses, different individuals identified (not this study) as the same species were concatenated together using GenBank sequence data: KC989961 + KC989998, KC989983+ KC989999 and KC989962 + KC990013. Photos of species of Godzilliidae by Jørgen Olesen. All except Godzillius louriei sp. nov. are of live specimens. Photos are not to the same scale.
Figure S9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord ... more Figure S9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord using a parsimony model with characters treated as unordered and Brachiopoda as outgroup in MESQUITE v. 3.10. The character state is color coded and shown on the respective branch. (TIF 28020 kb)
Figure S8. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord ... more Figure S8. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord using a parsimony model with characters treated as unordered and Phoronida as outgroup in MESQUITE v. 3.10. The character state is color coded and shown on the respective branch. (TIF 27990 kb)
Greg W. Rouse,1,* Nerida G. Wilson,1,2 Katrine Worsaae,3 and Robert C. Vrijenhoek4 1Scripps Insti... more Greg W. Rouse,1,* Nerida G. Wilson,1,2 Katrine Worsaae,3 and Robert C. Vrijenhoek4 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA 2Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia 3Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark 4Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
Great diversity is found in morphology and functionality of arthropod appendages, both along the ... more Great diversity is found in morphology and functionality of arthropod appendages, both along the body axis of individual animals and between different life‐cycle stages. Despite many branchiopod crustaceans being well known for displaying a relatively simple arrangement of many serially post‐maxillary appendages (trunk limbs), this taxon also shows an often unappreciated large variation in appendage morphology. Diplostracan branchiopods exhibit generally a division of labor into locomotory antennae and feeding/filtratory post‐maxillary appendages (trunk limbs). We here study the functionality and morphology of the swimming antennae and feeding appendages in clam shrimps and cladocerans and analyze the findings in an evolutionary context (e.g., possible progenetic origin of Cladocera). We focus on Cyclestheria hislopi (Cyclestherida), sister species to Cladocera and exhibiting many “large” branchiopod characters (e.g., many serially similar appendages), and Sida crystallina (Cladocera, Ctenopoda), which likely exhibits plesiomorphic cladoceran traits (e.g., six pairs of serially similar appendages). We combine (semi‐)high‐speed recordings of behavior with confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses of musculature to infer functionality and homologies of locomotory and filtratory appendages in the two groups. Our morphological study shows that the musculature in all trunk limbs (irrespective of limb size) of both C. hislopi and S. crystallina comprises overall similar muscle groups in largely corresponding arrangements. Some differences between C. hislopi and S. crystallina, such as fewer trunk limbs and antennal segments in the latter, may reflect a progenetic origin of Cladocera. Other differences seem related to the appearance of a specialized type of swimming and feeding in Cladocera, where the anterior locomotory system (antennae) and the posterior feeding system (trunk limbs) have become fully separated functionally from each other. This separation is likely one explanation for the omnipresence of cladocerans, which have conquered both freshwater and marine free water masses and a number of other habitats.
Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 2015
Psammodrilus curinigallettii n. sp., the first Mediterranean endemic psammodrilid, is here descri... more Psammodrilus curinigallettii n. sp., the first Mediterranean endemic psammodrilid, is here described combining light, scanning electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The new species is characterized by the presence of autapomorphic segmental diamond glands and a unique combination of the following features: small size, simple pharyngeal apparatus, head entirely ciliated with no distinct collar region, presence of no more than three uncini in each abdominal parapodium. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies of the F-actin stained musculature revealed (i) a dense grid of longitudinal muscles surrounded by regularly arranged circular muscles along the entire trunk, (ii) oblique muscles inserting at the uncini in the abdomen, (iii) muscularized thoracic cirri, and (iv) a limited pharyngeal muscular diaphragm in the posterior peristomium. Immunoreactivity against tubulin revealed two pairs of fully ciliated nephridia opening in segments 7 and 8. The lack of a well-defined collar region, small size, and low number of chaetae resembles traits found in juvenile forms of larger congeners, indicating a progenetic origin of P. curinigallettii n. sp. from larger ancestors.
Background The microscopic worm group Lobatocerebridae has been regarded a ‘problematicum’, with ... more Background The microscopic worm group Lobatocerebridae has been regarded a ‘problematicum’, with the systematic relationship being highly debated until a recent phylogenomic study placed them within annelids (Curr Biol 25: 2000-2006, 2015). To date, a morphological comparison with other spiralian taxa lacks detailed information on the nervous and muscular system, which is here presented for Lobatocerebrum riegeri n. sp. based on immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, supported by TEM and live observations. Results The musculature is organized as a grid of longitudinal muscles and transverse muscular ring complexes in the trunk. The rostrum is supplied by longitudinal muscles and only a few transverse muscles. The intraepidermal central nervous system consists of a big, multi-lobed brain, nine major nerve bundles extending anteriorly into the rostrum and two lateral and one median cord extending posteriorly to the anus, connected by five commissures. The glandul...
<p><i>Beggiatoa</i> live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide ... more <p><i>Beggiatoa</i> live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide presence and oxygenated water <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035975#pone.0035975-Jrgensen1" target="_blank">[51]</a>. <i>O. mucofloris</i> must therefore be in contact with toxic sulphide concentrations. <b>Photographer:</b> Helena Wiklund, Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Sweden.</p
<i>Key to Godzillius</i> 1. Mx1 segment 4 without digitiform endite..................... more <i>Key to Godzillius</i> 1. Mx1 segment 4 without digitiform endite........................................... <i>Godzilliognomus</i> Yager, 1989 – Mx1 segment 4 with digitiform endite..............................................................................................2 2. Mx1 endite segment 4 with ten conical denticulae.................................. <i>Godzillius louriei</i> sp. nov. – Mx1 endite segment 4 with six to eight conical denticulae..............................................................3 3. Left md lacinia mobilis with five denticulae............................................................................................................................................................ <i>Godzillius fuchsi</i> Gonzalez, Singpiel &amp; Schlagner, 2013 – Left md lacinia mobilis with six denticulae... <i>Godzillius robustus</i> Schram, Yager &amp; Emerson, 1986
Fig. 9. Morphological comparison of maxilla 1 (mx1) and maxilla 2 (mx2) between Godzillius lourie... more Fig. 9. Morphological comparison of maxilla 1 (mx1) and maxilla 2 (mx2) between Godzillius louriei sp. nov. (NHMD 669698) (A–D, M–O), G. robustus Schram, Yager & Emerson, 1986 (UNSM 1524349) (E–H, P–R) and G. fuchsi Gonzalez, Singpiel & Schlagner, 2013 (NHMD 165841) (I–L, S–U), scanning electron microscopy. A. Left mx1, posterior face. B. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. C. Spatulate endite of segment 2. D. Endite of segment 1. E. Left mx1, posterior face. F. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. G. Spatulate endite of segment 2. H. Endite of segment 1. I. Right mx1, posterior face (mirrored). J. Digitiform endite on segment 4, posterior view. K. Spatulate endite of segment 2. L. Endite of segment 1. M. Left mx2, posterior face. N. Apical view of terminal claw. O. Posterior view of terminal claw. P. Left mx2, posterior face. Q. Apical view of terminal claw. R. Posterior view of terminal claw. S. Left mx2, posterior face. T. Apical view of terminal claw. U. P...
Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood analyses and Bayesian Inference of concatenated gene data (16S rRNA a... more Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood analyses and Bayesian Inference of concatenated gene data (16S rRNA and H3) for Godzilliidae. Bootstrap support values and posterior probabilities provided above branches (ML/BI). Any bootstrap value or posterior probability at 100 or 1.0, respectively, is indicated with an asterisk (*). For the concatenated gene analyses, different individuals identified (not this study) as the same species were concatenated together using GenBank sequence data: KC989961 + KC989998, KC989983+ KC989999 and KC989962 + KC990013. Photos of species of Godzilliidae by Jørgen Olesen. All except Godzillius louriei sp. nov. are of live specimens. Photos are not to the same scale.
Figure S9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord ... more Figure S9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord using a parsimony model with characters treated as unordered and Brachiopoda as outgroup in MESQUITE v. 3.10. The character state is color coded and shown on the respective branch. (TIF 28020 kb)
Figure S8. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord ... more Figure S8. Ancestral state reconstructions for the separate characters of the ventral nerve cord using a parsimony model with characters treated as unordered and Phoronida as outgroup in MESQUITE v. 3.10. The character state is color coded and shown on the respective branch. (TIF 27990 kb)
Greg W. Rouse,1,* Nerida G. Wilson,1,2 Katrine Worsaae,3 and Robert C. Vrijenhoek4 1Scripps Insti... more Greg W. Rouse,1,* Nerida G. Wilson,1,2 Katrine Worsaae,3 and Robert C. Vrijenhoek4 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA 2Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia 3Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark 4Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
Great diversity is found in morphology and functionality of arthropod appendages, both along the ... more Great diversity is found in morphology and functionality of arthropod appendages, both along the body axis of individual animals and between different life‐cycle stages. Despite many branchiopod crustaceans being well known for displaying a relatively simple arrangement of many serially post‐maxillary appendages (trunk limbs), this taxon also shows an often unappreciated large variation in appendage morphology. Diplostracan branchiopods exhibit generally a division of labor into locomotory antennae and feeding/filtratory post‐maxillary appendages (trunk limbs). We here study the functionality and morphology of the swimming antennae and feeding appendages in clam shrimps and cladocerans and analyze the findings in an evolutionary context (e.g., possible progenetic origin of Cladocera). We focus on Cyclestheria hislopi (Cyclestherida), sister species to Cladocera and exhibiting many “large” branchiopod characters (e.g., many serially similar appendages), and Sida crystallina (Cladocera, Ctenopoda), which likely exhibits plesiomorphic cladoceran traits (e.g., six pairs of serially similar appendages). We combine (semi‐)high‐speed recordings of behavior with confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses of musculature to infer functionality and homologies of locomotory and filtratory appendages in the two groups. Our morphological study shows that the musculature in all trunk limbs (irrespective of limb size) of both C. hislopi and S. crystallina comprises overall similar muscle groups in largely corresponding arrangements. Some differences between C. hislopi and S. crystallina, such as fewer trunk limbs and antennal segments in the latter, may reflect a progenetic origin of Cladocera. Other differences seem related to the appearance of a specialized type of swimming and feeding in Cladocera, where the anterior locomotory system (antennae) and the posterior feeding system (trunk limbs) have become fully separated functionally from each other. This separation is likely one explanation for the omnipresence of cladocerans, which have conquered both freshwater and marine free water masses and a number of other habitats.
Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 2015
Psammodrilus curinigallettii n. sp., the first Mediterranean endemic psammodrilid, is here descri... more Psammodrilus curinigallettii n. sp., the first Mediterranean endemic psammodrilid, is here described combining light, scanning electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The new species is characterized by the presence of autapomorphic segmental diamond glands and a unique combination of the following features: small size, simple pharyngeal apparatus, head entirely ciliated with no distinct collar region, presence of no more than three uncini in each abdominal parapodium. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies of the F-actin stained musculature revealed (i) a dense grid of longitudinal muscles surrounded by regularly arranged circular muscles along the entire trunk, (ii) oblique muscles inserting at the uncini in the abdomen, (iii) muscularized thoracic cirri, and (iv) a limited pharyngeal muscular diaphragm in the posterior peristomium. Immunoreactivity against tubulin revealed two pairs of fully ciliated nephridia opening in segments 7 and 8. The lack of a well-defined collar region, small size, and low number of chaetae resembles traits found in juvenile forms of larger congeners, indicating a progenetic origin of P. curinigallettii n. sp. from larger ancestors.
Background The microscopic worm group Lobatocerebridae has been regarded a ‘problematicum’, with ... more Background The microscopic worm group Lobatocerebridae has been regarded a ‘problematicum’, with the systematic relationship being highly debated until a recent phylogenomic study placed them within annelids (Curr Biol 25: 2000-2006, 2015). To date, a morphological comparison with other spiralian taxa lacks detailed information on the nervous and muscular system, which is here presented for Lobatocerebrum riegeri n. sp. based on immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, supported by TEM and live observations. Results The musculature is organized as a grid of longitudinal muscles and transverse muscular ring complexes in the trunk. The rostrum is supplied by longitudinal muscles and only a few transverse muscles. The intraepidermal central nervous system consists of a big, multi-lobed brain, nine major nerve bundles extending anteriorly into the rostrum and two lateral and one median cord extending posteriorly to the anus, connected by five commissures. The glandul...
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