Biostimulants are innovative organic tools, which promote the growth, plant development, producti... more Biostimulants are innovative organic tools, which promote the growth, plant development, production, and quality of various crops without harming the environment; however, the effects of biostimulants on the production of tomato needed to be explored further under open field conditions. Based on this view, this study’s objective was to assess the impact of Kendal Root, a biostimulant-containing seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, and plant extracts on the phytomorpho-physiological, yield, and quality of tomato. Three doses of Kendal Root (2.5, 5.0, and 10 L ha−1) were given as soil drenching, and the results were compared with control. Generally, the Kendal Root treatments positively improved the growth, physiological, yield, and quality attributes of tomato. However, among the three different concentrations, Kendal Root 5.0 L ha−1 significantly improved the plant growth and physiological aspects of tomato, such as plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, SPAD value, and gas ex...
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
Maize is a third important cereal crop which has been heavily infested with the invasive pest Spo... more Maize is a third important cereal crop which has been heavily infested with the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. An alternate biological mode of control is necessary instead of seeking inorganic chemical control. Plant endophytes could be of great option for controlling plant pathogens and pest. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from maize (COH6) leaf apoplastic fluid. This bacterium was found to have plant growth promoting traits like indole acetic acid, siderophore, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide production. In addition, it was found to produce hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, pectinase, chitinase, and lipase which imply its bioprotective potential. Further foliar spray of B. amyloliquefaciens with cell concentration of 108 CFU ml-1 on 4 days old maize seed germination @ 5 ml per plant showed greater colonization percentage (8.30×108 CFU g-1 fresh leaf) over other doses (1, 2, 3 & 4 ml plant-1). The high...
The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of w... more The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pools under varying degrees of lability {a) NLC (non-labile carbon) b) VLC (very labile carbon) c) LC (labile carbon) d) LLC (less labile carbon)}. Results portray that the carbon pools were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FOR than in TEA and CRP. The contribution of active pools {(very labile carbon (VLC) and labile carbon (LC)} towards TOC was higher in TEA and CRP, whereas in FOR, the passive pool {(less labile carbon (LLC) and non-labile carbon (NLC)} was higher. TOC (0-45 cm) was concentrated on the surface soils of FOR (32.88 g kg-1), CRP (11.87 g kg-1) and TEA (18.84 g kg-1) and it gradually declined w...
Maize, the third important cereal crop, is severely affected by Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyw... more Maize, the third important cereal crop, is severely affected by Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonized crops are shown to tolerate insect infestation because of systemic priming of defence against insect attack. The present study aimed to examine the effect of various doses of AMF (Glomus intraradices) inoculation on triggering tolerance against S. frugiperda infestation in maize. The total phenolics and the chlorophyll content of insect uninfested leaves obtained from AMF applied and insect attacked treatments were higher over AMF uninoculated plants upon insect attack. However, a greater concentration of phenolics and chlorophyll was observed in plants treated with maximum spore inoculum of 5 per seed. Similarly, plant biomass was also greater in the same treatment even after S. frugiperda infestation. These observations indicate the importance of AMF in sustaining maize growth and health during S. frugiperda attack.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known symbiotic microorganism found to improve the gro... more Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known symbiotic microorganism found to improve the growth of host plant by mobilizing immobile nutrients, mainly phosphorus, from the soil. However, the effect of AM fungi on host plant growth depends on the percentage mycorrhizal colonization, whereas it is not clear that the percent mycorrhization impacts by AM fungal spore abundance of the inoculum. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to know the effect of percent mycorrhization of Glomus intraradices on the growth of blackgram inoculated with varied numbers of AM fungal spores via seed biotization (1 to 10 AM fungal spores per seed). Percent mycorrhizal colonization and plant growth characteristics of blackgram were recorded after 10, 20 and 30 days of sowing (DOS). Our results are revealed that the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization significantly influenced based on the availability of AM fungal spore richness of the biotized seeds, which leads to altered crop growth...
Wide use of fertilizers and chemicals for food grain production to feed the world population with... more Wide use of fertilizers and chemicals for food grain production to feed the world population with increasing demand leads to environmental pollution. Alternatively, the use of biological sources such as beneficial microbes to improve crop production as a component of sustainable agriculture production and environmentally friendly. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are well-known soil microbe forms a symbiotic association with land plants including agricultural important crops. This beneficial AM fungi improving plant growth, and it also fount to improve resistance capacity of plants against diverse stresses, including herbivorous insect damage through altering the morphological and biochemical traits. In response to herbivore stress, AMF augments plant defense in both constitutive and inducible manner leads to reduce insect damage. AMF induced or primed plant defense mechanisms against herbivorous insect damage have so far underestimated. Therefore, we discuss here an overview of research findings related to AMF induced or priming of immune response in plants against herbivore-induced stress. Acquired mechanisms of plant associated with AMF to protect themselves from pests by altering nutrient availability and physiology. AMF-mediated response of plants to herbivore varied with host plants, AMF species, and degree of colonization, type of pest, and crop management system. With these contexts AMF is could be a good bioprotective agent against pest apart from improving plant growth and this is an integral part of the integrated pest management system for sustainable agriculture production.
In plant microbes play an indispensable role for their growth and immunity. Microbes are capable ... more In plant microbes play an indispensable role for their growth and immunity. Microbes are capable of colonizing the plant rhizosphere, phyllosphere and internal part of the plant (endophytes). Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) like bacteria, fungi and archaea improve the plant growth through nutritional (nutrient solubilisation, phytohormones production) and non-nutritional (induce defence) mode. Archaea are an important group of microbes which have distinct character and disseminated not only in an extreme environment, they have a broad range of habitat. Plant growth-promoting archaea (PGPA) play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycle and making accessible of important nutrients like C, N, S and P to the plants through fixation, solubilisation. It also helps in plant growth by phytohormones and siderophore production. Archaea elicit a defence response of the plant against both biotic and abiotic stress through inducing systemic resistance (ISR) of the plants. Soil the substrate for plants, contains huge microbial (bacteria, fungi, archaea) population which improves the soil health through nutrient cycle. So archaea are an important group of microorganism having special attention in agricultural production. However, archaea occupy 20% of world biomass and play important role in plant growth similar to bacteria and fungi it not well studied. Understanding archaeal plant interaction is necessary for improving the plants grown in different environmental conditions. Only a few studies focused on archaeal plant interaction. This chapter briefs the immense role of archaea in plant development and soil fertility improvement.
Renewable energy for sustainable development is a subject of a worldwide debate since continuous ... more Renewable energy for sustainable development is a subject of a worldwide debate since continuous utilization of non-renewable energy sources has a drastic impact on the environment and economy; a search for alternative energy resources is indispensable. Microalgae are promising and potential alternate energy resources for biodiesel production. Thus, our efforts were focused on surveying the natural diversity of microalgae for the production of biodiesel. The present study aimed at identification, isolation, and characterization of oleaginous microalgae from shola forests of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), the biodiversity hot spot of India, where the microalgal diversity has not yet been systematically investigated. Overall the higher biomass yield, higher lipid accumulation and thermotolerance observed in the isolated microalgal strains have been found to be the desirable traits for the efficient biodiesel production. Species composition and diversity analysis yielded ten potentia...
In the current study, biodiesel properties of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from fats of... more In the current study, biodiesel properties of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from fats of four gamma-irradiated mutants (Cl801, Cl802 Cl803 & Cl804) and wild type (ClWT) of Chlorella sp. KM504965 were determined and compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European Norm (EN) and Indian standards (IS). Maximum concentration of saturated fatty acids (62.69%), monounsaturated fatty acids (36.29%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.49%) recorded in ClWT, Cl801 and Cl803 respectively. The kinematic viscosity of Cl801 (4.88 mm2s -1), Cl802 (4.90 mm2s -1), Cl803 (4.73 mm2s -1), Cl804 (4.88 mm2s -1) and ClWT (4.92 mm2s -1) fits with ASTM, EN and IS. The density of Cl801 (0.83 gcm-3), Cl802 (0.84 gcm-3), Cl803 (0.78 gcm-3), Cl804 (0.80 gcm-3) and ClWT (0.81 gcm-3) was slightly lower than the standard limits (0.86 – 0.90 gcm-3). The high heating value of Cl801 (37.62 MJKg-1), Cl802 (38.15 MJKg-1), Cl803 (34.93 MJKg-1), Cl804 (36.44 MJKg-1) and ClWT (36.99 MJKg...
Biostimulants are innovative organic tools, which promote the growth, plant development, producti... more Biostimulants are innovative organic tools, which promote the growth, plant development, production, and quality of various crops without harming the environment; however, the effects of biostimulants on the production of tomato needed to be explored further under open field conditions. Based on this view, this study’s objective was to assess the impact of Kendal Root, a biostimulant-containing seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, and plant extracts on the phytomorpho-physiological, yield, and quality of tomato. Three doses of Kendal Root (2.5, 5.0, and 10 L ha−1) were given as soil drenching, and the results were compared with control. Generally, the Kendal Root treatments positively improved the growth, physiological, yield, and quality attributes of tomato. However, among the three different concentrations, Kendal Root 5.0 L ha−1 significantly improved the plant growth and physiological aspects of tomato, such as plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, SPAD value, and gas ex...
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
Maize is a third important cereal crop which has been heavily infested with the invasive pest Spo... more Maize is a third important cereal crop which has been heavily infested with the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. An alternate biological mode of control is necessary instead of seeking inorganic chemical control. Plant endophytes could be of great option for controlling plant pathogens and pest. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from maize (COH6) leaf apoplastic fluid. This bacterium was found to have plant growth promoting traits like indole acetic acid, siderophore, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide production. In addition, it was found to produce hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, pectinase, chitinase, and lipase which imply its bioprotective potential. Further foliar spray of B. amyloliquefaciens with cell concentration of 108 CFU ml-1 on 4 days old maize seed germination @ 5 ml per plant showed greater colonization percentage (8.30×108 CFU g-1 fresh leaf) over other doses (1, 2, 3 & 4 ml plant-1). The high...
The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of w... more The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pools under varying degrees of lability {a) NLC (non-labile carbon) b) VLC (very labile carbon) c) LC (labile carbon) d) LLC (less labile carbon)}. Results portray that the carbon pools were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FOR than in TEA and CRP. The contribution of active pools {(very labile carbon (VLC) and labile carbon (LC)} towards TOC was higher in TEA and CRP, whereas in FOR, the passive pool {(less labile carbon (LLC) and non-labile carbon (NLC)} was higher. TOC (0-45 cm) was concentrated on the surface soils of FOR (32.88 g kg-1), CRP (11.87 g kg-1) and TEA (18.84 g kg-1) and it gradually declined w...
Maize, the third important cereal crop, is severely affected by Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyw... more Maize, the third important cereal crop, is severely affected by Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonized crops are shown to tolerate insect infestation because of systemic priming of defence against insect attack. The present study aimed to examine the effect of various doses of AMF (Glomus intraradices) inoculation on triggering tolerance against S. frugiperda infestation in maize. The total phenolics and the chlorophyll content of insect uninfested leaves obtained from AMF applied and insect attacked treatments were higher over AMF uninoculated plants upon insect attack. However, a greater concentration of phenolics and chlorophyll was observed in plants treated with maximum spore inoculum of 5 per seed. Similarly, plant biomass was also greater in the same treatment even after S. frugiperda infestation. These observations indicate the importance of AMF in sustaining maize growth and health during S. frugiperda attack.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known symbiotic microorganism found to improve the gro... more Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known symbiotic microorganism found to improve the growth of host plant by mobilizing immobile nutrients, mainly phosphorus, from the soil. However, the effect of AM fungi on host plant growth depends on the percentage mycorrhizal colonization, whereas it is not clear that the percent mycorrhization impacts by AM fungal spore abundance of the inoculum. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to know the effect of percent mycorrhization of Glomus intraradices on the growth of blackgram inoculated with varied numbers of AM fungal spores via seed biotization (1 to 10 AM fungal spores per seed). Percent mycorrhizal colonization and plant growth characteristics of blackgram were recorded after 10, 20 and 30 days of sowing (DOS). Our results are revealed that the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization significantly influenced based on the availability of AM fungal spore richness of the biotized seeds, which leads to altered crop growth...
Wide use of fertilizers and chemicals for food grain production to feed the world population with... more Wide use of fertilizers and chemicals for food grain production to feed the world population with increasing demand leads to environmental pollution. Alternatively, the use of biological sources such as beneficial microbes to improve crop production as a component of sustainable agriculture production and environmentally friendly. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are well-known soil microbe forms a symbiotic association with land plants including agricultural important crops. This beneficial AM fungi improving plant growth, and it also fount to improve resistance capacity of plants against diverse stresses, including herbivorous insect damage through altering the morphological and biochemical traits. In response to herbivore stress, AMF augments plant defense in both constitutive and inducible manner leads to reduce insect damage. AMF induced or primed plant defense mechanisms against herbivorous insect damage have so far underestimated. Therefore, we discuss here an overview of research findings related to AMF induced or priming of immune response in plants against herbivore-induced stress. Acquired mechanisms of plant associated with AMF to protect themselves from pests by altering nutrient availability and physiology. AMF-mediated response of plants to herbivore varied with host plants, AMF species, and degree of colonization, type of pest, and crop management system. With these contexts AMF is could be a good bioprotective agent against pest apart from improving plant growth and this is an integral part of the integrated pest management system for sustainable agriculture production.
In plant microbes play an indispensable role for their growth and immunity. Microbes are capable ... more In plant microbes play an indispensable role for their growth and immunity. Microbes are capable of colonizing the plant rhizosphere, phyllosphere and internal part of the plant (endophytes). Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) like bacteria, fungi and archaea improve the plant growth through nutritional (nutrient solubilisation, phytohormones production) and non-nutritional (induce defence) mode. Archaea are an important group of microbes which have distinct character and disseminated not only in an extreme environment, they have a broad range of habitat. Plant growth-promoting archaea (PGPA) play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycle and making accessible of important nutrients like C, N, S and P to the plants through fixation, solubilisation. It also helps in plant growth by phytohormones and siderophore production. Archaea elicit a defence response of the plant against both biotic and abiotic stress through inducing systemic resistance (ISR) of the plants. Soil the substrate for plants, contains huge microbial (bacteria, fungi, archaea) population which improves the soil health through nutrient cycle. So archaea are an important group of microorganism having special attention in agricultural production. However, archaea occupy 20% of world biomass and play important role in plant growth similar to bacteria and fungi it not well studied. Understanding archaeal plant interaction is necessary for improving the plants grown in different environmental conditions. Only a few studies focused on archaeal plant interaction. This chapter briefs the immense role of archaea in plant development and soil fertility improvement.
Renewable energy for sustainable development is a subject of a worldwide debate since continuous ... more Renewable energy for sustainable development is a subject of a worldwide debate since continuous utilization of non-renewable energy sources has a drastic impact on the environment and economy; a search for alternative energy resources is indispensable. Microalgae are promising and potential alternate energy resources for biodiesel production. Thus, our efforts were focused on surveying the natural diversity of microalgae for the production of biodiesel. The present study aimed at identification, isolation, and characterization of oleaginous microalgae from shola forests of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), the biodiversity hot spot of India, where the microalgal diversity has not yet been systematically investigated. Overall the higher biomass yield, higher lipid accumulation and thermotolerance observed in the isolated microalgal strains have been found to be the desirable traits for the efficient biodiesel production. Species composition and diversity analysis yielded ten potentia...
In the current study, biodiesel properties of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from fats of... more In the current study, biodiesel properties of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from fats of four gamma-irradiated mutants (Cl801, Cl802 Cl803 & Cl804) and wild type (ClWT) of Chlorella sp. KM504965 were determined and compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European Norm (EN) and Indian standards (IS). Maximum concentration of saturated fatty acids (62.69%), monounsaturated fatty acids (36.29%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.49%) recorded in ClWT, Cl801 and Cl803 respectively. The kinematic viscosity of Cl801 (4.88 mm2s -1), Cl802 (4.90 mm2s -1), Cl803 (4.73 mm2s -1), Cl804 (4.88 mm2s -1) and ClWT (4.92 mm2s -1) fits with ASTM, EN and IS. The density of Cl801 (0.83 gcm-3), Cl802 (0.84 gcm-3), Cl803 (0.78 gcm-3), Cl804 (0.80 gcm-3) and ClWT (0.81 gcm-3) was slightly lower than the standard limits (0.86 – 0.90 gcm-3). The high heating value of Cl801 (37.62 MJKg-1), Cl802 (38.15 MJKg-1), Cl803 (34.93 MJKg-1), Cl804 (36.44 MJKg-1) and ClWT (36.99 MJKg...
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