The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2016
A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage l... more A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum were detected on fecal examination. Treatment with milbemycin oxime resulted in resolution of signs. This is the first report of the spread of this parasite to western Newfoundland and of paradoxical vestibular syndrome in a dog infected with A. vasorum.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2015
Age and rate of acoustic stimulation affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses... more Age and rate of acoustic stimulation affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in humans. Those effects are unknown in foals. Our goals were to (1) establish reference values for BAER in foals by using 3 different stimulation protocols, (2) evaluate the effects of age and stimulation frequencies on BAER tracing in foals up to 6 months old, and (3) compare the data with BAER obtained from foals with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Thirty-nine neurologically normal foals and 16 foals with neurologic diseases. Prospective observational clinical study. BAER recorded by using 3 protocols of stimulation (11.33 repetitions per second [Hz]/70 decibel normal hearing level [dBNHL]; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL). No effect of age was observed in normal foals (P > .005). No significant difference was observed for latencies and interpeak latencies (IPL) when comparing foals with neurologic diseases and normal foals (P > .05), but 78.6% of foals with n...
Five dogs euthanatized because of refractory seizures were found to have hematopoietic elements i... more Five dogs euthanatized because of refractory seizures were found to have hematopoietic elements in the interstitium of the choroid plexus at the level of the fourth ventricle. None of the dogs had significant hematologic or cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. The extramedullary hematopoiesis was confined to the central nervous system and consisted of megakaryocytes, immature granulocytes, and rubricytes in two dogs and of one predominant cell population in each of the other three dogs. These findings are unique, and factors possibly contributing to the formation of a hematopoietic inductive microenvironment in the choroid plexus are cytokine-neurokine homologies, locally altered vascular supply, and aberrant functioning of bone marrow-derived central nervous system macrophages.
Background: Otitis media is difficult to diagnose antemortem. Case reports have described compute... more Background: Otitis media is difficult to diagnose antemortem. Case reports have described computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis, but not all cases were confirmed.Hypothesis: CT is a sensitive and specific imaging modality of the tympanic bullae and can be used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of otitis media.Animals: Sixteen Holstein calves 5–7 weeks of age were included.Methods: Prospective study. All calves were sedated with IV xylazine (0.05–0.15 mg/kg) for routine radiography (3 views) and CT of the tympanic bullae followed by necropsy.Results: Based upon necropsy findings, 10 of 16 calves were affected with otitis media, 4 unilaterally and 6 bilaterally. Imaging changes associated with otitis media included increased soft tissue opacity within the bulla, thickening of the bulla wall, enlarged bulla, and osteolysis of the bulla wall and trabeculations. The most frequent radiographic changes were lysis of trabeculations and increased soft tissue opacity, which were pres...
Eight dogs, 14 weeks to 5.5 years of age, had signs of diffuse or multifocal meningoencephalomyel... more Eight dogs, 14 weeks to 5.5 years of age, had signs of diffuse or multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis. The total white cell counts of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ranged from 11 to 5,550 cells/μl; the percentage of eosinophils ranged from 21% to 98%. The total CSF protein content range was 19 to 1,430 mg/dl. On necropsy, two dogs had granulomatous encephalomyelitis due to protozoan infection. The other six dogs, of which three were Golden Retriever dogs, appeared to have an idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; four of these dogs recovered. The significance of eosinophils in CSF and the possible emergence of a new encephalitic syndrome of dogs involving a hypersensitivity to an unknown agent is also discussed.
Inflammatory neurologic diseases are common in dogs, but establishing a definitive diagnosis ofte... more Inflammatory neurologic diseases are common in dogs, but establishing a definitive diagnosis often is difficult. Nucleated cell number and type in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rarely are suggestive of an etiologic agent. We speculated that CSF leukocyte immunophenotyping would be a useful adjunct in the investigation of canine inflammatory neurologic diseases by yielding more specific etiologic information. The goals of this study were to establish the feasibility of flow cytometric evaluation of individual canine CSF samples and to identify the cell distribution in healthy dogs. The mononuclear cell populations of paired blood and CSF samples from 23 healthy dogs were characterized by labeling of cells with antibodies against CD4, CD8α, CD21, and CD14 molecules and by flow cytometric analysis of their expression. The mean proportion of CD4+ and CD21+ cells was significantly higher in blood than in the CSF (P < .002 and P < .001, respectively). In contrast, the mean proportion of...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2011
Objective—To establish the incidence of and risk factors for seizures following myelography perfo... more Objective—To establish the incidence of and risk factors for seizures following myelography performed with iohexol in dogs. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—503 dogs. Procedures—Medical records were searched for dogs that underwent myelography between April 2002 and December 2004. Data extracted included body weight, breed, age, sex, volume and dose of iohexol, site of injections, location of lesion, duration of anesthesia, surgical procedures immediately after myelography, use of acepromazine, and presence or absence of seizures. Results—15 (3%) dogs had postmyelographic seizures. Risk factors significantly associated with seizures were size of dogs (large dogs were 35.35 times as likely to have seizures as were small dogs), location of contrast medium injection (dogs in which iohexol was injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern were 7.4 times as likely to have seizures as were dogs in which iohexol was injected into the lumbar cistern), location of lesion (dogs with l...
Objective—To compare electroencephalography (EEG) artifact associated with use of the subdermal w... more Objective—To compare electroencephalography (EEG) artifact associated with use of the subdermal wire electrode (SWE), gold cup electrode (GCE), and subdermal needle electrode (SNE) over an 8-hour period in sedated and awake dogs. Animals—6 healthy dogs. Procedures—8 EEG channels were recorded during 20-minute video-EEG recording sessions (intermittently at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours) with and without chlorpromazine sedation. Nonphysiologic artifacts were identified. Duration of artifact was summed for each channel. Number of unaffected channels (NUC) was determined. Results—NUC was significantly affected by electrode type and sedation over time; median for SWE (2.80 channels; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 5.70 channels) was significantly different from medians for GCE (7.87 channels; 95% CI, 7.44 to 7.94 channels) and SNE (7.60 channels; 95% CI, 6.61 to 7.89 channels). After 4 hours, NUC decreased in awake dogs, regardless of electrode type. In awake dogs, duration of artifac...
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 2012
One spayed female Labrador retriever and two castrated male golden retrievers were evaluated for ... more One spayed female Labrador retriever and two castrated male golden retrievers were evaluated for chronic (i.e., ranging from 3 wk to 24 wk) neurologic signs localizable to the prosencephalon. Signs included seizures, circling, and behavior changes. MRI demonstrated extra-axial, contrast-enhancing, multiloculated, fluid-filled, cyst-like lesions with a mass effect, causing compression and displacement of brain parenchyma. Differential diagnoses included cystic neoplasm, abscess or other infectious cyst (e.g., alveolar hydatid cyst), or fluid-filled anomaly (e.g., arachnoid cyst). The cyst-like lesions were attached to the rostral falx cerebri in all cases. In addition, case 2 had a second polycystic mass at the caudal diencephalon. Surgical biopsy (case 3 with a single, rostral tumor via transfrontal craniectomy) and postmortem histology (in cases 1 and 2) confirmed polycystic meningiomas. Tumor types were transitional (cases 1 and 3) and fibrous (case 2), with positive immunohistoch...
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2016
A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage l... more A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage larvae ofwere detected on fecal examination. Treatment with milbemycin oxime resulted in resolution of signs. This is the first report of the spread of this parasite to western Newfoundland and of paradoxical vestibular syndrome in a dog infected with
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2017
In this article, the neurologic examination of ruminants is reviewed. The proposed approach is si... more In this article, the neurologic examination of ruminants is reviewed. The proposed approach is simple, although thorough and methodical. The bovine veterinary practitioner should be able to efficiently assess the nervous system to rule out a primary neurologic disorder. Simple observations and procedures are suggested to allow evaluation of the nervous system. The appropriate method and interpretation are reviewed as well as the danger of misinterpretation.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2012
Fly biting describes a syndrome in which dogs appear to be watching something and then snapping a... more Fly biting describes a syndrome in which dogs appear to be watching something and then snapping at it. Medical work-up of fly biting in dogs has never been reported. The aims of this case series were to characterize fly biting and perform a complete medical evaluation of dogs displaying fly biting.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2012
Epidemiological data, clinical findings, laboratory data, medical imaging, and outcomes were revi... more Epidemiological data, clinical findings, laboratory data, medical imaging, and outcomes were reviewed in 29 dairy calves with otitis media/interna. Age at admission ranged from 1 to 24 wk. The majority of calves were referred during winter. Clinical signs included drooping ear, ptosis, head tilt, abnormal nystagmus, strabismus, dysphagia, regurgitation, stiff neck, opisthotonos, facial hyperesthesia, and purulent aural discharge. Intranasal endoscopic examination of 5 animals revealed nasopharyngeal collapse in 4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was abnormal in all of 7 cases. Mycoplasma bovis was cultured from all but 1 case with external ear or tympanic bullae samples (n = 12), and Mycoplasma arginini was cultured from the remaining ear sample. Radiographs of the tympanic bullae were performed in 24 calves, tomodensitometry (CT) in 3 calves and ultrasound in 4 calves. According to medical imaging techniques or necropsy, 69% of the cases were classified as chronic. Mean duration of treat...
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2016
A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage l... more A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum were detected on fecal examination. Treatment with milbemycin oxime resulted in resolution of signs. This is the first report of the spread of this parasite to western Newfoundland and of paradoxical vestibular syndrome in a dog infected with A. vasorum.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2015
Age and rate of acoustic stimulation affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses... more Age and rate of acoustic stimulation affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in humans. Those effects are unknown in foals. Our goals were to (1) establish reference values for BAER in foals by using 3 different stimulation protocols, (2) evaluate the effects of age and stimulation frequencies on BAER tracing in foals up to 6 months old, and (3) compare the data with BAER obtained from foals with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Thirty-nine neurologically normal foals and 16 foals with neurologic diseases. Prospective observational clinical study. BAER recorded by using 3 protocols of stimulation (11.33 repetitions per second [Hz]/70 decibel normal hearing level [dBNHL]; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL). No effect of age was observed in normal foals (P > .005). No significant difference was observed for latencies and interpeak latencies (IPL) when comparing foals with neurologic diseases and normal foals (P > .05), but 78.6% of foals with n...
Five dogs euthanatized because of refractory seizures were found to have hematopoietic elements i... more Five dogs euthanatized because of refractory seizures were found to have hematopoietic elements in the interstitium of the choroid plexus at the level of the fourth ventricle. None of the dogs had significant hematologic or cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. The extramedullary hematopoiesis was confined to the central nervous system and consisted of megakaryocytes, immature granulocytes, and rubricytes in two dogs and of one predominant cell population in each of the other three dogs. These findings are unique, and factors possibly contributing to the formation of a hematopoietic inductive microenvironment in the choroid plexus are cytokine-neurokine homologies, locally altered vascular supply, and aberrant functioning of bone marrow-derived central nervous system macrophages.
Background: Otitis media is difficult to diagnose antemortem. Case reports have described compute... more Background: Otitis media is difficult to diagnose antemortem. Case reports have described computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis, but not all cases were confirmed.Hypothesis: CT is a sensitive and specific imaging modality of the tympanic bullae and can be used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of otitis media.Animals: Sixteen Holstein calves 5–7 weeks of age were included.Methods: Prospective study. All calves were sedated with IV xylazine (0.05–0.15 mg/kg) for routine radiography (3 views) and CT of the tympanic bullae followed by necropsy.Results: Based upon necropsy findings, 10 of 16 calves were affected with otitis media, 4 unilaterally and 6 bilaterally. Imaging changes associated with otitis media included increased soft tissue opacity within the bulla, thickening of the bulla wall, enlarged bulla, and osteolysis of the bulla wall and trabeculations. The most frequent radiographic changes were lysis of trabeculations and increased soft tissue opacity, which were pres...
Eight dogs, 14 weeks to 5.5 years of age, had signs of diffuse or multifocal meningoencephalomyel... more Eight dogs, 14 weeks to 5.5 years of age, had signs of diffuse or multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis. The total white cell counts of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ranged from 11 to 5,550 cells/μl; the percentage of eosinophils ranged from 21% to 98%. The total CSF protein content range was 19 to 1,430 mg/dl. On necropsy, two dogs had granulomatous encephalomyelitis due to protozoan infection. The other six dogs, of which three were Golden Retriever dogs, appeared to have an idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; four of these dogs recovered. The significance of eosinophils in CSF and the possible emergence of a new encephalitic syndrome of dogs involving a hypersensitivity to an unknown agent is also discussed.
Inflammatory neurologic diseases are common in dogs, but establishing a definitive diagnosis ofte... more Inflammatory neurologic diseases are common in dogs, but establishing a definitive diagnosis often is difficult. Nucleated cell number and type in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rarely are suggestive of an etiologic agent. We speculated that CSF leukocyte immunophenotyping would be a useful adjunct in the investigation of canine inflammatory neurologic diseases by yielding more specific etiologic information. The goals of this study were to establish the feasibility of flow cytometric evaluation of individual canine CSF samples and to identify the cell distribution in healthy dogs. The mononuclear cell populations of paired blood and CSF samples from 23 healthy dogs were characterized by labeling of cells with antibodies against CD4, CD8α, CD21, and CD14 molecules and by flow cytometric analysis of their expression. The mean proportion of CD4+ and CD21+ cells was significantly higher in blood than in the CSF (P < .002 and P < .001, respectively). In contrast, the mean proportion of...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2011
Objective—To establish the incidence of and risk factors for seizures following myelography perfo... more Objective—To establish the incidence of and risk factors for seizures following myelography performed with iohexol in dogs. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—503 dogs. Procedures—Medical records were searched for dogs that underwent myelography between April 2002 and December 2004. Data extracted included body weight, breed, age, sex, volume and dose of iohexol, site of injections, location of lesion, duration of anesthesia, surgical procedures immediately after myelography, use of acepromazine, and presence or absence of seizures. Results—15 (3%) dogs had postmyelographic seizures. Risk factors significantly associated with seizures were size of dogs (large dogs were 35.35 times as likely to have seizures as were small dogs), location of contrast medium injection (dogs in which iohexol was injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern were 7.4 times as likely to have seizures as were dogs in which iohexol was injected into the lumbar cistern), location of lesion (dogs with l...
Objective—To compare electroencephalography (EEG) artifact associated with use of the subdermal w... more Objective—To compare electroencephalography (EEG) artifact associated with use of the subdermal wire electrode (SWE), gold cup electrode (GCE), and subdermal needle electrode (SNE) over an 8-hour period in sedated and awake dogs. Animals—6 healthy dogs. Procedures—8 EEG channels were recorded during 20-minute video-EEG recording sessions (intermittently at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours) with and without chlorpromazine sedation. Nonphysiologic artifacts were identified. Duration of artifact was summed for each channel. Number of unaffected channels (NUC) was determined. Results—NUC was significantly affected by electrode type and sedation over time; median for SWE (2.80 channels; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 5.70 channels) was significantly different from medians for GCE (7.87 channels; 95% CI, 7.44 to 7.94 channels) and SNE (7.60 channels; 95% CI, 6.61 to 7.89 channels). After 4 hours, NUC decreased in awake dogs, regardless of electrode type. In awake dogs, duration of artifac...
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 2012
One spayed female Labrador retriever and two castrated male golden retrievers were evaluated for ... more One spayed female Labrador retriever and two castrated male golden retrievers were evaluated for chronic (i.e., ranging from 3 wk to 24 wk) neurologic signs localizable to the prosencephalon. Signs included seizures, circling, and behavior changes. MRI demonstrated extra-axial, contrast-enhancing, multiloculated, fluid-filled, cyst-like lesions with a mass effect, causing compression and displacement of brain parenchyma. Differential diagnoses included cystic neoplasm, abscess or other infectious cyst (e.g., alveolar hydatid cyst), or fluid-filled anomaly (e.g., arachnoid cyst). The cyst-like lesions were attached to the rostral falx cerebri in all cases. In addition, case 2 had a second polycystic mass at the caudal diencephalon. Surgical biopsy (case 3 with a single, rostral tumor via transfrontal craniectomy) and postmortem histology (in cases 1 and 2) confirmed polycystic meningiomas. Tumor types were transitional (cases 1 and 3) and fibrous (case 2), with positive immunohistoch...
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2016
A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage l... more A dog from western Newfoundland was presented with paradoxical vestibular syndrome. First-stage larvae ofwere detected on fecal examination. Treatment with milbemycin oxime resulted in resolution of signs. This is the first report of the spread of this parasite to western Newfoundland and of paradoxical vestibular syndrome in a dog infected with
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2017
In this article, the neurologic examination of ruminants is reviewed. The proposed approach is si... more In this article, the neurologic examination of ruminants is reviewed. The proposed approach is simple, although thorough and methodical. The bovine veterinary practitioner should be able to efficiently assess the nervous system to rule out a primary neurologic disorder. Simple observations and procedures are suggested to allow evaluation of the nervous system. The appropriate method and interpretation are reviewed as well as the danger of misinterpretation.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2012
Fly biting describes a syndrome in which dogs appear to be watching something and then snapping a... more Fly biting describes a syndrome in which dogs appear to be watching something and then snapping at it. Medical work-up of fly biting in dogs has never been reported. The aims of this case series were to characterize fly biting and perform a complete medical evaluation of dogs displaying fly biting.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2012
Epidemiological data, clinical findings, laboratory data, medical imaging, and outcomes were revi... more Epidemiological data, clinical findings, laboratory data, medical imaging, and outcomes were reviewed in 29 dairy calves with otitis media/interna. Age at admission ranged from 1 to 24 wk. The majority of calves were referred during winter. Clinical signs included drooping ear, ptosis, head tilt, abnormal nystagmus, strabismus, dysphagia, regurgitation, stiff neck, opisthotonos, facial hyperesthesia, and purulent aural discharge. Intranasal endoscopic examination of 5 animals revealed nasopharyngeal collapse in 4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was abnormal in all of 7 cases. Mycoplasma bovis was cultured from all but 1 case with external ear or tympanic bullae samples (n = 12), and Mycoplasma arginini was cultured from the remaining ear sample. Radiographs of the tympanic bullae were performed in 24 calves, tomodensitometry (CT) in 3 calves and ultrasound in 4 calves. According to medical imaging techniques or necropsy, 69% of the cases were classified as chronic. Mean duration of treat...
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