Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mit... more Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mitigation effects. This study presents an empirical approach to flood risk mapping through the integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. SRTM 30m DEM is processed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The study methodology includes the selection of the study area, the identification of the factors responsible for flood and collection of the required data, the generation of the desired thematic layers, and their integration to produce the flood risk map. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and socio-economic analyses are carried out to generate the thematic layers, namely slope, district`s distance to active stream, highest elevation, drainage density, rainfall, population density, and land use-land cover. AHP is used to determine the relative impact weight of the thematic layers. The influence of each thematic layer and the scale values provided based ...
The paper reviews the existing methods used in India for estimation of flow characteristics at un... more The paper reviews the existing methods used in India for estimation of flow characteristics at ungauged sites. It focuses on low and high flows, long-term mean flow and flow duration curves. Since it lists the actual formulae, it can be used as a quick reference guide for selecting a suitable technique for various geographical regional and/or river basins in India
Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 2022
River Ganga in India has tremendous self-purification capacity due to its dynamic, turbulent and ... more River Ganga in India has tremendous self-purification capacity due to its dynamic, turbulent and meandering characteristics. In addition due to the presence of anti-bacterial agents such as Bacteriophages virus killing bacteria and its medicinal properties, the refinement capacity increases. In the present work, water quality samples of river Ganga at Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna and Bhagalpur were collected and analysed for the years 2017-2019 to assess the change in water quality of the river Ganga in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity through remote sensing data and ground observations. The change in spectral reflectance of water along the river in the visible region has been analysed using the Landsat-8 multispectral remote sensing data and water quality samples have been collected from all the sites on the date of pass of Landsat-8 satellite. The results obtained shows that the satellite based remote sensing approach can be effectively used to make qualit...
International Journal of Environmental Research, 2014
Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing Indian megacities which have significant impact on itsenv... more Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing Indian megacities which have significant impact on itsenvironment. The surface and groundwater resources are severely affected by uncontrolled expansion anddensification of the city. For the better understanding, recovery and to prevent future deterioration of thesesignificance resources, it is necessary to have knowledge of the impact of urban growth in various ways onenvironment. Historical groundwater level and quality data obtained from different sources as well as by fieldstudy data is used for this analysis. In some cases missing data points were interpolated and verified byproviding certain criteria. The map of rate of groundwater level change per year showed the locations ofrecharge activity by sewage and other effluents as well as overexploitations by industrial and some uppermiddle class residential areas. The results obtained from groundwater quality analysis are then compared withthe BIS (Bureau of India) as well as WHO (World Heal...
Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine... more Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine physical, chemical, and biological properties of water. The main approaches to water treatment were identified as hydrogeologic and statistical. The various methods available in the hydrologic literature have been evaluated by considering the spatial scale of the monitoring program, the objective of sampling, data requirements, temporal effects, and range of applicability. Considerable advance has been made over the last two decades that now permit the application of methodical and testable approaches to water quality monitoring, design riverbank filtration, although they mostly serve for preliminary analysis and design. The main goal of these studies was to characterize the ability of riverbank filtration to provide a cost-effective, stand alone pretreatment for filtermedia technologies. Results indicate that the use of riverbank filtration can reduce membrane treatment costs by 10-20 ...
Distribution of velocity in the longitudinal as well as lateral velocity component is one of the ... more Distribution of velocity in the longitudinal as well as lateral velocity component is one of the basic aspects in open channel flow. It directly relates to various flow properties like shear stress distribution, secondary flows, surface profile estimation, channel capacity measurement and host of other flow entities. The knowledge of velocity distribution helps to know the velocity magnitude at each point across the flow cross-section. It has been found that velocity distribution in various types of channels varies with the shape, type and patterns of channels. In straight channel velocity distribution varies with different width-depth ratio, whereas in meandering channel velocity distribution varies with aspect ratio, sinuosity, meandering. Compound channel are all the way different and velocity distribution is a combination of flood plain and main channel (straight or meandering). It is found essential to study various methods used for accurate estimation of velocity distribution ...
World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006, 2006
... Ramakar Jha, VP Singh, CSP Ojha, KKS Bhatia. Abstract. ... In the present work, influx of non... more ... Ramakar Jha, VP Singh, CSP Ojha, KKS Bhatia. Abstract. ... In the present work, influx of non‐point source pollutant loads in terms of the nitrate and ortho‐phosphate loads from agricultural areas at different locations of Kali River in western Uttar Pradesh, India, were monitored. ...
In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich das südindische Hyderabad extrem gewandelt. Es ist zu einem der... more In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich das südindische Hyderabad extrem gewandelt. Es ist zu einem der schnellstwachsenden Standorte der IT-Industrie aufgestiegen und zieht Investitionen aus der ganzen Welt an. Die Demografie der Stadt wurde von Hyderabads urbaner Transformation beeinflusst. In den peripheren Lagen, in denen sich die neuen Industrien niedergelassen haben, sind hohe Bevölkerungswachstumsraten zu verzeichnen, und es entstehen zahllose Wohneinheiten für die gutverdienenden und gut ausgebildeten Arbeitnehmer, die nach angemessenem Wohnraum suchen. Dieses außergewöhnliche Wachstum findet in einer sensiblen, semi-ariden Landschaft statt, die von der Existenz eines Netzwerkes alter, von Menschen angelegter Seen inmitten einer hügeligen und felsigen Landschaft geprägt ist. Der hohe Landverbrauch bedroht diese Wasserkörper, da die Urbanisierung in einer vorher nicht da gewesenen Geschwindigkeit abläuft. Die unterschiedlichen, in diesem Prozess mit einbezogenen Behörden setzen die bestehenden Gesetze zur Landnutzung nicht durch und stellen keine angemessene sanitäre Infrastruktur zur Verfügung. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie der Mangel an umfassender Planung am Rande Hyderabads zu Umweltproblemen führt, welche sowohl die Existenz des Durgam Cheruvu, eines bedeutenden Wasserköpers der Stadt, bedrohen als auch die Lebensqualität der Anwohner des Sees negativ beeinflussen. Die Daten wurden während eines Feldaufenthaltes im April/Mai 2011 erhoben. Dabei wurden Wasserproben genommen und Gespräche mit betroffenen Personen geführt.
It is essential for water resources planners and managers to look for water pollution generated i... more It is essential for water resources planners and managers to look for water pollution generated in different variables of hydrologic cycle because of human activities. It has been found that among various hydrological variables, rainfall, runoff (including snowmelt runoff), seepage, and groundwater flow are affected, and the water quality has been degraded beyond permissible limits in many instances. Keywords: hydrologic cycle; human activities; acids; acid rain; dissolved aluminum; pollutant loads; point sources
The surface water pollution in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas, and other surface water ... more The surface water pollution in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas, and other surface water resources may occur mainly because of point-source pollution and nonpoint-source pollution. The term point-source pollution refers to pollutants discharged from one discrete location or point, such as an industry or municipal wastewater treatment plant, to surface water resources (Fig. 1). The effluent out-fall from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants, etc. emits fluids of varying quality directly into surface waters. The term nonpoint-source pollution refers to the discharge of pollutants that cannot be identified as coming from one discrete location or point. The pollution outflow from nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, or diffuse pollution, include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Keywords: point-source pollution; nonpoint-source pollution; diffuse pollution; water scarcity in India
The possibility that a pollutant will be discharged accidentally or intentionally into a stream/r... more The possibility that a pollutant will be discharged accidentally or intentionally into a stream/river is a matter of constant concern to those diverting and using water from streams and rivers. It is essential for water resources planners and managers to understand the physical processes involved in a stream/river prior to the implementation of any water resources projects. When a pollutant is discharged into a stream/river, it is subjected to initial dilution immediately due to the density difference between the receiving water and the pollutant. The longitudinal, vertical and two-dimensional profiles of pollutant concentration indicate the density gradient between the pollutant and the receiving water. After initial dilution, the processes are governed by advection, reaction, and dispersion phenomena that tend to modify the initial pollutant concentration. Advection phenomena represent the downstream transport of a discrete element of the waste load by the stream flow. The reaction phenomena represent the decay of biodegradable materials in the waste under the action of naturally occurring bacteria in the stream. The dispersion phenomena represent that under the influence of turbulence, eddy currents, and similar mixing forces, a discrete element of the waste load tends not to remain intact, but mixes with adjacent upstream and downstream elements. In rivers and streams, the influence of dispersion phenomena is usually relatively small compared with advection and reaction phenomena; however, it can be important in some circumstances. Keywords: advection; biochemical oxygen demand; dispersion; dilution; design flows; dissolved oxygen; mixing zones; reaction; self-purification; waste load; water quality
... Sediment, nutrients, and pesticides are common agricultural pollutants, which cause surface w... more ... Sediment, nutrients, and pesticides are common agricultural pollutants, which cause surface water and groundwater quality problems (1-3). ... Pesticides in ground water: Background document 8. Office of ground water protection. ... Water quality modelling of the Kali River, India. ...
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mit... more Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mitigation effects. This study presents an empirical approach to flood risk mapping through the integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. SRTM 30m DEM is processed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The study methodology includes the selection of the study area, the identification of the factors responsible for flood and collection of the required data, the generation of the desired thematic layers, and their integration to produce the flood risk map. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and socio-economic analyses are carried out to generate the thematic layers, namely slope, district`s distance to active stream, highest elevation, drainage density, rainfall, population density, and land use-land cover. AHP is used to determine the relative impact weight of the thematic layers. The influence of each thematic layer and the scale values provided based ...
The paper reviews the existing methods used in India for estimation of flow characteristics at un... more The paper reviews the existing methods used in India for estimation of flow characteristics at ungauged sites. It focuses on low and high flows, long-term mean flow and flow duration curves. Since it lists the actual formulae, it can be used as a quick reference guide for selecting a suitable technique for various geographical regional and/or river basins in India
Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 2022
River Ganga in India has tremendous self-purification capacity due to its dynamic, turbulent and ... more River Ganga in India has tremendous self-purification capacity due to its dynamic, turbulent and meandering characteristics. In addition due to the presence of anti-bacterial agents such as Bacteriophages virus killing bacteria and its medicinal properties, the refinement capacity increases. In the present work, water quality samples of river Ganga at Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna and Bhagalpur were collected and analysed for the years 2017-2019 to assess the change in water quality of the river Ganga in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity through remote sensing data and ground observations. The change in spectral reflectance of water along the river in the visible region has been analysed using the Landsat-8 multispectral remote sensing data and water quality samples have been collected from all the sites on the date of pass of Landsat-8 satellite. The results obtained shows that the satellite based remote sensing approach can be effectively used to make qualit...
International Journal of Environmental Research, 2014
Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing Indian megacities which have significant impact on itsenv... more Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing Indian megacities which have significant impact on itsenvironment. The surface and groundwater resources are severely affected by uncontrolled expansion anddensification of the city. For the better understanding, recovery and to prevent future deterioration of thesesignificance resources, it is necessary to have knowledge of the impact of urban growth in various ways onenvironment. Historical groundwater level and quality data obtained from different sources as well as by fieldstudy data is used for this analysis. In some cases missing data points were interpolated and verified byproviding certain criteria. The map of rate of groundwater level change per year showed the locations ofrecharge activity by sewage and other effluents as well as overexploitations by industrial and some uppermiddle class residential areas. The results obtained from groundwater quality analysis are then compared withthe BIS (Bureau of India) as well as WHO (World Heal...
Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine... more Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine physical, chemical, and biological properties of water. The main approaches to water treatment were identified as hydrogeologic and statistical. The various methods available in the hydrologic literature have been evaluated by considering the spatial scale of the monitoring program, the objective of sampling, data requirements, temporal effects, and range of applicability. Considerable advance has been made over the last two decades that now permit the application of methodical and testable approaches to water quality monitoring, design riverbank filtration, although they mostly serve for preliminary analysis and design. The main goal of these studies was to characterize the ability of riverbank filtration to provide a cost-effective, stand alone pretreatment for filtermedia technologies. Results indicate that the use of riverbank filtration can reduce membrane treatment costs by 10-20 ...
Distribution of velocity in the longitudinal as well as lateral velocity component is one of the ... more Distribution of velocity in the longitudinal as well as lateral velocity component is one of the basic aspects in open channel flow. It directly relates to various flow properties like shear stress distribution, secondary flows, surface profile estimation, channel capacity measurement and host of other flow entities. The knowledge of velocity distribution helps to know the velocity magnitude at each point across the flow cross-section. It has been found that velocity distribution in various types of channels varies with the shape, type and patterns of channels. In straight channel velocity distribution varies with different width-depth ratio, whereas in meandering channel velocity distribution varies with aspect ratio, sinuosity, meandering. Compound channel are all the way different and velocity distribution is a combination of flood plain and main channel (straight or meandering). It is found essential to study various methods used for accurate estimation of velocity distribution ...
World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006, 2006
... Ramakar Jha, VP Singh, CSP Ojha, KKS Bhatia. Abstract. ... In the present work, influx of non... more ... Ramakar Jha, VP Singh, CSP Ojha, KKS Bhatia. Abstract. ... In the present work, influx of non‐point source pollutant loads in terms of the nitrate and ortho‐phosphate loads from agricultural areas at different locations of Kali River in western Uttar Pradesh, India, were monitored. ...
In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich das südindische Hyderabad extrem gewandelt. Es ist zu einem der... more In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich das südindische Hyderabad extrem gewandelt. Es ist zu einem der schnellstwachsenden Standorte der IT-Industrie aufgestiegen und zieht Investitionen aus der ganzen Welt an. Die Demografie der Stadt wurde von Hyderabads urbaner Transformation beeinflusst. In den peripheren Lagen, in denen sich die neuen Industrien niedergelassen haben, sind hohe Bevölkerungswachstumsraten zu verzeichnen, und es entstehen zahllose Wohneinheiten für die gutverdienenden und gut ausgebildeten Arbeitnehmer, die nach angemessenem Wohnraum suchen. Dieses außergewöhnliche Wachstum findet in einer sensiblen, semi-ariden Landschaft statt, die von der Existenz eines Netzwerkes alter, von Menschen angelegter Seen inmitten einer hügeligen und felsigen Landschaft geprägt ist. Der hohe Landverbrauch bedroht diese Wasserkörper, da die Urbanisierung in einer vorher nicht da gewesenen Geschwindigkeit abläuft. Die unterschiedlichen, in diesem Prozess mit einbezogenen Behörden setzen die bestehenden Gesetze zur Landnutzung nicht durch und stellen keine angemessene sanitäre Infrastruktur zur Verfügung. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie der Mangel an umfassender Planung am Rande Hyderabads zu Umweltproblemen führt, welche sowohl die Existenz des Durgam Cheruvu, eines bedeutenden Wasserköpers der Stadt, bedrohen als auch die Lebensqualität der Anwohner des Sees negativ beeinflussen. Die Daten wurden während eines Feldaufenthaltes im April/Mai 2011 erhoben. Dabei wurden Wasserproben genommen und Gespräche mit betroffenen Personen geführt.
It is essential for water resources planners and managers to look for water pollution generated i... more It is essential for water resources planners and managers to look for water pollution generated in different variables of hydrologic cycle because of human activities. It has been found that among various hydrological variables, rainfall, runoff (including snowmelt runoff), seepage, and groundwater flow are affected, and the water quality has been degraded beyond permissible limits in many instances. Keywords: hydrologic cycle; human activities; acids; acid rain; dissolved aluminum; pollutant loads; point sources
The surface water pollution in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas, and other surface water ... more The surface water pollution in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas, and other surface water resources may occur mainly because of point-source pollution and nonpoint-source pollution. The term point-source pollution refers to pollutants discharged from one discrete location or point, such as an industry or municipal wastewater treatment plant, to surface water resources (Fig. 1). The effluent out-fall from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants, etc. emits fluids of varying quality directly into surface waters. The term nonpoint-source pollution refers to the discharge of pollutants that cannot be identified as coming from one discrete location or point. The pollution outflow from nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, or diffuse pollution, include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Keywords: point-source pollution; nonpoint-source pollution; diffuse pollution; water scarcity in India
The possibility that a pollutant will be discharged accidentally or intentionally into a stream/r... more The possibility that a pollutant will be discharged accidentally or intentionally into a stream/river is a matter of constant concern to those diverting and using water from streams and rivers. It is essential for water resources planners and managers to understand the physical processes involved in a stream/river prior to the implementation of any water resources projects. When a pollutant is discharged into a stream/river, it is subjected to initial dilution immediately due to the density difference between the receiving water and the pollutant. The longitudinal, vertical and two-dimensional profiles of pollutant concentration indicate the density gradient between the pollutant and the receiving water. After initial dilution, the processes are governed by advection, reaction, and dispersion phenomena that tend to modify the initial pollutant concentration. Advection phenomena represent the downstream transport of a discrete element of the waste load by the stream flow. The reaction phenomena represent the decay of biodegradable materials in the waste under the action of naturally occurring bacteria in the stream. The dispersion phenomena represent that under the influence of turbulence, eddy currents, and similar mixing forces, a discrete element of the waste load tends not to remain intact, but mixes with adjacent upstream and downstream elements. In rivers and streams, the influence of dispersion phenomena is usually relatively small compared with advection and reaction phenomena; however, it can be important in some circumstances. Keywords: advection; biochemical oxygen demand; dispersion; dilution; design flows; dissolved oxygen; mixing zones; reaction; self-purification; waste load; water quality
... Sediment, nutrients, and pesticides are common agricultural pollutants, which cause surface w... more ... Sediment, nutrients, and pesticides are common agricultural pollutants, which cause surface water and groundwater quality problems (1-3). ... Pesticides in ground water: Background document 8. Office of ground water protection. ... Water quality modelling of the Kali River, India. ...
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