Papers by Janet Rosenbaum
Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 2021
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has infected nearly 70 million people worldwide in the 11 months... more The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has infected nearly 70 million people worldwide in the 11 months since its emergence, causing 1.5 million deaths.1 Some of the tens of millions COVID-19 survivors will live with long-term chronic illnesses, such as chronic fatigue, psychiatric illness, stigma, and injuries to the lung, heart, or other organs. Chronic illness resulting from COVID-19 will require rehabilitation, disease management, job accommodation, such as gradual return to previous work schedules or telework, and/or disability insurance. All of these resources are more available in high-income countries than low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). All countries can build on existing programs to improve mental health access and improve chronic disease management. Using evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks and emerging evidence from COVID-19, this paper will describe the long-term health effects of COVID-19 and policy needs.
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Journal of Public Health Policy
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Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology
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BMC Public Health
Background Young adults who were suspended from school during adolescence are more likely than ma... more Background Young adults who were suspended from school during adolescence are more likely than matched non-suspended youth to be arrested, on probation, or not graduate from high school, which are STI risk factors. This study evaluates whether suspension is a marker for STI risk among young adults who avoid subsequent negative effects. Methods This study evaluated whether suspension predicts a positive test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis in a urine sample using matched sampling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (Add Health), and evaluated potential mediators between suspension and STI status using causal mediation analysis. We used Mahalanobis and exact matched sampling within propensity score calipers to compare 381 youth suspended for the first time in a 1-year period with 980 non-suspended youth. The suspended and non-suspended youth were similar on 67 pre-suspension variables. We evaluated STI outcomes 5 years after suspension. Result...
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Background: Deaths are frequently under-estimated during emergencies, including hurricanes and pa... more Background: Deaths are frequently under-estimated during emergencies, including hurricanes and pandemics. Accurate mortality data may improve public compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions. Methods: This study estimates excess all-cause, pneumonia, and influenza mortality during the COVID-19 health emergency using a semiparametric method and a conventional time-series method --- in 9 states in the United States using weekly mortality data from the Mortality Surveillance Survey from September 27, 2015 to April 18, 2020. We chose 9 states with high reported COVID-19 deaths and apparently complete mortality data: California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Washington. Findings: For the United States, we estimated more excess deaths than COVID-19 official mortality (excess mortality 95% CI (44256, 62263) vs. 34571 COVID-19 deaths). Furthermore: California (excess mortality 95% CI (1347, 3494) vs. 1072 COVID-19 deaths); Colorado (9...
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Background: Syphilis and gonorrhea reached an all-time high in 2018, including in populations tha... more Background: Syphilis and gonorrhea reached an all-time high in 2018, including in populations that stigmatize same-sex sexual contact. The resurgence of syphilis and gonorrhea requires innovative methods of sexual contact tracing that encourage disclosure of same-sex contacts. Over 75% of Grindr users report seeking “friendship,” so this study asked people diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea to identify their friends.Methods: Patients at the two Baltimore STI clinics and the Baltimore City Health Department were asked 12 questions to elicit members of their friendship networks before eliciting sexual networks. The study included 353 index cases and 172 contacts, yielding a friendship network of 331 non-isolates (n=331) and sexual-only network of 140 non-isolates. The data were plotted and analyzed using exponential family random graph analysis.Results: Eliciting respondents’ in-person social contacts yielded 12 syphilis cases and 6 gonorrhea cases in addition to the 16 syphilis ca...
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Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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Community College Journal of Research and Practice
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Although the computation of Nash equlibria for general games is of unknown complexity, there exis... more Although the computation of Nash equlibria for general games is of unknown complexity, there exist many algorithms for specific game classes, some of which are a marked improvement of previous algorithms. This paper reviews general results on the computational complexity of Nash equilibria and discusses the major algorithms for specific game classes.
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Purpose: To compare parent and child reports on their relationship and communication about sex; q... more Purpose: To compare parent and child reports on their relationship and communication about sex; quantify agreement; and find characteristics associated with higher agreement.Methods: Data is baseline data from an evaluation of Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, a multi-session worksite-based parenting program. Participants are 569 parents of 6-10th grades who responded to an advertisement posted in their workplace, and their 6-10th grade children (n=683): 683 parent-child dyads. Self-administered survey data were collected in Southern California from 2002-2004. We compare parent and child responses to 68 items about their relationships and communication about sex, and computed polychoric correlation (PCC), an agreement measure that corrects for possible parent-child differences in response threshholds, across dyads and across items. Factors associated with higher agreement were found through bivariate comparison of PCC; linear regression on intra-dyad PCC; and linear regression on raw ...
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Youth & Society
A third of U.S. students are suspended over a K-12 school career. Suspended youth have worse adul... more A third of U.S. students are suspended over a K-12 school career. Suspended youth have worse adult outcomes than nonsuspended students, but these outcomes could be due to selection bias: that is, suspended youth may have had worse outcomes even without suspension. This study compares the educational and criminal justice outcomes of 480 youth suspended for the first time with those of 1,193 matched nonsuspended youth from a nationally representative sample. Prior to suspension, the suspended and nonsuspended youth did not differ on 60 pre-suspension variables including students’ self-reported delinquency and risk behaviors, parents’ reports of socioeconomic status, and administrators’ reports of school disciplinary policies. Twelve years after suspension (ages 25-32), suspended youth were less likely than matched nonsuspended youth to have earned bachelor’s degrees or high school diplomas, and were more likely to have been arrested and on probation, suggesting that suspension rather ...
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Bridging the Gaps
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Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2016
Researchers often assess condom use only among participants who report recent sexual behaviour, e... more Researchers often assess condom use only among participants who report recent sexual behaviour, excluding participants who report no recent vaginal sex or who did not answer questions about their sexual behaviour, but self-reported sexual behaviour may be inaccurate. This study uses a semen Y-chromosome biomarker to assess semen exposure among participants who reported sexual abstinence or did not report their sexual behaviour. This prospective cohort study uses data from 715 sexually active African-American female adolescents in Atlanta, surveyed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Participants completed a 40 min interview and were tested for semen Y-chromosome with PCR from a self-administered vaginal swab. We predicted Y-chromosome test results from self-reported sexual behaviour using within-subject panel regression. Among the participants who reported abstinence from vaginal sex in the past 14 days, 9.4% tested positive for semen Y-chromosome. Among item non-respondents, 6.3% tested positive for semen Y-chromosome. Women who reported abstinence and engaged in item non-response regarding their sexual behaviour had respectively 62% and 78% lower odds of testing positive for Y-chromosome (OR 0.38 (0.21 to 0.67), OR 0.22 (0.12 to 0.40)), controlling for smoking, survey wave and non-coital sexual behaviours reported during abstinence. Adolescents who report sexual abstinence under-report semen exposure. Research should validate self-reported sexual behaviour with biomarkers. Adolescents who engage in item non-response regarding vaginal sex test positive for semen Y-chromosome at similar rates, which supports the practice of grouping non-respondents with adolescents reporting abstinence in statistical analysis. NCT00633906.
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J Roy Statist Soc Ser a Stat, 2010
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ABSTRACT Background: Health disparities generally follow an educational gradient, but scholars de... more ABSTRACT Background: Health disparities generally follow an educational gradient, but scholars debate whether health disparities are attributable to absolute or relative deprivation. Objectives: This study tests the absolute deprivation hypothesis by evaluating the extent to which socioeconomic STI disparities are attributable to absolute sexual risk behavior. We use 2 multivariate regressions: conventional regression and matched sampling regression. If the results differ substantially, absolute sexual behavior may not fully explain STI disparities. Methods: This study compares 2 and 4 year college students using Add Health (n=5042), with pre-college factors measured in 1995 (ages 12--18) and college enrollment and urinalysis STI diagnosis measured in 2001. Conventional and matched sampling analysis controlled for 15 pre-college factors --- demographics, socioeconomic status, and social support --- and 2 college sexual risk-taking factors (number of partners, condom use frequency). Matched sampling balanced students at 2 and 4 year colleges on the 17 factors. Both conventional and matched sampling analyses estimated incidence rate ratios from a Poisson working model. Results: Community college students were 39% more likely to test positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia than students at 4 year colleges (IRR 1.39 (1.01, 1.92)), according to conventional regression. After matching on 15 pre-college and 2 college factors, STI disparities were no longer significant (IRR 1.19 (0.84, 1.68)). Conclusions: Students at community colleges are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections than would be expected from their behavior and backgrounds. Implications for Programs, Policy, and Research: Community college students already access STI testing at higher rates than 4 year college students. Three-quarters of STI cases in both groups had never had an STI test before. STI prevention programs need to target community college students to increase testing and treatment. Future research will identify the most important mediating factors.
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American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.), 2015
Reduced hospital staffing on weekends is a hypothesized risk factor for adverse health outcomes-c... more Reduced hospital staffing on weekends is a hypothesized risk factor for adverse health outcomes-commonly referred to as the weekend effect. We conducted a study on the effect of weekend admission on short-term outcomes among US hip fracture patients. We selected Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998-2010) patients with a principal diagnosis of femoral neck fracture and grouped them by day of admission (weekend or weekday). We used multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses, controlling for age, race, sex, number of comorbidities, and other risk factors, to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of mortality and perioperative complications as well as mean difference in length of hospital stay. Our study population included 96,892 weekend and 248,097 weekday admissions. Compared with patients admitted on weekdays, patients admitted on weekends had lower mortality (OR, 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-0.99) and shorter mean hospital stay (estimate, 3.74%; 95% CI, 3.40-4.08) but did ...
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The US spends $200 million annually on abstinence programs, including virginity pledges. Using da... more The US spends $200 million annually on abstinence programs, including virginity pledges. Using data from Add Health waves 1-3, adolescents reporting a wave 2 virginity pledge (n=289) were matched with non-pledgers (n=645) using exact and nearest-neighbor matching on wave 1 factors including pre-pledge religiosity, attitudes towards sex and birth control, and family context. Wave 3 outcomes were compared. Five years post-pledge, 84% of pledgers reported having never taken a pledge; pledgers and matched non-pledgers did not differ in premarital sex, use of birth control and condoms, and sexually transmitted diseases. Pledgers had 0.2 fewer past year partners, but the same number of lifetime sexual partners. The sexual behavior and birth control use of virginity pledgers do not differ from that of comparable non-pledgers. Virginity pledges are not a marker for lower sexual activity.
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Papers by Janet Rosenbaum