Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
The objective of this study was to determine relationship between Lithuanian dairy cow breed prod... more The objective of this study was to determine relationship between Lithuanian dairy cow breed productive and reproductive traits. The study was carried out with 586 fully completed lactation cows: 184 Lithuanian Holstein (H), 320 Lithuanian Black and White (LBW) and 82 Lithuanian Red (LR) cows (291 cows in I, 149 in II and 146 in III and older lactations). Cow productivity and reproduction traits were calculated. H cows in I lactation had a lower insemination index compared to the LR, shorter calving interval (P≤0.05) and service period (P≤0.05) than LBW cows. LBW cows produced 1440.46kg more milk (P≤0.05) with less milk fat and protein content (accordingly 0.28 and 0.22 percent) (P≤0.05) compared with the LRd. The service period of LBW older lactation cows was 21.38 days longer and the insemination index was 0.68 times higher compared to the I lactation cows (P<0.05). LR cows of III and older lactations produced 3742kg more milk (P≤0.05) compared with the I lactation. All cows fr...
Contemporary human diet contains excessive quantities of n-6 saturated fatty acids (SFA) and poly... more Contemporary human diet contains excessive quantities of n-6 saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), but it is deficient in n-3 fatty acids. This imbalance could be the cause of respiratory diseases, obesity and cancer. Until recently, animal fat, including meat fat, was regarded solely as a source of saturated fatty acids, which are a risk factor for atherosclerosis, obesity and certain types of cancer. Recent stu-dies have shown, however, that animal fats contain biologically active substances beneficial for health, and that only some saturated fatty acids have adverse consequences. The latter group includes lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14) and palmitic acid (C16), i.e. mainly the ones with an unfavorable n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. Apart from fat, beef also contains high amounts of minerals, mainly phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), in particular its cis-9 trans-11 and trans-9 cis-11 iso-mers, is one of the s...
The aim of this study was to analyse milk yield, milk composition and other performance indicator... more The aim of this study was to analyse milk yield, milk composition and other performance indicators in Czech Pied cows raised in the Czech Republic as compared with Polish Holstein-Friesian, Simmental and Czech Pied cows raised in Poland. The experimental materials comprised cows enrolled in the milk recording scheme in 2011, of the following breeds: Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) (438 376 cows), Simmental (SIM) (9 559 cows), Czech Pied tested in Poland (CP-P) (34 cows), Czech Pied tested in the Czech Republic (CP-Cz) (110 436 cows). The following parameters were determined: yield [kg] of milk, fat and protein, content [%] of fat and protein in 305-day lactations: the first lactation (L-I), the second and subsequent lactations (L-IIS), the length of: inter-pregnancy interval (IPI), intercalving interval (ICI), gestation period and dry period, as well as artificial insemination efficiency and conception rates on selected days of IPI. PHF cows produced the highest yields of milk and mi...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy... more The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) on live weight loss and selected blood parameters in goat kids after transportation to the slaughterhouse. The study was performed with goat kids that were weaned at 30 days of age and divided into two groups (GK): a control group and an experimental group whose diet was supplemented with HMB (at 50 mg kg −1 of BW) for 60 consecutive days. At the end of the 90-day rearing period, the animals were fasted for 12 h (with access to water) and were transported to the slaughterhouse in the following morning. Blood for analysis was sampled before transportation (BST1) and after unloading in the slaughterhouse (BST2). The animals were weighed on the same dates to determine live weight loss. Red blood cell counts (RBC), white blood cell counts (WBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), neutrophil to lymphocyte (N:L) ratio, and cortisol and glucose concentrations were determined in the sampled blood. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss after transportation. Group of kids and BST did not induce variations in RBC, WBC, HGB, and HCT. Cortisol concentration was affected by both GK and BST. Cortisol levels increased after transportation in both groups, but this parameter was significantly higher in the control than in experimental animals at BST2. Glucose levels and the N:L ratio did not differ significantly between GK, but glucose concentration and the N:L ratio were higher at BST2 than at BST1 in both groups. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss and lower cortisol concentration after transportation, which could point to the efficacy of HMB in boosting immunity and alleviating transportation stress in goat kids.
I n t r o d u c t i o n : For many years, milk and colostrum proteins have been the object of sci... more I n t r o d u c t i o n : For many years, milk and colostrum proteins have been the object of scientists' interest. A group of whey proteins, including lactoferrin (Lf) are credited with special features that promote health and wellbeing. A i m : The purpose of this paper is to disseminate health and medical properties of lactoferrin originating from the cow's milk and bovine ncolostrum.
Massive deaths were reported on a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) farm, which over 10 months led... more Massive deaths were reported on a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) farm, which over 10 months led to the elimination of the herd. After three months of feeding, longitudinal precipitates inside the pellets were noted. The first symptoms were observed two weeks after the introduction of feed, and included lethargy, decreased mobility, and reduced appetite, as well as increased reactions to external stimuli. Over time, single deaths, hair loss and gnawing, white discolorations on teeth, and polyuria were reported. Haemorrhages of the reproductive tract and mass abortions were observed. Necropsy revealed the presence of transudate with pH = 10, severe hyperaemia of the intestinal mesentery, and extensive regressive lesions in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. Both grossly and microscopically, lesions were noted in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and lungs. The urinary bladder was overfilled. No lesions were observed in the spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathology of skin s...
The experiment was conducted on two groups of Black-and-White cows (10 animals per group) during ... more The experiment was conducted on two groups of Black-and-White cows (10 animals per group) during the perinatal period. Cows in the experimental group received a ration with 300 g/d/animal of whole-plant Echinacea purpurea meal for 3 weeks from the 10"' day before the expected calving. Whole Echinacea meal contained 1.26% of a biologically active substance-coffeic acid. Milk samples were collected three times a day to determine somatic celi count, and colostrum for determination of the lactoimmunoglobulin (o, p) level. Blood samples from calves and cows were collected to determine the immunoglobulin (a, p\ y) content. Statistically significant differences (P<0.01) were found only in the content of y-immunoglobulins in cows from the experimental group after three weeks of Echinacea administration. Differences in somatic celi count between the groups in successive samplings of milk were not significant (P>0.05).
The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of M. longissimus thoracis was determined in Herefo... more The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of M. longissimus thoracis was determined in Hereford, Limousine and Charolais fattening bulls fed concentrate and maize or grass silage as the basie feed for 7 months. The PUFA n-3 content was higher in Charolaise bulls than in other breeds, and was significantly higher in animals fed on grass than on maize silage. The ratio of PUFA n-6/n-3 was the most advantageous in Hereford bulls.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
The algorithm of constructing of new effective elastic characteristics of twocomponent composites... more The algorithm of constructing of new effective elastic characteristics of twocomponent composites based on the superposition of the models of Reiss and Voigt, Hashin and Strikman, as well as models of the geometric average for effective modules. These effective characteristics are inside forks Voigt and Reiss. Additionally, the calculations of the stress-strain state of composite structures with new effective characteristics give more accurate prediction than classical models do.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
We consider the effective modules of Voigt, Reiss for isotropic elastic composites. We have refor... more We consider the effective modules of Voigt, Reiss for isotropic elastic composites. We have reformed the method for constructing iterative transformation of the upper and lower estimates of fork (Voigt-Reuss) towards two-component composite in case of an arbitrary number of components. The method is based on the fact that effective modules of Voigt and Reuss can be regarded as elementary symmetric functions introduced by Gauss. The conditions, which the iteratively-transformed efficient modules must fulfill at every iteration, are shown. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
In this paper, we used the iterative solution algorithm, proposed in the work of Pavlov and Sveta... more In this paper, we used the iterative solution algorithm, proposed in the work of Pavlov and Svetashkova. This algorithm results in a complete separation of spatial and temporal variables, if we set up the boundary loads and (or) volumetric forces in the same kind. In this paper, we have examined the stress-strain state of a viscoelastic plate, and the results of the calculation displacements, stresses are given. In addition, we made a comparison of the calculation indices rate of convergence for the iterative process with their theoretical values.
The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a diet containing β-carotene and omega-... more The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a diet containing β-carotene and omega-3 fatty acids on the biochemical and nonspecific humoral immunity indicators and on the results of rearing calves to day 60 of life. The study was conducted in 2011-2012, on a herd of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. 54 calves from the herd were divided into 3 groups, 18 animals in each: CTR, TRT1 and TRT2. During the colostral period lasting for 5 days after birth, calves were drinking the mother's colostrum. From 6 to 60 days, calves were watered milk replacer formulation. The control group (CTR) consisted of calves after the colostral period given milk replacer formulation without any supplementation. In the two other groups, calves received milk replacers with the supplementation of b-carotene (TRT1 group) in the amount of 25 mg/calf/day or a suspension of liver omega-3 oil (TRT2 group) in the amount of 5 g/calf/day. All calves received solid feed ad libitum. The research showed that the parameters of the metabolic profile of calves (ALT, ASP, CHOL, GLU, UREA, ALP, TG, CRE) were within the normal range, indicating good health of the calves. Moreover, the supplementation had a positive impact on the chosen immunological parameters, including a higher IgG concentration, especially at the end of the milk drinking period. The
The increasing resistance of community and hospital acquired bacterial strains has become a chall... more The increasing resistance of community and hospital acquired bacterial strains has become a challenge to the current health policy in Poland. Although some bacteria are known to have a peculiar resistance towards a given agent, antibiotics have a well-established position in clinical practice and are broadly available in our lives. The universal access to antimicrobial therapy and its overuse have created an issue of previously susceptible bacteria now presenting antibiotic resistance. All bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment, continue growth and reproduction. This phenomenon is also observed in livestock rearing. An inadequate implementation of antibiotic therapy leads to the transfer of resistant bacterial strains into the environment of people, who eat products of animal and plant origin. Moreover, the non-compliance to law in terms of antibiotics added to animal fodder or negilgence of withdrawal periods seems to further exacerbate the situation. Various research projects conducted in Poland and elsewhere have demonstrated that antibiotics produce an immunosuppressive effect, which exposes both humans and animals to different infections. Antibiotics also interfere with the growth of many microorganisms, recognized as part of the human and animal physiological microflora, as a result of which dysbacteriosis may develop. In order to limit the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, research should be focus on finding alternative agents based on plant extracts that undergo biodegradation.
Celem pracy było określenie udziału kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku krów rasy polskiej holsztyńskofry... more Celem pracy było określenie udziału kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku krów rasy polskiej holsztyńskofryzyjskiej, uwzględniając wpływ kolejności laktacji i fazy laktacji. Do badań wybrano 48 krów rasy polskiej holsztyńsko-fryzyjskiej, będących w różnym wieku: I, II, III i IV laktacja (po 12 szt. w każdej z nich). Od każdej krowy pobierano próby mleka z uwzględnieniem fazy laktacji, tj. w następujących dniach doju: 6., 30., 90., 300., 350. i 400. (łącznie 288 prób). Spośród oznaczonych kwasów tłuszczowych mleka najwyższy udział stanowiły: C16:0, C18:1 cis 9, C18:0 oraz C14:0, w tym kwasy oleinowy (C18:1 cis 9) i stearynowy (C18:0), którym przypisuje się właściwości obniżające poziom cholesterolu we krwi, stanowiły aż 37,35 g/100 g tłuszczu. Największą zawartością nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (SFA) charakteryzowało się mleko krów z IV laktacji (p ≤ 0,05) oraz w okresie okołoporodowym, tj. w 6. dniu laktacji. Zawartość korzystnych nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (UFA) malała w tłuszczu mleka w kolejnych czterech laktacjach (p ≤ 0,05), także w miarę upływu laktacji, osiągając najwyższą wartość w 6. dniu, a najniższą w 400. dniu (p ≤ 0,01 i p ≤ 0,05). Mleko pochodzące od pierwiastek charakteryzowało się najwyższą koncentracją kwasów tłuszczowych wielonienasyconych (PUFA) i jednonienasyconych (MUFA), a jednocześnie najmniejszą zawartością kwasów mniej korzystnie wpływających na zdrowie człowieka, tj. C12:0, C14:0, C16:0. W miarę trwania laktacji zawartość MUFA w tłuszczu mleka malała, a PUFA wzrastała, co potwierdzają różnice statystyczne przy p ≤ 0,01 i p ≤ 0,05. W okresie od 6. do 90. dnia laktacji najkorzystniejszy był stosunek kwasów n-6/n-3 oraz największa zawartość funkcjonalnych kwasów tłuszczowych, tj.: masłowego (BA), cis 9 oleinowego (OA), linolowego (LA) oraz krótkołańcuchowych (SCFA) i długołańcuchowych kwasów tłuszczowych (LCFA). Zawartość kwasów: cis 9 trans 11 sprzężonego linolowego (CLA) i trans 10+11 wakcenowego (TVA) była najmniejsza w tzw. szczycie wydajności laktacyjnej i wzrastała w miarę trwania laktacji, osiągając najwyższe wartości w 300. dniu laktacji.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional and TMR feeding systems ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional and TMR feeding systems on the yield, composition and hygienic quality of milk in two herds of Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The study was conducted from November 2009 to October 2010. Dairy herd A was fed conventional feed, and herd B was fed a total mixed ration (TMR). The diet was composed of haylage made of grass and legumes, maize silage, dry roughage, concentrate and mineral feed. Each herd consisted of 30 animals kept indoors. Cows fed a TMR consumed 10 kg more feed per day, compared with cows fed conventional feed. Both daily and annual milk yield was higher in herd B than in herd A. Milk produced by cows fed the TMR had a higher protein and fat content, and it was characterized by better sanitary quality (in particular in the summer season), in comparison with milk from cows receiving conventional feed.
Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the nutritional value and health ... more Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the nutritional value and health benefits of food products of animal origin. Numerous research studies have been undertaken to evaluate the effects of bovine milk, a key dietary component, on human health. Fat is one of the most important components in bovine milk, and its content ranges from 2.8% to 8.1%, subject to the breed of cattle, nutritional aspects, individual characteristics, lactation period, milk production hygiene and season. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the latest literature concerning the health effects of components found in bovine milk fat. Materials and methods: This paper is a literature review, and it analyzes the composition of bovine milk fat and its effects on human health. The available sources were grouped thematically, and an attempt was made to characterize various milk fat components and their effects on human health. Discussion: The unique nutritional value of bovine milk can be attributed to the presence of short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids which are important sources of energy for the muscles, heart, liver, kidneys, blood platelets and nervous system. They do not pose an obesity risk; they prevent ulcerative colitis, cancer, atherosclerosis and hypertension; they have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and they boost natural immunity. Milk contains cholesterol, a lipid derivative which stabilizes and stiffens cell membranes, builds the cell cytoskeleton, protects nerve fibers and acts as a precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D 3. Bovine milk lipids do not exert hypercholesterolemic or atherogenic effects in the human body. Conclusions: A growing tendency to replace animal fats, mainly milk fat, with vegetable fats is a matter of concern.
Introduction. Civilization-related diseases are defined as diseases encompassing a global range, ... more Introduction. Civilization-related diseases are defined as diseases encompassing a global range, whose appearance or spreading issues have been largely caused as a result of the advances of modern civilization. Thus, such diseases are also interchangeably termed diseases of the 21 st century. Allergy, i.e., an organism's abnormal immune reaction to exposure to an allergen, due to its increasing incidence, especially in developing countries, is occasionally called "an epidemic of the 21 st century". Issues concerning food allergy are significant ones with respect to allergies as such. Aim. This work aimed at reviewing the most current literature concerning food allergy. Discussion. The incidence of adverse reactions to food varies. Reaction depends on the allergen type, patient's age, type of evaluated mechanism, and local diet. Potentially, each food may cause sensitivity; however, in order for a reaction to occur several conditions must be fulfilled. Allergens are mainly water-soluble glycoproteins ranging in size from 10 kDa to 70 kDa. Cases of allergies caused by smaller particles (approx. 3 kDa) or larger ones (up to 100 kDa) are also known. The increased prevalence of food allergies results from an unfavorable combination of genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions. The incidence of food allergies is on the increase. The symptoms are intensified and regress at more advanced ages, whereas diagnostic and treatment complexities place these diseases among civilization-related diseases of the present century.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMB on selected parameters of the humor... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMB on selected parameters of the humoral immunity in calves. The experiment was performed on 14 calves aged 30 ± 2 days, divided into two equal groups of control (group K) and experimental (group H) animals. The feed administered to the experimental calves was supplemented with HMB at 40 mg/kg BW, whereas the control calves were administered standard farm-made feed without supplementation. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein immediately before the experiment (day 0) and on experimental days 15, 30 and 60 to determine the following immunological parameters: total protein levels, gammaglobulin levels, lysozyme activity and ceruloplasmin activity. An analysis of the results obtained revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001 respectively) in gammaglobulin levels and lysozyme activity throughout the entire experimental period, an increase (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 respectively) in ceruloplasmin a...
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of beef cattle breed and muscle type on ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effects of beef cattle breed and muscle type on the proximate chemical composition and quality traits of meat, including processing suitability. The experimental materials comprised samples of musculus longissimus dorsi (LD muscle) and musculus semitendinosus (ST muscle) collected from the carcasses of young Limousin, Charolais and Hereford bulls. The chemical composition, texture, hydration and color parameters of LD and ST muscles were determined. Meat from Limousin and Charolais bulls, characterized by higher body mass at slaughter contained more protein than meat from Hereford bulls. Meat from Hereford bulls had a higher fat content, compared with the other two breeds. Texture parameters, including hardness, gumminess and chewiness, varied depending on muscle type and cattle breed. An analysis of the maximum shear force values showed that the mechanical properties of beef also varied depending on cattle breed and muscle type.
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
The objective of this study was to determine relationship between Lithuanian dairy cow breed prod... more The objective of this study was to determine relationship between Lithuanian dairy cow breed productive and reproductive traits. The study was carried out with 586 fully completed lactation cows: 184 Lithuanian Holstein (H), 320 Lithuanian Black and White (LBW) and 82 Lithuanian Red (LR) cows (291 cows in I, 149 in II and 146 in III and older lactations). Cow productivity and reproduction traits were calculated. H cows in I lactation had a lower insemination index compared to the LR, shorter calving interval (P≤0.05) and service period (P≤0.05) than LBW cows. LBW cows produced 1440.46kg more milk (P≤0.05) with less milk fat and protein content (accordingly 0.28 and 0.22 percent) (P≤0.05) compared with the LRd. The service period of LBW older lactation cows was 21.38 days longer and the insemination index was 0.68 times higher compared to the I lactation cows (P<0.05). LR cows of III and older lactations produced 3742kg more milk (P≤0.05) compared with the I lactation. All cows fr...
Contemporary human diet contains excessive quantities of n-6 saturated fatty acids (SFA) and poly... more Contemporary human diet contains excessive quantities of n-6 saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), but it is deficient in n-3 fatty acids. This imbalance could be the cause of respiratory diseases, obesity and cancer. Until recently, animal fat, including meat fat, was regarded solely as a source of saturated fatty acids, which are a risk factor for atherosclerosis, obesity and certain types of cancer. Recent stu-dies have shown, however, that animal fats contain biologically active substances beneficial for health, and that only some saturated fatty acids have adverse consequences. The latter group includes lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14) and palmitic acid (C16), i.e. mainly the ones with an unfavorable n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. Apart from fat, beef also contains high amounts of minerals, mainly phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), in particular its cis-9 trans-11 and trans-9 cis-11 iso-mers, is one of the s...
The aim of this study was to analyse milk yield, milk composition and other performance indicator... more The aim of this study was to analyse milk yield, milk composition and other performance indicators in Czech Pied cows raised in the Czech Republic as compared with Polish Holstein-Friesian, Simmental and Czech Pied cows raised in Poland. The experimental materials comprised cows enrolled in the milk recording scheme in 2011, of the following breeds: Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) (438 376 cows), Simmental (SIM) (9 559 cows), Czech Pied tested in Poland (CP-P) (34 cows), Czech Pied tested in the Czech Republic (CP-Cz) (110 436 cows). The following parameters were determined: yield [kg] of milk, fat and protein, content [%] of fat and protein in 305-day lactations: the first lactation (L-I), the second and subsequent lactations (L-IIS), the length of: inter-pregnancy interval (IPI), intercalving interval (ICI), gestation period and dry period, as well as artificial insemination efficiency and conception rates on selected days of IPI. PHF cows produced the highest yields of milk and mi...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy... more The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) on live weight loss and selected blood parameters in goat kids after transportation to the slaughterhouse. The study was performed with goat kids that were weaned at 30 days of age and divided into two groups (GK): a control group and an experimental group whose diet was supplemented with HMB (at 50 mg kg −1 of BW) for 60 consecutive days. At the end of the 90-day rearing period, the animals were fasted for 12 h (with access to water) and were transported to the slaughterhouse in the following morning. Blood for analysis was sampled before transportation (BST1) and after unloading in the slaughterhouse (BST2). The animals were weighed on the same dates to determine live weight loss. Red blood cell counts (RBC), white blood cell counts (WBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), neutrophil to lymphocyte (N:L) ratio, and cortisol and glucose concentrations were determined in the sampled blood. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss after transportation. Group of kids and BST did not induce variations in RBC, WBC, HGB, and HCT. Cortisol concentration was affected by both GK and BST. Cortisol levels increased after transportation in both groups, but this parameter was significantly higher in the control than in experimental animals at BST2. Glucose levels and the N:L ratio did not differ significantly between GK, but glucose concentration and the N:L ratio were higher at BST2 than at BST1 in both groups. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss and lower cortisol concentration after transportation, which could point to the efficacy of HMB in boosting immunity and alleviating transportation stress in goat kids.
I n t r o d u c t i o n : For many years, milk and colostrum proteins have been the object of sci... more I n t r o d u c t i o n : For many years, milk and colostrum proteins have been the object of scientists' interest. A group of whey proteins, including lactoferrin (Lf) are credited with special features that promote health and wellbeing. A i m : The purpose of this paper is to disseminate health and medical properties of lactoferrin originating from the cow's milk and bovine ncolostrum.
Massive deaths were reported on a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) farm, which over 10 months led... more Massive deaths were reported on a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) farm, which over 10 months led to the elimination of the herd. After three months of feeding, longitudinal precipitates inside the pellets were noted. The first symptoms were observed two weeks after the introduction of feed, and included lethargy, decreased mobility, and reduced appetite, as well as increased reactions to external stimuli. Over time, single deaths, hair loss and gnawing, white discolorations on teeth, and polyuria were reported. Haemorrhages of the reproductive tract and mass abortions were observed. Necropsy revealed the presence of transudate with pH = 10, severe hyperaemia of the intestinal mesentery, and extensive regressive lesions in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. Both grossly and microscopically, lesions were noted in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and lungs. The urinary bladder was overfilled. No lesions were observed in the spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathology of skin s...
The experiment was conducted on two groups of Black-and-White cows (10 animals per group) during ... more The experiment was conducted on two groups of Black-and-White cows (10 animals per group) during the perinatal period. Cows in the experimental group received a ration with 300 g/d/animal of whole-plant Echinacea purpurea meal for 3 weeks from the 10"' day before the expected calving. Whole Echinacea meal contained 1.26% of a biologically active substance-coffeic acid. Milk samples were collected three times a day to determine somatic celi count, and colostrum for determination of the lactoimmunoglobulin (o, p) level. Blood samples from calves and cows were collected to determine the immunoglobulin (a, p\ y) content. Statistically significant differences (P<0.01) were found only in the content of y-immunoglobulins in cows from the experimental group after three weeks of Echinacea administration. Differences in somatic celi count between the groups in successive samplings of milk were not significant (P>0.05).
The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of M. longissimus thoracis was determined in Herefo... more The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of M. longissimus thoracis was determined in Hereford, Limousine and Charolais fattening bulls fed concentrate and maize or grass silage as the basie feed for 7 months. The PUFA n-3 content was higher in Charolaise bulls than in other breeds, and was significantly higher in animals fed on grass than on maize silage. The ratio of PUFA n-6/n-3 was the most advantageous in Hereford bulls.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
The algorithm of constructing of new effective elastic characteristics of twocomponent composites... more The algorithm of constructing of new effective elastic characteristics of twocomponent composites based on the superposition of the models of Reiss and Voigt, Hashin and Strikman, as well as models of the geometric average for effective modules. These effective characteristics are inside forks Voigt and Reiss. Additionally, the calculations of the stress-strain state of composite structures with new effective characteristics give more accurate prediction than classical models do.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
We consider the effective modules of Voigt, Reiss for isotropic elastic composites. We have refor... more We consider the effective modules of Voigt, Reiss for isotropic elastic composites. We have reformed the method for constructing iterative transformation of the upper and lower estimates of fork (Voigt-Reuss) towards two-component composite in case of an arbitrary number of components. The method is based on the fact that effective modules of Voigt and Reuss can be regarded as elementary symmetric functions introduced by Gauss. The conditions, which the iteratively-transformed efficient modules must fulfill at every iteration, are shown. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
In this paper, we used the iterative solution algorithm, proposed in the work of Pavlov and Sveta... more In this paper, we used the iterative solution algorithm, proposed in the work of Pavlov and Svetashkova. This algorithm results in a complete separation of spatial and temporal variables, if we set up the boundary loads and (or) volumetric forces in the same kind. In this paper, we have examined the stress-strain state of a viscoelastic plate, and the results of the calculation displacements, stresses are given. In addition, we made a comparison of the calculation indices rate of convergence for the iterative process with their theoretical values.
The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a diet containing β-carotene and omega-... more The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a diet containing β-carotene and omega-3 fatty acids on the biochemical and nonspecific humoral immunity indicators and on the results of rearing calves to day 60 of life. The study was conducted in 2011-2012, on a herd of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. 54 calves from the herd were divided into 3 groups, 18 animals in each: CTR, TRT1 and TRT2. During the colostral period lasting for 5 days after birth, calves were drinking the mother's colostrum. From 6 to 60 days, calves were watered milk replacer formulation. The control group (CTR) consisted of calves after the colostral period given milk replacer formulation without any supplementation. In the two other groups, calves received milk replacers with the supplementation of b-carotene (TRT1 group) in the amount of 25 mg/calf/day or a suspension of liver omega-3 oil (TRT2 group) in the amount of 5 g/calf/day. All calves received solid feed ad libitum. The research showed that the parameters of the metabolic profile of calves (ALT, ASP, CHOL, GLU, UREA, ALP, TG, CRE) were within the normal range, indicating good health of the calves. Moreover, the supplementation had a positive impact on the chosen immunological parameters, including a higher IgG concentration, especially at the end of the milk drinking period. The
The increasing resistance of community and hospital acquired bacterial strains has become a chall... more The increasing resistance of community and hospital acquired bacterial strains has become a challenge to the current health policy in Poland. Although some bacteria are known to have a peculiar resistance towards a given agent, antibiotics have a well-established position in clinical practice and are broadly available in our lives. The universal access to antimicrobial therapy and its overuse have created an issue of previously susceptible bacteria now presenting antibiotic resistance. All bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment, continue growth and reproduction. This phenomenon is also observed in livestock rearing. An inadequate implementation of antibiotic therapy leads to the transfer of resistant bacterial strains into the environment of people, who eat products of animal and plant origin. Moreover, the non-compliance to law in terms of antibiotics added to animal fodder or negilgence of withdrawal periods seems to further exacerbate the situation. Various research projects conducted in Poland and elsewhere have demonstrated that antibiotics produce an immunosuppressive effect, which exposes both humans and animals to different infections. Antibiotics also interfere with the growth of many microorganisms, recognized as part of the human and animal physiological microflora, as a result of which dysbacteriosis may develop. In order to limit the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, research should be focus on finding alternative agents based on plant extracts that undergo biodegradation.
Celem pracy było określenie udziału kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku krów rasy polskiej holsztyńskofry... more Celem pracy było określenie udziału kwasów tłuszczowych w mleku krów rasy polskiej holsztyńskofryzyjskiej, uwzględniając wpływ kolejności laktacji i fazy laktacji. Do badań wybrano 48 krów rasy polskiej holsztyńsko-fryzyjskiej, będących w różnym wieku: I, II, III i IV laktacja (po 12 szt. w każdej z nich). Od każdej krowy pobierano próby mleka z uwzględnieniem fazy laktacji, tj. w następujących dniach doju: 6., 30., 90., 300., 350. i 400. (łącznie 288 prób). Spośród oznaczonych kwasów tłuszczowych mleka najwyższy udział stanowiły: C16:0, C18:1 cis 9, C18:0 oraz C14:0, w tym kwasy oleinowy (C18:1 cis 9) i stearynowy (C18:0), którym przypisuje się właściwości obniżające poziom cholesterolu we krwi, stanowiły aż 37,35 g/100 g tłuszczu. Największą zawartością nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (SFA) charakteryzowało się mleko krów z IV laktacji (p ≤ 0,05) oraz w okresie okołoporodowym, tj. w 6. dniu laktacji. Zawartość korzystnych nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (UFA) malała w tłuszczu mleka w kolejnych czterech laktacjach (p ≤ 0,05), także w miarę upływu laktacji, osiągając najwyższą wartość w 6. dniu, a najniższą w 400. dniu (p ≤ 0,01 i p ≤ 0,05). Mleko pochodzące od pierwiastek charakteryzowało się najwyższą koncentracją kwasów tłuszczowych wielonienasyconych (PUFA) i jednonienasyconych (MUFA), a jednocześnie najmniejszą zawartością kwasów mniej korzystnie wpływających na zdrowie człowieka, tj. C12:0, C14:0, C16:0. W miarę trwania laktacji zawartość MUFA w tłuszczu mleka malała, a PUFA wzrastała, co potwierdzają różnice statystyczne przy p ≤ 0,01 i p ≤ 0,05. W okresie od 6. do 90. dnia laktacji najkorzystniejszy był stosunek kwasów n-6/n-3 oraz największa zawartość funkcjonalnych kwasów tłuszczowych, tj.: masłowego (BA), cis 9 oleinowego (OA), linolowego (LA) oraz krótkołańcuchowych (SCFA) i długołańcuchowych kwasów tłuszczowych (LCFA). Zawartość kwasów: cis 9 trans 11 sprzężonego linolowego (CLA) i trans 10+11 wakcenowego (TVA) była najmniejsza w tzw. szczycie wydajności laktacyjnej i wzrastała w miarę trwania laktacji, osiągając najwyższe wartości w 300. dniu laktacji.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional and TMR feeding systems ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional and TMR feeding systems on the yield, composition and hygienic quality of milk in two herds of Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The study was conducted from November 2009 to October 2010. Dairy herd A was fed conventional feed, and herd B was fed a total mixed ration (TMR). The diet was composed of haylage made of grass and legumes, maize silage, dry roughage, concentrate and mineral feed. Each herd consisted of 30 animals kept indoors. Cows fed a TMR consumed 10 kg more feed per day, compared with cows fed conventional feed. Both daily and annual milk yield was higher in herd B than in herd A. Milk produced by cows fed the TMR had a higher protein and fat content, and it was characterized by better sanitary quality (in particular in the summer season), in comparison with milk from cows receiving conventional feed.
Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the nutritional value and health ... more Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the nutritional value and health benefits of food products of animal origin. Numerous research studies have been undertaken to evaluate the effects of bovine milk, a key dietary component, on human health. Fat is one of the most important components in bovine milk, and its content ranges from 2.8% to 8.1%, subject to the breed of cattle, nutritional aspects, individual characteristics, lactation period, milk production hygiene and season. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the latest literature concerning the health effects of components found in bovine milk fat. Materials and methods: This paper is a literature review, and it analyzes the composition of bovine milk fat and its effects on human health. The available sources were grouped thematically, and an attempt was made to characterize various milk fat components and their effects on human health. Discussion: The unique nutritional value of bovine milk can be attributed to the presence of short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids which are important sources of energy for the muscles, heart, liver, kidneys, blood platelets and nervous system. They do not pose an obesity risk; they prevent ulcerative colitis, cancer, atherosclerosis and hypertension; they have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and they boost natural immunity. Milk contains cholesterol, a lipid derivative which stabilizes and stiffens cell membranes, builds the cell cytoskeleton, protects nerve fibers and acts as a precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D 3. Bovine milk lipids do not exert hypercholesterolemic or atherogenic effects in the human body. Conclusions: A growing tendency to replace animal fats, mainly milk fat, with vegetable fats is a matter of concern.
Introduction. Civilization-related diseases are defined as diseases encompassing a global range, ... more Introduction. Civilization-related diseases are defined as diseases encompassing a global range, whose appearance or spreading issues have been largely caused as a result of the advances of modern civilization. Thus, such diseases are also interchangeably termed diseases of the 21 st century. Allergy, i.e., an organism's abnormal immune reaction to exposure to an allergen, due to its increasing incidence, especially in developing countries, is occasionally called "an epidemic of the 21 st century". Issues concerning food allergy are significant ones with respect to allergies as such. Aim. This work aimed at reviewing the most current literature concerning food allergy. Discussion. The incidence of adverse reactions to food varies. Reaction depends on the allergen type, patient's age, type of evaluated mechanism, and local diet. Potentially, each food may cause sensitivity; however, in order for a reaction to occur several conditions must be fulfilled. Allergens are mainly water-soluble glycoproteins ranging in size from 10 kDa to 70 kDa. Cases of allergies caused by smaller particles (approx. 3 kDa) or larger ones (up to 100 kDa) are also known. The increased prevalence of food allergies results from an unfavorable combination of genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions. The incidence of food allergies is on the increase. The symptoms are intensified and regress at more advanced ages, whereas diagnostic and treatment complexities place these diseases among civilization-related diseases of the present century.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMB on selected parameters of the humor... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMB on selected parameters of the humoral immunity in calves. The experiment was performed on 14 calves aged 30 ± 2 days, divided into two equal groups of control (group K) and experimental (group H) animals. The feed administered to the experimental calves was supplemented with HMB at 40 mg/kg BW, whereas the control calves were administered standard farm-made feed without supplementation. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein immediately before the experiment (day 0) and on experimental days 15, 30 and 60 to determine the following immunological parameters: total protein levels, gammaglobulin levels, lysozyme activity and ceruloplasmin activity. An analysis of the results obtained revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001 respectively) in gammaglobulin levels and lysozyme activity throughout the entire experimental period, an increase (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 respectively) in ceruloplasmin a...
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of beef cattle breed and muscle type on ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effects of beef cattle breed and muscle type on the proximate chemical composition and quality traits of meat, including processing suitability. The experimental materials comprised samples of musculus longissimus dorsi (LD muscle) and musculus semitendinosus (ST muscle) collected from the carcasses of young Limousin, Charolais and Hereford bulls. The chemical composition, texture, hydration and color parameters of LD and ST muscles were determined. Meat from Limousin and Charolais bulls, characterized by higher body mass at slaughter contained more protein than meat from Hereford bulls. Meat from Hereford bulls had a higher fat content, compared with the other two breeds. Texture parameters, including hardness, gumminess and chewiness, varied depending on muscle type and cattle breed. An analysis of the maximum shear force values showed that the mechanical properties of beef also varied depending on cattle breed and muscle type.
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Papers by Jan Miciñski