<p>This model included spatial-, temporal-, environmental-, and apiary-related factors. See... more <p>This model included spatial-, temporal-, environmental-, and apiary-related factors. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0206733#pone.0206733.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> for further information on the different variables and the selected models with ΔAICc<2 that we used for model averaging). This analysis was restricted to visited apiaries and to 2007 and 2008, to be able to include variables describing damages in the previous year.</p
Number of compensated claims for brown bear damage in Europe obtained from national and regional ... more Number of compensated claims for brown bear damage in Europe obtained from national and regional wildlife agencies and published literature and reports, as well as from researchers and practitioners. The file also contains environmental and socioeconomic information of each of the study sites
Understanding what factors are behind fluctuations in the abundance of endangered species is a di... more Understanding what factors are behind fluctuations in the abundance of endangered species is a difficult ecological problem and a major requirement to attain effective management and conservation success. The ecological traits of large mammals make this task even more complicated, calling for integrative approaches. We develop a framework combining individual-based modelling and statistical inference to assess alternative hypotheses on brown bear dynamics in the Cantabrian range (Iberian Peninsula). Models including the effect of environmental factors on mortality rates were able to reproduce three decades of variation in the number of females with cubs of the year (<i>Fcoy</i>), including the decline that put the population close to extinction in the mid-nineties, and the following increase in brown bear numbers. This external effect prevailed over density-dependent mechanisms (sexually selected infanticide and female reproductive suppression), with a major impact of cl...
Activity patterns, movements, and habitat use of a family group of brown bears (Ursus arctos), ra... more Activity patterns, movements, and habitat use of a family group of brown bears (Ursus arctos), radiotracked during 5 months, were significantly different on holidays than on workdays in Somiedo Natural Park, Asturias, Spain. Straight-line distances between daily consecutive radiolocations during holidays (0.74 km, SD = 1.1, n = 86) were twice those of workdays (0.38 km, SD = 0.31, n = 67). Further, 43 visual observations (summing to 1,943 minutes) of the family group showed greater investment in activities such as travel, fleeing, and vigilance on holidays (55% vs. 39% on workdays). Habitats used during holidays differed, as demonstrated by a significant increase of rocky outcrops (26%, SD = 23, workdays; and 38%, SD = 25, holidays) and higher distances to unpaved roads (0.35 km, SD = 0.21, workdays; 0.45 km, SD = 0.22, holidays). Although our sample size was limited to an adult female with cubs in the western Cantabrian Range in a population of only 50-65 bears, the results show th...
Determination of the seasonal component in the total NDVI distance metric and illustration of the... more Determination of the seasonal component in the total NDVI distance metric and illustration of the three hypotheses.
Background information and description of the data; Figures and Tables; ODD description of the br... more Background information and description of the data; Figures and Tables; ODD description of the brown bear model.; Model fitting and inference.
Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife... more Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife damages to agriculture and livestock. Spatial risk modelling is a useful tool to gain understanding of wildlife damage and mitigate conflicts. Although resource selection is a hierarchical process operating at multiple scales, risk models usually fail to address more than one scale, which can result in the misidentification of the underlying processes. Here, we addressed the multi-scale nature of wildlife damage occurrence by considering ecological and management correlates interacting from household to landscape scales. We studied brown bear (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) damage to apiaries in the North-eastern Carpathians as our model system. Using generalized additive models, we found that brown bear tendency to avoid humans and the habitat preferences of bears and beekeepers determine the risk of bear damage at multiple scales. Damage risk at fine scales increased when the broad ...
<p>This model included spatial-, temporal-, environmental-, and apiary-related factors. See... more <p>This model included spatial-, temporal-, environmental-, and apiary-related factors. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0206733#pone.0206733.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> for further information on the different variables and the selected models with ΔAICc<2 that we used for model averaging). This analysis was restricted to visited apiaries and to 2007 and 2008, to be able to include variables describing damages in the previous year.</p
Number of compensated claims for brown bear damage in Europe obtained from national and regional ... more Number of compensated claims for brown bear damage in Europe obtained from national and regional wildlife agencies and published literature and reports, as well as from researchers and practitioners. The file also contains environmental and socioeconomic information of each of the study sites
Understanding what factors are behind fluctuations in the abundance of endangered species is a di... more Understanding what factors are behind fluctuations in the abundance of endangered species is a difficult ecological problem and a major requirement to attain effective management and conservation success. The ecological traits of large mammals make this task even more complicated, calling for integrative approaches. We develop a framework combining individual-based modelling and statistical inference to assess alternative hypotheses on brown bear dynamics in the Cantabrian range (Iberian Peninsula). Models including the effect of environmental factors on mortality rates were able to reproduce three decades of variation in the number of females with cubs of the year (<i>Fcoy</i>), including the decline that put the population close to extinction in the mid-nineties, and the following increase in brown bear numbers. This external effect prevailed over density-dependent mechanisms (sexually selected infanticide and female reproductive suppression), with a major impact of cl...
Activity patterns, movements, and habitat use of a family group of brown bears (Ursus arctos), ra... more Activity patterns, movements, and habitat use of a family group of brown bears (Ursus arctos), radiotracked during 5 months, were significantly different on holidays than on workdays in Somiedo Natural Park, Asturias, Spain. Straight-line distances between daily consecutive radiolocations during holidays (0.74 km, SD = 1.1, n = 86) were twice those of workdays (0.38 km, SD = 0.31, n = 67). Further, 43 visual observations (summing to 1,943 minutes) of the family group showed greater investment in activities such as travel, fleeing, and vigilance on holidays (55% vs. 39% on workdays). Habitats used during holidays differed, as demonstrated by a significant increase of rocky outcrops (26%, SD = 23, workdays; and 38%, SD = 25, holidays) and higher distances to unpaved roads (0.35 km, SD = 0.21, workdays; 0.45 km, SD = 0.22, holidays). Although our sample size was limited to an adult female with cubs in the western Cantabrian Range in a population of only 50-65 bears, the results show th...
Determination of the seasonal component in the total NDVI distance metric and illustration of the... more Determination of the seasonal component in the total NDVI distance metric and illustration of the three hypotheses.
Background information and description of the data; Figures and Tables; ODD description of the br... more Background information and description of the data; Figures and Tables; ODD description of the brown bear model.; Model fitting and inference.
Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife... more Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife damages to agriculture and livestock. Spatial risk modelling is a useful tool to gain understanding of wildlife damage and mitigate conflicts. Although resource selection is a hierarchical process operating at multiple scales, risk models usually fail to address more than one scale, which can result in the misidentification of the underlying processes. Here, we addressed the multi-scale nature of wildlife damage occurrence by considering ecological and management correlates interacting from household to landscape scales. We studied brown bear (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) damage to apiaries in the North-eastern Carpathians as our model system. Using generalized additive models, we found that brown bear tendency to avoid humans and the habitat preferences of bears and beekeepers determine the risk of bear damage at multiple scales. Damage risk at fine scales increased when the broad ...
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