Dengue viral infection is one of the most common deadliest diseases and has become a recurrent is... more Dengue viral infection is one of the most common deadliest diseases and has become a recurrent issue for public health in tropical countries. Although the spectrum of clinical diagnosis and treatment have recently been established, the efficient and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) during viremia and the early febrile phase is still a great challenge. In this study, a dithiobis (succinimidyl undecanoate, DSU)/amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide-–polyamidoamine dendrimer (DSU/amine-functionalized rGO–PAMAM) thin film-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was developed for the detection of DENV 2 E-proteins. Different concentrations of DENV 2 E-proteins were successfully tested by the developed SPR sensor-based system. The performance of the developed sensor showed increased shift in the SPR angle, narrow full-width–half-maximum of the SPR curve, high detection accuracy, excellent figure of merit and signal-to-noise ratio, good sensitivity values in the range of 0...
The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably l... more The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably led to their wide range application, from bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. The reported precursors and properties of these CDs have opened new opportunities for the future development of high-quality CDs and applications. Green precursors were classified into fruits, vegetables, flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, crop residues, fungi/bacteria species, and waste products, while the chemical precursors were classified into acid reagents and non-acid reagents. This paper quickly reviews ten years of the synthesis of CDs using green and chemical precursors. The application of CDs as sensing materials in optical sensor techniques for environmental monitoring, including the detection of heavy metal ions, phenol, pesticides, and nitroaromatic explosives, was also discussed in this review. This profound review will offer knowledge for the upcoming community of researchers interested in synthesizi...
Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a spectroscopic technique that is surface-sens... more Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a spectroscopic technique that is surface-sensitive that can be used to analyze the chemical and elemental state of a sample on the surface. In this research, XPS was used to study the chemical interaction of gold/nanocrystalline cellulose-graphene oxide (gold/NCC-GO) thin film. The thin film was prepared by deposition of NCC-GO on a gold thin film using spin coating method to obtain a homogeneous gold/NCC-GO thin film before characterized by XPS. From the XPS results, it is confirmed that carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur elements exist on the gold/NCC-GO thin film surface. Further deconvolution has also been carried out by Voigt curve fitting program in order to determine the sub-peak component of each elements. Besides that, the gold/NCC-GO thin film has potential to be used in sensing metal ion application. The interaction of metal ions with the gold/NCC-GO thin film was optically proven using surface plasmon resonance optical sensor before the thin film was characterized again by XPS to confirm the chemical interactions involved. It is believed that the existence negative charge functional groups, i.e., COO− and SO3− on the gold/NCC-GO thin film surface played an important role during the interaction.
The vast development of plastics industry involving phenolic compounds in its production has resu... more The vast development of plastics industry involving phenolic compounds in its production has resulted in bad water pollution. It becomes a serious problem as living things including human need water to survive the daily life. Due to its toxicity, some of the phenolic compounds have been listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list of priority pollutants. Since then, huge efforts have been put in the fabrication of sensors for fast detection of priority phenolic compounds. Biosensors based on phenol oxidases have been greatly developed for priority phenolic compounds sensing due to its inherent specificity and fast response. In this feature paper, the recent and updated studies on the applications of phenol oxidases for the detection of priority phenolic compounds using electrochemical and optical sensor will be reviewed as well as the future development of surface plasmon resonance incorporated with phenol oxidases as an alternative sensor for priority phenolic compounds.
There are extensive studies on the development of composite solutions involving various types of ... more There are extensive studies on the development of composite solutions involving various types of materials. Therefore, this works aims to incorporate two polymers of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and poly(3,4-ethylenethiophene) (PEDOT) to develop a composite thin film via the spin-coating method. Then, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is employed to confirm the functional groups of the NCC/PEDOT thin film. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed a relatively homogeneous surface with the roughness of the NCC/PEDOT thin film being slightly higher compared with individual thin films. Meanwhile, the ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrometer evaluated the optical properties of synthesized thin films, where the absorbance peaks can be observed around a wavelength of 220 to 700 nm. An optical band gap of 4.082 eV was obtained for the composite thin film, which is slightly lower as compared with a single material thin film. The NCC/PEDOT thin film was also incorpo...
It has been known for years that the phenolic compounds are able to exert harmful effects toward ... more It has been known for years that the phenolic compounds are able to exert harmful effects toward living organisms including humans due to their high toxicity. Living organisms were exposed to these phenolic compounds as they were released into the environment as waste products from several fast-growing industries. In this regard, tremendous efforts have been made by researchers to develop sensing methods for the detection of these phenolic compounds. Graphene and conducting polymers-based materials have arisen as a high potential sensing layer to improve the performance of the developed sensors. Henceforth, this paper reviews the existing investigations on graphene and conducting polymer-based materials incorporated with various sensors that aimed to detect hazardous phenolic compounds, i.e., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dimethylphenol. The whole picture and up-to-date i...
Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture.... more Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this r...
In this study, synthesis and characterization of chitosan/maghemite (Cs/Fe2O3) composites thin fi... more In this study, synthesis and characterization of chitosan/maghemite (Cs/Fe2O3) composites thin film has been described. Its properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). FTIR confirmed the existence of Fe–O bond, C–N bond, C–C bond, C–O bond, O=C=O bond and O–H bond in Cs/Fe2O3 thin film. The surface morphology of the thin film indicated the relatively smooth and homogenous thin film, and also confirmed the interaction of Fe2O3 with the chitosan. Next, the UV-Vis result showed high absorbance value with an optical band gap of 4.013 eV. The incorporation of this Cs/Fe2O3 thin film with an optical-based method, i.e., surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed positive response where mercury ion (Hg2+) can be detected down to 0.01 ppm (49.9 nM). These results validate the potential of Cs/Fe2O3 thin film for optical sensing applications in Hg2+ detection.
Dengue viral infection is one of the most common deadliest diseases and has become a recurrent is... more Dengue viral infection is one of the most common deadliest diseases and has become a recurrent issue for public health in tropical countries. Although the spectrum of clinical diagnosis and treatment have recently been established, the efficient and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) during viremia and the early febrile phase is still a great challenge. In this study, a dithiobis (succinimidyl undecanoate, DSU)/amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide-–polyamidoamine dendrimer (DSU/amine-functionalized rGO–PAMAM) thin film-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was developed for the detection of DENV 2 E-proteins. Different concentrations of DENV 2 E-proteins were successfully tested by the developed SPR sensor-based system. The performance of the developed sensor showed increased shift in the SPR angle, narrow full-width–half-maximum of the SPR curve, high detection accuracy, excellent figure of merit and signal-to-noise ratio, good sensitivity values in the range of 0...
The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably l... more The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably led to their wide range application, from bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. The reported precursors and properties of these CDs have opened new opportunities for the future development of high-quality CDs and applications. Green precursors were classified into fruits, vegetables, flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, crop residues, fungi/bacteria species, and waste products, while the chemical precursors were classified into acid reagents and non-acid reagents. This paper quickly reviews ten years of the synthesis of CDs using green and chemical precursors. The application of CDs as sensing materials in optical sensor techniques for environmental monitoring, including the detection of heavy metal ions, phenol, pesticides, and nitroaromatic explosives, was also discussed in this review. This profound review will offer knowledge for the upcoming community of researchers interested in synthesizi...
Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a spectroscopic technique that is surface-sens... more Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a spectroscopic technique that is surface-sensitive that can be used to analyze the chemical and elemental state of a sample on the surface. In this research, XPS was used to study the chemical interaction of gold/nanocrystalline cellulose-graphene oxide (gold/NCC-GO) thin film. The thin film was prepared by deposition of NCC-GO on a gold thin film using spin coating method to obtain a homogeneous gold/NCC-GO thin film before characterized by XPS. From the XPS results, it is confirmed that carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur elements exist on the gold/NCC-GO thin film surface. Further deconvolution has also been carried out by Voigt curve fitting program in order to determine the sub-peak component of each elements. Besides that, the gold/NCC-GO thin film has potential to be used in sensing metal ion application. The interaction of metal ions with the gold/NCC-GO thin film was optically proven using surface plasmon resonance optical sensor before the thin film was characterized again by XPS to confirm the chemical interactions involved. It is believed that the existence negative charge functional groups, i.e., COO− and SO3− on the gold/NCC-GO thin film surface played an important role during the interaction.
The vast development of plastics industry involving phenolic compounds in its production has resu... more The vast development of plastics industry involving phenolic compounds in its production has resulted in bad water pollution. It becomes a serious problem as living things including human need water to survive the daily life. Due to its toxicity, some of the phenolic compounds have been listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list of priority pollutants. Since then, huge efforts have been put in the fabrication of sensors for fast detection of priority phenolic compounds. Biosensors based on phenol oxidases have been greatly developed for priority phenolic compounds sensing due to its inherent specificity and fast response. In this feature paper, the recent and updated studies on the applications of phenol oxidases for the detection of priority phenolic compounds using electrochemical and optical sensor will be reviewed as well as the future development of surface plasmon resonance incorporated with phenol oxidases as an alternative sensor for priority phenolic compounds.
There are extensive studies on the development of composite solutions involving various types of ... more There are extensive studies on the development of composite solutions involving various types of materials. Therefore, this works aims to incorporate two polymers of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and poly(3,4-ethylenethiophene) (PEDOT) to develop a composite thin film via the spin-coating method. Then, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is employed to confirm the functional groups of the NCC/PEDOT thin film. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed a relatively homogeneous surface with the roughness of the NCC/PEDOT thin film being slightly higher compared with individual thin films. Meanwhile, the ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrometer evaluated the optical properties of synthesized thin films, where the absorbance peaks can be observed around a wavelength of 220 to 700 nm. An optical band gap of 4.082 eV was obtained for the composite thin film, which is slightly lower as compared with a single material thin film. The NCC/PEDOT thin film was also incorpo...
It has been known for years that the phenolic compounds are able to exert harmful effects toward ... more It has been known for years that the phenolic compounds are able to exert harmful effects toward living organisms including humans due to their high toxicity. Living organisms were exposed to these phenolic compounds as they were released into the environment as waste products from several fast-growing industries. In this regard, tremendous efforts have been made by researchers to develop sensing methods for the detection of these phenolic compounds. Graphene and conducting polymers-based materials have arisen as a high potential sensing layer to improve the performance of the developed sensors. Henceforth, this paper reviews the existing investigations on graphene and conducting polymer-based materials incorporated with various sensors that aimed to detect hazardous phenolic compounds, i.e., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dimethylphenol. The whole picture and up-to-date i...
Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture.... more Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this r...
In this study, synthesis and characterization of chitosan/maghemite (Cs/Fe2O3) composites thin fi... more In this study, synthesis and characterization of chitosan/maghemite (Cs/Fe2O3) composites thin film has been described. Its properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). FTIR confirmed the existence of Fe–O bond, C–N bond, C–C bond, C–O bond, O=C=O bond and O–H bond in Cs/Fe2O3 thin film. The surface morphology of the thin film indicated the relatively smooth and homogenous thin film, and also confirmed the interaction of Fe2O3 with the chitosan. Next, the UV-Vis result showed high absorbance value with an optical band gap of 4.013 eV. The incorporation of this Cs/Fe2O3 thin film with an optical-based method, i.e., surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed positive response where mercury ion (Hg2+) can be detected down to 0.01 ppm (49.9 nM). These results validate the potential of Cs/Fe2O3 thin film for optical sensing applications in Hg2+ detection.
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