Background: Becoming environmentally viable, lately, ‘Going Green’ has been a popular expression ... more Background: Becoming environmentally viable, lately, ‘Going Green’ has been a popular expression for both worldwide banking and financial areas just as for the overall population. Green banking as a piece of going green is another method of playing out the financial organizations thinking about the clean natural issues and corporate social duty of banks. Objectives: This paper tries to investigate banker’s overall arrangement and elements influencing their viewpoint on green banking performances. Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. The sample of 326 financial representatives has been gathered by utilizing a purposive sampling technique. Collecting primary and secondary data, this study utilizes an explanatory research design that assesses the causal relationship among reliant and free factors. The paper utilizes descriptive and inferential techniques for assessment. For understanding green financial mindfulnes...
Food insecurity is the primary concern of developing countries as food deficiencies contribute to... more Food insecurity is the primary concern of developing countries as food deficiencies contribute to stunting and mortality in children below the age of five. This study evaluates the impact of households’ socioeconomic factors on food insecurity at national and regional level, using the HIES 2015-16 data for Pakistan. The logistic regression results depict that 38% of the households at national level experienced calorie deficiency with 40.5% in rural and 36.7% in urban areas. Households with a caloric intake deficiency in the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh are relatively higher. The socioeconomic analysis shows that age and gender (male) of the household head are positively related to food insecurity, whereas the education has a negative effect. The food insecurity in female-headed households is less likely than in male-headed households. The household size and overcrowding ratio (persons per room) in our estimated model have positive signs. Agriculture related indicators have inv...
Tax based fiscal policies have been regarded as less policy tool to overcome the fiscaldeficit in... more Tax based fiscal policies have been regarded as less policy tool to overcome the fiscaldeficit in developing countries. Tax revenue may be a possible source to correct the deficit which reduces economic growth and social welfare. The empirical analysis of this study shows that changes in tax rate may have permanent effects on output, but will have only temporary effects on its growth rate in selected Asian Economies. This implies that an increase in the tax rate has permanently reduce the level of output per capita, but have no permanent effect on growth rate. These findings suggest that the relationship between output and the tax rate in these countries is best described by the neo-classical growth model.
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed worl... more Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed world trade patterns; generally, it is conceptualized as non-tariff barrier which impedes trade. In this study, impact of TBT on imports of Pakistan has been estimated. This paper explores how TBT affects import of Pakistan from its trade partner using PPML estimation method to handle zero trade flows and overdispersion of data of Pakistan’s import, based on gravity model. The findings depict that GDP of Pakistan and partners, exchange rate, tariff, distance, and contiguity are vital factors; along with TBT cases initiated by Pakistan have also impacted import from WTO members. The results suggest that Pakistan-initiated TBT and tariff have experienced lower import volume, hence they can be used to administer its ever-increasing trade deficit. The study also presents comparative analysis of TBT and tariff impacts on imports from high income, upper middle, lower middle, and lower income count...
Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu va... more Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. The sample of 326 financial representatives has been gathered by utilizing a purposive sampling technique. Collecting primary and secondary data, this study utilizes an explanatory research design that assesses the causal relationship among reliant and free factors. The paper utilizes descriptive and inferential techniques for assessment. For understanding green financial mindfulness of the bankers, an index has been calculated.
A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer’s knowledge related to pesticide... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer’s knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2(72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less than 50% correct response. The result shows that farmers have reasonably good knowledge but it still has to see, to what extent that knowledge is being used practically. It could possibly be the future research topic.
This study analyzes the continued and separate fiscal policy options regarding taxes, expenditure... more This study analyzes the continued and separate fiscal policy options regarding taxes, expenditures and public debt for Pakistan. It evaluates the plausibility of an important hypothesis that seeks to maintain a balance between raising resources, increasing expenditures and contracting public debt i.e., the tax smoothing hypothesis. The study determines whether Pakistan has adopted a tax smoothing policy to overcome fiscal deficit and if so, what forms such policy has taken. The Wavelet Transformation is used for the first time to decompose the expenditure rate series into the permanent and transitory parts. The graphical and empirical analyses presented here reveal that Pakistan has tried to minimize the welfare cost of taxation but these policies have not followed best practices in tax smoothing elsewhere. The paper also makes some useful recommendations in this regard. It shows that in order to minimize the welfare cost of taxation the government should finance its permanent expen...
This paper seeks to find the causal relationship between government size and economic growth and ... more This paper seeks to find the causal relationship between government size and economic growth and attempts to find out whether there is evidence in support of Wagner’s Law or not in Pakistan. For this purpose, the annual time series data are used to study the relationship between the economic growth and government size. Cointegration, Error Correction Mechanism and Causality methodologies are used to explore the relationship. The five versions of Wagner’s hypothesis are estimated in this study. The results give strong insights that Wagner’s Law does not hold in the short run, however, weak evidence is found of its existence in the long run. Therefore, policy makers should work for provision of better and secure environment for investors and reduction of current expenditures and raise of development expenditures.
Price stability is one of the key objective of public policy. Ever increasing prices have negativ... more Price stability is one of the key objective of public policy. Ever increasing prices have negative implications for economic growth and poverty. The present study attempts to analyze; how prices in Pakistan are affected by monetary and fiscal policies. It analyzes the interaction of domestic debt, fiscal deficit, money supply and exchange rate with the price level, by applying the VAR decomposition, Granger causality and Impulse response models. The study uses data for the period 1973 to 2010. The results reveal that in Pakistan both Monetary and Fiscal policies play significant role in determination of prices. However, the role of fiscal policy is comparatively stronger than monetary policy as it has both direct and indirect impacts on prices. As the fiscal deficit and domestic debt also affects prices through money supply. Furthermore, the effects of inflationary expectations on prices are highest in magnitude. The study suggests that to cope with increasing prices the coordinatio...
The terms of trade (TOT) have an important role in determining direction of the trade which final... more The terms of trade (TOT) have an important role in determining direction of the trade which finally transmits into trade balance. The current study is an effort to seek the effect of TOT on the trade balance. The short and long-estimates are computed through Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology; the results reveal that in the case of Pakistan, there is no significant relationship between TOT and trade balance. Furthermore, the estimated Marshall Lerner (ML) condition is calculated by addition of the absolute values of import and export demand elasticities. The study shows that it does not hold for Pakistan, neither in the short-run, nor in the long-run. The computed ML condition, evidently infers that price have negative impact on trade balance. The demand for exports and imports are price inelastic; thus, to curtail trade balance the government should take measures to increase exports and limit the unnecessary imports.
This paper evaluates the impact of terms of trade on economic growth for Pakistan economy. We div... more This paper evaluates the impact of terms of trade on economic growth for Pakistan economy. We divided our analysis into two parts. Firstly, this study estimates the relationship between terms of trade and economic growth and further the impact of volatility in terms of trade on economic growth. Secondly, focuses on the export demand and import demand elasticities for Marshall Lerner condition. The ARDL test is used to estimate long run and short run relationship. In empirical estimation, no evidence of significant impact of terms of trade and volatility terms of trade on economic growth in the long run as well as in the short run is found although Marshall Lerner condition holds in Pakistan. A movement in terms of trade can be explained in terms of export demand elasticities and import demand elasticities. Despite of satisfaction of Marshall-Lerner condition; only devaluation of currency may not be advantageous. Under situations where export demand and import demand elasticities are...
This study investigates the impact of various fiscal policy instruments on the income inequality ... more This study investigates the impact of various fiscal policy instruments on the income inequality of Pakistan using an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model on annual data. We find that direct taxes reduce income inequality, measured using the Gini index, while indirect taxes increase disparities. As the major portion of tax revenues are indirect taxes, the current tax regime of Pakistan does not achieve income redistribution. Similarly, development expenditures have significantly reduced income inequality, likely through the creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, the overall fiscal deficit increases income inequality, due to a rising public debt financed by (regressive) indirect taxes. This study suggests that in the case of Pakistan, where direct taxes are low, a large shadow economy exists, and weak tax administration prevails, an increase in development expenditures and broadening of the tax base of direct taxes should be the main fiscal policy tools for ...
The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is the large-scale public sector program in Pakistan ... more The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is the large-scale public sector program in Pakistan that targets the poor women by providing unconditional cash transfers. In this paper, we have analyzed the impact of BISP’s cash transfers on women’s empowerment after two, five, and eight years of intervention. Women’s empowerment is defined by four dimensions including women’s mobility, decision-making, political voice, and spousal violence. The impact is measured by using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design for cross-sectional data and a difference-in-difference approach for panel data. The results reveal that after two years of intervention, there was no significant impact on women’s empowerment; however, after 5 and 8 years, there was a substantial impact, especially on women’s mobility, their involvement in decision-making, and voting behavior. The biometric payment also helped women to go outside home and control on cash herself. Despite the positive impact on women’s mobility and political voice, a mild impact is found on women’s bargaining power and gender norms i.e., involving women in decision-making by their husbands and violence against women. Le programme Benazir d’appui aux revenus (BISP) est le programme de grande envergure du gouvernement Pakistanais qui cible les femmes pauvres pour effectuer des transferts monétaires inconditionnels. Dans cet article, nous analysons l'impact des transferts monétaires du programme Benazir sur l'autonomisation des femmes au bout de deux, cinq et huit ans d'intervention. L'autonomisation des femmes est définie par quatre indicateurs, notamment la mobilité des femmes, leur prise de décision, leur participation à la vie politique et la violence conjugale. L'impact est mesuré en utilisant une régression sur discontinuité floue pour les données transversales et la méthode des doubles différences pour les données de panel. Les résultats indiquent qu'au bout de deux ans l'intervention n'a pas eu d'impact significatif sur l'autonomisation des femmes; cependant, au bout de 5 et 8 ans, on relève un impact important, en particulier sur la mobilité des femmes, sur leur implication dans la prise de décision et sur leur comportement électoral. Le paiement biométrique a également permis aux femmes de sortir de chez elles et de contrôler elles-mêmes l'argent liquide. Malgré un impact positif sur la mobilité des femmes et leur participation à la vie politique, l’on constate un léger impact sur le pouvoir de négociation des femmes et sur les normes de genre, c'est-à-dire sur l’implication des femmes dans la prise de décision par leur mari et sur la violence envers les femmes.
Background: Becoming environmentally viable, lately, ‘Going Green’ has been a popular expression ... more Background: Becoming environmentally viable, lately, ‘Going Green’ has been a popular expression for both worldwide banking and financial areas just as for the overall population. Green banking as a piece of going green is another method of playing out the financial organizations thinking about the clean natural issues and corporate social duty of banks. Objectives: This paper tries to investigate banker’s overall arrangement and elements influencing their viewpoint on green banking performances. Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. The sample of 326 financial representatives has been gathered by utilizing a purposive sampling technique. Collecting primary and secondary data, this study utilizes an explanatory research design that assesses the causal relationship among reliant and free factors. The paper utilizes descriptive and inferential techniques for assessment. For understanding green financial mindfulnes...
Food insecurity is the primary concern of developing countries as food deficiencies contribute to... more Food insecurity is the primary concern of developing countries as food deficiencies contribute to stunting and mortality in children below the age of five. This study evaluates the impact of households’ socioeconomic factors on food insecurity at national and regional level, using the HIES 2015-16 data for Pakistan. The logistic regression results depict that 38% of the households at national level experienced calorie deficiency with 40.5% in rural and 36.7% in urban areas. Households with a caloric intake deficiency in the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh are relatively higher. The socioeconomic analysis shows that age and gender (male) of the household head are positively related to food insecurity, whereas the education has a negative effect. The food insecurity in female-headed households is less likely than in male-headed households. The household size and overcrowding ratio (persons per room) in our estimated model have positive signs. Agriculture related indicators have inv...
Tax based fiscal policies have been regarded as less policy tool to overcome the fiscaldeficit in... more Tax based fiscal policies have been regarded as less policy tool to overcome the fiscaldeficit in developing countries. Tax revenue may be a possible source to correct the deficit which reduces economic growth and social welfare. The empirical analysis of this study shows that changes in tax rate may have permanent effects on output, but will have only temporary effects on its growth rate in selected Asian Economies. This implies that an increase in the tax rate has permanently reduce the level of output per capita, but have no permanent effect on growth rate. These findings suggest that the relationship between output and the tax rate in these countries is best described by the neo-classical growth model.
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed worl... more Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed world trade patterns; generally, it is conceptualized as non-tariff barrier which impedes trade. In this study, impact of TBT on imports of Pakistan has been estimated. This paper explores how TBT affects import of Pakistan from its trade partner using PPML estimation method to handle zero trade flows and overdispersion of data of Pakistan’s import, based on gravity model. The findings depict that GDP of Pakistan and partners, exchange rate, tariff, distance, and contiguity are vital factors; along with TBT cases initiated by Pakistan have also impacted import from WTO members. The results suggest that Pakistan-initiated TBT and tariff have experienced lower import volume, hence they can be used to administer its ever-increasing trade deficit. The study also presents comparative analysis of TBT and tariff impacts on imports from high income, upper middle, lower middle, and lower income count...
Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu va... more Method: The information was gathered between June–October 2019 from various banks in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. The sample of 326 financial representatives has been gathered by utilizing a purposive sampling technique. Collecting primary and secondary data, this study utilizes an explanatory research design that assesses the causal relationship among reliant and free factors. The paper utilizes descriptive and inferential techniques for assessment. For understanding green financial mindfulness of the bankers, an index has been calculated.
A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer’s knowledge related to pesticide... more A pesticide safety knowledge test was developed to assess farmer’s knowledge related to pesticide safety. Yes-No (true-false) type 25 item, test, was constructed and used in a sample of 162 pesticide applicator in two districts of southern Punjab Pakistan. The overall mean score was 17.2(72%). More educated and adult respondents performed better than younger and illiterate. Similarly large land holder scored higher than small landholders, indicating their more access to information and extension. Overall ten Items received less than 50% correct response. The result shows that farmers have reasonably good knowledge but it still has to see, to what extent that knowledge is being used practically. It could possibly be the future research topic.
This study analyzes the continued and separate fiscal policy options regarding taxes, expenditure... more This study analyzes the continued and separate fiscal policy options regarding taxes, expenditures and public debt for Pakistan. It evaluates the plausibility of an important hypothesis that seeks to maintain a balance between raising resources, increasing expenditures and contracting public debt i.e., the tax smoothing hypothesis. The study determines whether Pakistan has adopted a tax smoothing policy to overcome fiscal deficit and if so, what forms such policy has taken. The Wavelet Transformation is used for the first time to decompose the expenditure rate series into the permanent and transitory parts. The graphical and empirical analyses presented here reveal that Pakistan has tried to minimize the welfare cost of taxation but these policies have not followed best practices in tax smoothing elsewhere. The paper also makes some useful recommendations in this regard. It shows that in order to minimize the welfare cost of taxation the government should finance its permanent expen...
This paper seeks to find the causal relationship between government size and economic growth and ... more This paper seeks to find the causal relationship between government size and economic growth and attempts to find out whether there is evidence in support of Wagner’s Law or not in Pakistan. For this purpose, the annual time series data are used to study the relationship between the economic growth and government size. Cointegration, Error Correction Mechanism and Causality methodologies are used to explore the relationship. The five versions of Wagner’s hypothesis are estimated in this study. The results give strong insights that Wagner’s Law does not hold in the short run, however, weak evidence is found of its existence in the long run. Therefore, policy makers should work for provision of better and secure environment for investors and reduction of current expenditures and raise of development expenditures.
Price stability is one of the key objective of public policy. Ever increasing prices have negativ... more Price stability is one of the key objective of public policy. Ever increasing prices have negative implications for economic growth and poverty. The present study attempts to analyze; how prices in Pakistan are affected by monetary and fiscal policies. It analyzes the interaction of domestic debt, fiscal deficit, money supply and exchange rate with the price level, by applying the VAR decomposition, Granger causality and Impulse response models. The study uses data for the period 1973 to 2010. The results reveal that in Pakistan both Monetary and Fiscal policies play significant role in determination of prices. However, the role of fiscal policy is comparatively stronger than monetary policy as it has both direct and indirect impacts on prices. As the fiscal deficit and domestic debt also affects prices through money supply. Furthermore, the effects of inflationary expectations on prices are highest in magnitude. The study suggests that to cope with increasing prices the coordinatio...
The terms of trade (TOT) have an important role in determining direction of the trade which final... more The terms of trade (TOT) have an important role in determining direction of the trade which finally transmits into trade balance. The current study is an effort to seek the effect of TOT on the trade balance. The short and long-estimates are computed through Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology; the results reveal that in the case of Pakistan, there is no significant relationship between TOT and trade balance. Furthermore, the estimated Marshall Lerner (ML) condition is calculated by addition of the absolute values of import and export demand elasticities. The study shows that it does not hold for Pakistan, neither in the short-run, nor in the long-run. The computed ML condition, evidently infers that price have negative impact on trade balance. The demand for exports and imports are price inelastic; thus, to curtail trade balance the government should take measures to increase exports and limit the unnecessary imports.
This paper evaluates the impact of terms of trade on economic growth for Pakistan economy. We div... more This paper evaluates the impact of terms of trade on economic growth for Pakistan economy. We divided our analysis into two parts. Firstly, this study estimates the relationship between terms of trade and economic growth and further the impact of volatility in terms of trade on economic growth. Secondly, focuses on the export demand and import demand elasticities for Marshall Lerner condition. The ARDL test is used to estimate long run and short run relationship. In empirical estimation, no evidence of significant impact of terms of trade and volatility terms of trade on economic growth in the long run as well as in the short run is found although Marshall Lerner condition holds in Pakistan. A movement in terms of trade can be explained in terms of export demand elasticities and import demand elasticities. Despite of satisfaction of Marshall-Lerner condition; only devaluation of currency may not be advantageous. Under situations where export demand and import demand elasticities are...
This study investigates the impact of various fiscal policy instruments on the income inequality ... more This study investigates the impact of various fiscal policy instruments on the income inequality of Pakistan using an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model on annual data. We find that direct taxes reduce income inequality, measured using the Gini index, while indirect taxes increase disparities. As the major portion of tax revenues are indirect taxes, the current tax regime of Pakistan does not achieve income redistribution. Similarly, development expenditures have significantly reduced income inequality, likely through the creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, the overall fiscal deficit increases income inequality, due to a rising public debt financed by (regressive) indirect taxes. This study suggests that in the case of Pakistan, where direct taxes are low, a large shadow economy exists, and weak tax administration prevails, an increase in development expenditures and broadening of the tax base of direct taxes should be the main fiscal policy tools for ...
The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is the large-scale public sector program in Pakistan ... more The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is the large-scale public sector program in Pakistan that targets the poor women by providing unconditional cash transfers. In this paper, we have analyzed the impact of BISP’s cash transfers on women’s empowerment after two, five, and eight years of intervention. Women’s empowerment is defined by four dimensions including women’s mobility, decision-making, political voice, and spousal violence. The impact is measured by using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design for cross-sectional data and a difference-in-difference approach for panel data. The results reveal that after two years of intervention, there was no significant impact on women’s empowerment; however, after 5 and 8 years, there was a substantial impact, especially on women’s mobility, their involvement in decision-making, and voting behavior. The biometric payment also helped women to go outside home and control on cash herself. Despite the positive impact on women’s mobility and political voice, a mild impact is found on women’s bargaining power and gender norms i.e., involving women in decision-making by their husbands and violence against women. Le programme Benazir d’appui aux revenus (BISP) est le programme de grande envergure du gouvernement Pakistanais qui cible les femmes pauvres pour effectuer des transferts monétaires inconditionnels. Dans cet article, nous analysons l'impact des transferts monétaires du programme Benazir sur l'autonomisation des femmes au bout de deux, cinq et huit ans d'intervention. L'autonomisation des femmes est définie par quatre indicateurs, notamment la mobilité des femmes, leur prise de décision, leur participation à la vie politique et la violence conjugale. L'impact est mesuré en utilisant une régression sur discontinuité floue pour les données transversales et la méthode des doubles différences pour les données de panel. Les résultats indiquent qu'au bout de deux ans l'intervention n'a pas eu d'impact significatif sur l'autonomisation des femmes; cependant, au bout de 5 et 8 ans, on relève un impact important, en particulier sur la mobilité des femmes, sur leur implication dans la prise de décision et sur leur comportement électoral. Le paiement biométrique a également permis aux femmes de sortir de chez elles et de contrôler elles-mêmes l'argent liquide. Malgré un impact positif sur la mobilité des femmes et leur participation à la vie politique, l’on constate un léger impact sur le pouvoir de négociation des femmes et sur les normes de genre, c'est-à-dire sur l’implication des femmes dans la prise de décision par leur mari et sur la violence envers les femmes.
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