To examine different risk factors between disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and ADHD or combine... more To examine different risk factors between disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and ADHD or combined DBD and ADHD. The study population was derived from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Psychiatric diagnoses were defined from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) interview. The study sample was divided into four groups-people with DBD (n = 44), with ADHD (n = 91), with both (n = 72), and without either (n = 250)-to evaluate the different risk factors behind these disorders. After adjusting with possible confounding factors, female gender and paternal admittance to inpatient psychiatric care increased the odds that an adolescent was having DBD. Childhood hyperactivity symptoms increased the odds of having ADHD and childhood hyperactivity symptoms and scholastic impairment increased the odds of having both disorders. Our study indicates DBD and ADHD have clearly different risk factors, and the impac...
SummaryRecent interest has focused on the association between cannabis use and risk of psychosis.... more SummaryRecent interest has focused on the association between cannabis use and risk of psychosis. In the largest unselected population-based study on this topic to date, we examined cannabis use and prodromal symptoms of psychosis at age 15-16 years among 6330 adolescents. Those who had tried cannabis (n=352; 5.6% of the total sample) were more likely to present three or more prodromal symptoms even after controlling for confounders including previous behavioural symptoms (OR=2.23; 95% CI 1.70-2.94). A dose-response effect was seen. We conclude that cannabis use is associated with prodromal symptoms of psychosis in adolescence.
The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Muncha... more The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome (MBPS): an uncanny, ego-dystonic, and cognitively dissonant sense that the parent could not be the perpetrator, despite all clinical/forensic evidence. The authors suggest that this reaction can have various sources: One may be "as-if" character pathology in the parent, with the capacity to evoke, unconsciously, disbelief in the clinician. Given the poor treatment outcome reported in MBPS perpetrators, the authors suggest that, if confirmed, this finding will lead to more accurate psychiatric diagnosis of the parent, and more informed treatment of this potentially harmful or lethal syndrome.
This study assessed the agreement between parents and teachers concerning behavioural/emotional s... more This study assessed the agreement between parents and teachers concerning behavioural/emotional symptoms of children. 5671 children born in 1981 (mean age 8.5 years at the time of study) were studied using the Rutter Parent Questionnaire (RA2) and the Rutter Teacher Questionnaire (RB2). Boys had more behavioural symptoms on both scales, 3.6% of the boys and 2.3% of the girls were deviant on both scales. Agreement between parents and teachers on single behaviours was better for deviant girls than for deviant boys. The factors constructed from the Rutter scale items (separately of each scale) represented externalizing, internalizing and hyperactivity behaviours. For all children, moderate correlations between parents' and teachers' ratings were found in externalizing behaviour and hyperactivity. Correlations of the factors were clearly higher for deviant girls than for deviant boys. Scoring high on one of the scales increased the probability of scoring high on the second scale...
Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 1991
Adapting the paradigm developed by Richard Lazarus, parenting stress and coping were studied amon... more Adapting the paradigm developed by Richard Lazarus, parenting stress and coping were studied among mothers of children (n = 42) with Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) and mothers with non-disabled children (n = 42), aged 6 to 9. The children of control mothers were matched by age, sex, social status, and maternal marital status with the MBD children. The mothers of MBD children were found to experience more parenting difficulties, more negatively toned cognitive appraisals of their stakes in parenting and less positive adaptational outcomes than their controls. The mothers of MBD children appraised their mastery lower than their controls. However, family well-being, or self-esteem did not differ between the mothers of MBD children and their controls.
One typical feature of population in Europe is migration, often accompanied with poor integration... more One typical feature of population in Europe is migration, often accompanied with poor integration into the surrounding society. Their significance as risk factors for children's mental health was studied among the 320 school-aged children who returned from Sweden to Finland during the years 1984-85. Every one of the returnees was assigned a non-migrant control from the same class in the same school, matched by age and sex. The data was gathered by questionnaires to parents, children and teachers, concerning family environment, the children's mental health and school achievements (1). The returning migrant boys more often had psychiatric disorders in their teachers' estimations (2) than did the controls and they also scored higher in the self-report scale 'Children's Depression Inventory' (3), but no such difference was found among the girls. The families' poor integration into the society, as measured by the parent's unemployment history, present work...
The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort beginning during pre... more The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort beginning during pregnancy and followed up to the age of 19 years was compared with that of 11,623 singletons and two sets of controls matched either by maternal factors only or by these and perinatal morbidity, all from the same cohort. The twins were more often pre-term and small for their gestational age, and had more often suffered from perinatal asphyxia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and hypoglycemia. They had learned to walk without support later than the singletons and the controls matched only by maternal factors, but this difference did not exist between the twins and the controls also matched by perinatal morbidity. The same kind of result was found when studying the number of words spoken at the age of one year and physical growth at the ages of 1 and 14 years. The twins did not differ significantly from the singletons during their compulsory nine years of primary and secondary schooling. Accordi...
We propose a method to simulate impairments caused by the nonideal analog parts of the transmitte... more We propose a method to simulate impairments caused by the nonideal analog parts of the transmitter-receiver. They include for example a high-power amplifier (HPA), mixers, and oscillators. The major advantage in our approach is that the model parameters are adjustable and the system works in real time in the digital domain. Conventional methods have either not been real time, or
To study the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among children from different famil... more To study the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among children from different family types, sibship size and birth order. A prospective birth cohort (n = 9357) study where parents filled in two questionnaires and teachers assessed children's behaviour using the Rutter scale (RB2). 14.3% scored above the cut-off point (RB2 > or = 9) indicating probable psychiatric disturbance, boys more often than girls (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.3-3.0). Behavioural problems (9.2%) were more common than emotional ones (4.1%). Boys living in families other than two-parent families were at risk for probable psychiatric disturbance, and a corresponding risk was observed for girls living in single-parent or always one-parent families. Other than two-parent family was also a risk for behavioural problems; for boys adjusted odds ratios ranged significantly from 1.8 to 2.4 and for girls from 2.0 to 3.7. "Only children" had the highest prevalence of behavioural problems, while children ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between sleep problems and psychiatric s... more The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between sleep problems and psychiatric symptoms at school. A random sample consisting of 5813 eight- to nine-year-old children was selected from ordinary schools. Both parents' and children's reports of sleep problems were taken into account. The psychiatric symptoms were addressed according to the teachers' reports (the Rutter Scale B). Children with severe sleep problems were more likely to have a psychiatric disturbance according to the Rutter B Scale (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25). Logistic regression models showed that severe sleep problems were highly associated with emotional problems (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.84-4.13), school attendance problems (OR 2.53, 95% OR 1.45-4.41), behavioural problems (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.59-3.75) and hyperactivity (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.30-3.13). Over 95% of severe sleep problems were reported only by the children themselves. In conclusion, children with severe sleep problems have substantially ...
The effect of migration on the family and on the individual can be divided into three groups: cul... more The effect of migration on the family and on the individual can be divided into three groups: cultural, changes in social environment and changes in the interpersonal relations. When successful adaptation is not achieved, acculturative stress may arise and somatic or mental disorders may develop. The finding of individual differences in people's responses to environmental conditions has led to search for vulnerability factors that increase people's susceptibility to stressors and for buffering influences that serve a protecting function under the same circumstances. The studies on migration should focus on somatic and mental health of the migrants, on achievements at school and at work, on protecting factors at different ages of migration and on the role of language acquisition and of social network on the adaptational process. The focus on this review is in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.
The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Muncha... more The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome (MBPS): an uncanny, ego-dystonic, and cognitively dissonant sense that the parent could not be the perpetrator, despite all clinical/forensic evidence. The authors suggest that this reaction can have various sources: One may be "as-if" character pathology in the parent, with the capacity to evoke, unconsciously, disbelief in the clinician. Given the poor treatment outcome reported in MBPS perpetrators, the authors suggest that, if confirmed, this finding will lead to more accurate psychiatric diagnosis of the parent, and more informed treatment of this potentially harmful or lethal syndrome.
To examine different risk factors between disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and ADHD or combine... more To examine different risk factors between disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and ADHD or combined DBD and ADHD. The study population was derived from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Psychiatric diagnoses were defined from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) interview. The study sample was divided into four groups-people with DBD (n = 44), with ADHD (n = 91), with both (n = 72), and without either (n = 250)-to evaluate the different risk factors behind these disorders. After adjusting with possible confounding factors, female gender and paternal admittance to inpatient psychiatric care increased the odds that an adolescent was having DBD. Childhood hyperactivity symptoms increased the odds of having ADHD and childhood hyperactivity symptoms and scholastic impairment increased the odds of having both disorders. Our study indicates DBD and ADHD have clearly different risk factors, and the impac...
SummaryRecent interest has focused on the association between cannabis use and risk of psychosis.... more SummaryRecent interest has focused on the association between cannabis use and risk of psychosis. In the largest unselected population-based study on this topic to date, we examined cannabis use and prodromal symptoms of psychosis at age 15-16 years among 6330 adolescents. Those who had tried cannabis (n=352; 5.6% of the total sample) were more likely to present three or more prodromal symptoms even after controlling for confounders including previous behavioural symptoms (OR=2.23; 95% CI 1.70-2.94). A dose-response effect was seen. We conclude that cannabis use is associated with prodromal symptoms of psychosis in adolescence.
The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Muncha... more The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome (MBPS): an uncanny, ego-dystonic, and cognitively dissonant sense that the parent could not be the perpetrator, despite all clinical/forensic evidence. The authors suggest that this reaction can have various sources: One may be "as-if" character pathology in the parent, with the capacity to evoke, unconsciously, disbelief in the clinician. Given the poor treatment outcome reported in MBPS perpetrators, the authors suggest that, if confirmed, this finding will lead to more accurate psychiatric diagnosis of the parent, and more informed treatment of this potentially harmful or lethal syndrome.
This study assessed the agreement between parents and teachers concerning behavioural/emotional s... more This study assessed the agreement between parents and teachers concerning behavioural/emotional symptoms of children. 5671 children born in 1981 (mean age 8.5 years at the time of study) were studied using the Rutter Parent Questionnaire (RA2) and the Rutter Teacher Questionnaire (RB2). Boys had more behavioural symptoms on both scales, 3.6% of the boys and 2.3% of the girls were deviant on both scales. Agreement between parents and teachers on single behaviours was better for deviant girls than for deviant boys. The factors constructed from the Rutter scale items (separately of each scale) represented externalizing, internalizing and hyperactivity behaviours. For all children, moderate correlations between parents' and teachers' ratings were found in externalizing behaviour and hyperactivity. Correlations of the factors were clearly higher for deviant girls than for deviant boys. Scoring high on one of the scales increased the probability of scoring high on the second scale...
Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 1991
Adapting the paradigm developed by Richard Lazarus, parenting stress and coping were studied amon... more Adapting the paradigm developed by Richard Lazarus, parenting stress and coping were studied among mothers of children (n = 42) with Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) and mothers with non-disabled children (n = 42), aged 6 to 9. The children of control mothers were matched by age, sex, social status, and maternal marital status with the MBD children. The mothers of MBD children were found to experience more parenting difficulties, more negatively toned cognitive appraisals of their stakes in parenting and less positive adaptational outcomes than their controls. The mothers of MBD children appraised their mastery lower than their controls. However, family well-being, or self-esteem did not differ between the mothers of MBD children and their controls.
One typical feature of population in Europe is migration, often accompanied with poor integration... more One typical feature of population in Europe is migration, often accompanied with poor integration into the surrounding society. Their significance as risk factors for children's mental health was studied among the 320 school-aged children who returned from Sweden to Finland during the years 1984-85. Every one of the returnees was assigned a non-migrant control from the same class in the same school, matched by age and sex. The data was gathered by questionnaires to parents, children and teachers, concerning family environment, the children's mental health and school achievements (1). The returning migrant boys more often had psychiatric disorders in their teachers' estimations (2) than did the controls and they also scored higher in the self-report scale 'Children's Depression Inventory' (3), but no such difference was found among the girls. The families' poor integration into the society, as measured by the parent's unemployment history, present work...
The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort beginning during pre... more The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort beginning during pregnancy and followed up to the age of 19 years was compared with that of 11,623 singletons and two sets of controls matched either by maternal factors only or by these and perinatal morbidity, all from the same cohort. The twins were more often pre-term and small for their gestational age, and had more often suffered from perinatal asphyxia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and hypoglycemia. They had learned to walk without support later than the singletons and the controls matched only by maternal factors, but this difference did not exist between the twins and the controls also matched by perinatal morbidity. The same kind of result was found when studying the number of words spoken at the age of one year and physical growth at the ages of 1 and 14 years. The twins did not differ significantly from the singletons during their compulsory nine years of primary and secondary schooling. Accordi...
We propose a method to simulate impairments caused by the nonideal analog parts of the transmitte... more We propose a method to simulate impairments caused by the nonideal analog parts of the transmitter-receiver. They include for example a high-power amplifier (HPA), mixers, and oscillators. The major advantage in our approach is that the model parameters are adjustable and the system works in real time in the digital domain. Conventional methods have either not been real time, or
To study the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among children from different famil... more To study the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among children from different family types, sibship size and birth order. A prospective birth cohort (n = 9357) study where parents filled in two questionnaires and teachers assessed children's behaviour using the Rutter scale (RB2). 14.3% scored above the cut-off point (RB2 > or = 9) indicating probable psychiatric disturbance, boys more often than girls (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.3-3.0). Behavioural problems (9.2%) were more common than emotional ones (4.1%). Boys living in families other than two-parent families were at risk for probable psychiatric disturbance, and a corresponding risk was observed for girls living in single-parent or always one-parent families. Other than two-parent family was also a risk for behavioural problems; for boys adjusted odds ratios ranged significantly from 1.8 to 2.4 and for girls from 2.0 to 3.7. "Only children" had the highest prevalence of behavioural problems, while children ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between sleep problems and psychiatric s... more The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between sleep problems and psychiatric symptoms at school. A random sample consisting of 5813 eight- to nine-year-old children was selected from ordinary schools. Both parents' and children's reports of sleep problems were taken into account. The psychiatric symptoms were addressed according to the teachers' reports (the Rutter Scale B). Children with severe sleep problems were more likely to have a psychiatric disturbance according to the Rutter B Scale (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25). Logistic regression models showed that severe sleep problems were highly associated with emotional problems (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.84-4.13), school attendance problems (OR 2.53, 95% OR 1.45-4.41), behavioural problems (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.59-3.75) and hyperactivity (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.30-3.13). Over 95% of severe sleep problems were reported only by the children themselves. In conclusion, children with severe sleep problems have substantially ...
The effect of migration on the family and on the individual can be divided into three groups: cul... more The effect of migration on the family and on the individual can be divided into three groups: cultural, changes in social environment and changes in the interpersonal relations. When successful adaptation is not achieved, acculturative stress may arise and somatic or mental disorders may develop. The finding of individual differences in people's responses to environmental conditions has led to search for vulnerability factors that increase people's susceptibility to stressors and for buffering influences that serve a protecting function under the same circumstances. The studies on migration should focus on somatic and mental health of the migrants, on achievements at school and at work, on protecting factors at different ages of migration and on the role of language acquisition and of social network on the adaptational process. The focus on this review is in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.
The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Muncha... more The authors report on an unusual reaction in clinicians interviewing known perpetrators of Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome (MBPS): an uncanny, ego-dystonic, and cognitively dissonant sense that the parent could not be the perpetrator, despite all clinical/forensic evidence. The authors suggest that this reaction can have various sources: One may be "as-if" character pathology in the parent, with the capacity to evoke, unconsciously, disbelief in the clinician. Given the poor treatment outcome reported in MBPS perpetrators, the authors suggest that, if confirmed, this finding will lead to more accurate psychiatric diagnosis of the parent, and more informed treatment of this potentially harmful or lethal syndrome.
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