This chapter will focus on the role of microorganisms in the removal of nitrates and sulfates on ... more This chapter will focus on the role of microorganisms in the removal of nitrates and sulfates on artistic stoneworks. The main groups of microbes and their metabolisms involved in bioremoval methods for the preservation and protection of cultural artifacts are reported. The aim is to offer a comprehensive view on the role and potentiality of virtuous microorganisms in the biocleaning and bioremoval of black crusts and salts altering CH stoneworks. We highlight the importance of the use of the selected microorganisms and the adoption of adequate carriers for the anaerobic metabolism of nitrate and sulfate reducers to be applied on the altered stone surfaces. The following characteristics of the delivery system are of great importance: the ability to guarantee water content for microbes, the absence of toxicity for the environment, no negative effects to the stone surfaces, easy to prepare, to apply, and to remove from different stone surfaces at the end of the treatment. We report an...
This chapter will focus on the potential role of safe microorganisms as biocleaning agents in the... more This chapter will focus on the potential role of safe microorganisms as biocleaning agents in the removal of altered or undesirable organic substances on historical wall paintings. Selected microbes can be adopted as biological cleaners to reduce and remove deterioration ageing phenomena, environmental pollutants and altered by-products of past intervention of restorations. The aim is to offer a comprehensive view on the role and potentiality of virtuous microorganisms pro- biocleaning of altered historical wall paintings. We also report four case studies in the CH restoration field, carried out in the last 25 years, with the innovative use of bacteria and different delivery systems, focusing the attention on the preliminary diagnosis and the monitoring of the whole process. The CH field represents a great challenge and Science and Art link together the work of conservator scientists and historians with researchers and scientists, sharing their diverse expertises and joining the kno...
ABSTRACT Composting is a process largely used to solve the organic material disposal problem, but... more ABSTRACT Composting is a process largely used to solve the organic material disposal problem, but composting of the olive husks produced by two-phase technology remains largely unknown. Because of their high content of salts, polyphenols, fatty acids and tannins, husk utilisation as fertiliser is not possible. Composting of the husks could permit the reduction of salt content and conversion of phenolic compounds into humic substances, but the knowledge about conditions of starting up, running the plant, degradation and microbiological characteristics of the cured compost has to be improved. Trials were carried out with uninoculated (A), and inoculated (B) piles and the process was monitored by ATP content and a pool of enzyme activities. The results showed that the performance of the process improved from pile A to pile B and ATP and mainly a pool of enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase-lipase, phosphoamidase, β-galactosidase, β-gluco-sidase) showed effectiveness in the description of process. Finally, the molecular methods used to detect faecal contaminants in the cured compost resulted to be reliable.
The air of indoor and outdoor environments contains a great number of particles in suspension, ha... more The air of indoor and outdoor environments contains a great number of particles in suspension, having various origins, shapes and sizes. These particles form the atmospheric aerosol (Table 5.1). The criterion for classifying the particles may vary, depending on the purpose of the work: they may be classified on the basis of their nature (biological, organic, inorganic), of their location (marine, continental, rural, industrial, urban), and of the effects (chemical, toxic, pathogenic, of degradation) that they produce on their deposition surfaces, which may be either materials or living systems. Among the particles of biological origin, a distinction is generally made between viable ones, which are able to reproduce or stimulate biological processes, and non viable ones or their fragments. The term microorganisms is used in this chapter to indicate viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi (yeasts and moulds), spores etc.. Spores may be clusters or single particles originated from fungal fruiting bodies, or resistant forms produced by some bacteria. To these microorganisms we may add the spores of Bryophyta and Pteridophyta, lichen propagules, algal cells, pollen grains and Protozoa cysts. These are often found aggregated or included in other liquid or solid particles.
This chapter will focus on the role of microorganisms in the removal of nitrates and sulfates on ... more This chapter will focus on the role of microorganisms in the removal of nitrates and sulfates on artistic stoneworks. The main groups of microbes and their metabolisms involved in bioremoval methods for the preservation and protection of cultural artifacts are reported. The aim is to offer a comprehensive view on the role and potentiality of virtuous microorganisms in the biocleaning and bioremoval of black crusts and salts altering CH stoneworks. We highlight the importance of the use of the selected microorganisms and the adoption of adequate carriers for the anaerobic metabolism of nitrate and sulfate reducers to be applied on the altered stone surfaces. The following characteristics of the delivery system are of great importance: the ability to guarantee water content for microbes, the absence of toxicity for the environment, no negative effects to the stone surfaces, easy to prepare, to apply, and to remove from different stone surfaces at the end of the treatment. We report an...
This chapter will focus on the potential role of safe microorganisms as biocleaning agents in the... more This chapter will focus on the potential role of safe microorganisms as biocleaning agents in the removal of altered or undesirable organic substances on historical wall paintings. Selected microbes can be adopted as biological cleaners to reduce and remove deterioration ageing phenomena, environmental pollutants and altered by-products of past intervention of restorations. The aim is to offer a comprehensive view on the role and potentiality of virtuous microorganisms pro- biocleaning of altered historical wall paintings. We also report four case studies in the CH restoration field, carried out in the last 25 years, with the innovative use of bacteria and different delivery systems, focusing the attention on the preliminary diagnosis and the monitoring of the whole process. The CH field represents a great challenge and Science and Art link together the work of conservator scientists and historians with researchers and scientists, sharing their diverse expertises and joining the kno...
ABSTRACT Composting is a process largely used to solve the organic material disposal problem, but... more ABSTRACT Composting is a process largely used to solve the organic material disposal problem, but composting of the olive husks produced by two-phase technology remains largely unknown. Because of their high content of salts, polyphenols, fatty acids and tannins, husk utilisation as fertiliser is not possible. Composting of the husks could permit the reduction of salt content and conversion of phenolic compounds into humic substances, but the knowledge about conditions of starting up, running the plant, degradation and microbiological characteristics of the cured compost has to be improved. Trials were carried out with uninoculated (A), and inoculated (B) piles and the process was monitored by ATP content and a pool of enzyme activities. The results showed that the performance of the process improved from pile A to pile B and ATP and mainly a pool of enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase-lipase, phosphoamidase, β-galactosidase, β-gluco-sidase) showed effectiveness in the description of process. Finally, the molecular methods used to detect faecal contaminants in the cured compost resulted to be reliable.
The air of indoor and outdoor environments contains a great number of particles in suspension, ha... more The air of indoor and outdoor environments contains a great number of particles in suspension, having various origins, shapes and sizes. These particles form the atmospheric aerosol (Table 5.1). The criterion for classifying the particles may vary, depending on the purpose of the work: they may be classified on the basis of their nature (biological, organic, inorganic), of their location (marine, continental, rural, industrial, urban), and of the effects (chemical, toxic, pathogenic, of degradation) that they produce on their deposition surfaces, which may be either materials or living systems. Among the particles of biological origin, a distinction is generally made between viable ones, which are able to reproduce or stimulate biological processes, and non viable ones or their fragments. The term microorganisms is used in this chapter to indicate viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi (yeasts and moulds), spores etc.. Spores may be clusters or single particles originated from fungal fruiting bodies, or resistant forms produced by some bacteria. To these microorganisms we may add the spores of Bryophyta and Pteridophyta, lichen propagules, algal cells, pollen grains and Protozoa cysts. These are often found aggregated or included in other liquid or solid particles.
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