... The dissolved gas recharge temperatures demonstrate cases of both focused (cold recharge temp... more ... The dissolved gas recharge temperatures demonstrate cases of both focused (cold recharge temperatures) and diffuse flow (warm recharge temperatures) recharge mechanisms in the predominantly semi ... Quality-Assurance and Quality-Control Procedures. ... Ground-Water Inflow. ...
Detectable concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC`s) were observed in ground water and unsatu... more Detectable concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC`s) were observed in ground water and unsaturated-zone air at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) and vicinity. The recharge ages of waters were determined to be from 4 to more than 50 years on the basis of CFC concentrations and other environmental data; most ground waters have ages of 14 to 30 years. These results indicate that young ground water was added at various locations to the older regional ground water (greater than 50 years) within and outside the INEL boundaries. The wells drilled into the Snake River Plain aquifer at INEL sampled mainly this local recharge. The Big Lost River, Birch Creek, the Little Lost River, and the Mud Lake-Terreton area appear to be major sources of recharge of the Snake River Plain aquifer at INEL. An average recharge temperature of 9.7±1.3°C (degrees Celsius) was calculated from dissolved nitrogen and argon concentrations in the ground waters, a temperature that is similar to the mean annual soil temperature of 9°C measured at INEL. This similarity indicates that the aquifer was recharged at INEL and not at higher elevations that would have cooler soil temperatures than INEL. Soil-gas concentrations at Test Area North (TAN) are explained by diffusion theory.
From May 1994 through May 1997, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department o... more From May 1994 through May 1997, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, collected water samples from 86 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. The samples were analyzed for a variety of chemical constituents including all major elements and 22 trace elements. Concentrations of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide series were measured in samples from 11 wells and 1 hot spring. The data will be used to determine the fraction of young water in the ground water. The fraction of young water must be known to calculate the ages of ground water using chlorofluorocarbons. The concentrations of the isotopes deuterium, oxygen-18, carbon-13, carbon-14, and tritium were measured in many ground water, surface-water and spring samples. The isotopic composition will provide clues to the origin and sources of water in the Snake River Plain aquifer. Concentrations ! of helium-3 , helium-4, total helium, and neon were measured in most groundwater samples, and the results will be used to determine the recharge temperature, and to date the ground waters.
In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients ... more In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients of bromide in halite ( NaBr ) have been calculated by least-squares fitting of et al.'s (1952) bromide distribution coefficient data for the Na(Cl,Br)-NaOH-H 2 O system at 35°C. Regular and subregular solidsolution model fits give NaBr = 7.4 and NaBr = 8.8, respectively. The Br contents of halite at equilibrium with seawater at initial halite saturation, calculated from the regular and subregular fits, are 17 ppm and 14 ppm, respectively. A survey of literature data for trace bromide in halite shows a wide spread in distribution coefficients, with lower values ( D Br 0.01) reported by and (1953), et al. (1972), and (1975), and higher values ( D Br - 0.03) reported by and (1963), (1968), (1972), (1980), et al. (1987), et al. (1976), and (1976), and Fontes (pers. commun., 1990). The measurement of stoichiometric saturation states for halite (or sylvite) with trace bromide mole-fraction...
Chemical and isotopic analyses of ground waters sampled from the Pinal Creek Basin, near Globe, A... more Chemical and isotopic analyses of ground waters sampled from the Pinal Creek Basin, near Globe, Arizona, between 1991 and 1998 provide valuable information on this highly transient ground-water flow system. Improved knowledge of the flow system and of the recharge processes affecting it is essential in predicting the chemical evolution and migration of the extensively contaminated waters in the basin. Data for dissolved nitrogen and argon indicate that most of the ground-water recharge occurs very rapidly during floods in the winter and early spring. Ground-water samples collected in 1991 have chlorofluoro- carbon ages that generally increase with depth and distance downgradient in the metal- and acid- contaminated ground waters. The ground-water ages calculated from chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentra tions are reasonable—3 to 15 years for acidic ground waters and 20 to 30 years for neutralized, contami- nated ground waters. Ground waters sampled in 1993 have chlorofluorocarbon ages as...
ABSTRACT SynonymsCFC dating; Chlorofluorocarb on dating; SF6 datingDefinitionAtmospheric environm... more ABSTRACT SynonymsCFC dating; Chlorofluorocarb on dating; SF6 datingDefinitionAtmospheric environmental releases refer to the emission of stable, long-lived compounds of solely anthropogenic origin into the atmosphere and the use of the compounds to estimate dates of their incorporation into groundwater.IntroductionThe majority of environmental anthropogenic tracers that can be used to date groundwater were released to the atmosphere after 1940 (Fig. 1). Groundwater dating relates the measured concentration of these trace atmospheric gases to the reconstructed history of the trace gas concentration in the atmosphere. Three general types of tracers can be used to date groundwater: (1) halogenated tracers, including the chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (CFCs and HCFCs), the perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (PFCs and HFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) (IAEA 2006); (2) anthropogenic radiogenic tracers ...
... The dissolved gas recharge temperatures demonstrate cases of both focused (cold recharge temp... more ... The dissolved gas recharge temperatures demonstrate cases of both focused (cold recharge temperatures) and diffuse flow (warm recharge temperatures) recharge mechanisms in the predominantly semi ... Quality-Assurance and Quality-Control Procedures. ... Ground-Water Inflow. ...
Detectable concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC`s) were observed in ground water and unsatu... more Detectable concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC`s) were observed in ground water and unsaturated-zone air at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) and vicinity. The recharge ages of waters were determined to be from 4 to more than 50 years on the basis of CFC concentrations and other environmental data; most ground waters have ages of 14 to 30 years. These results indicate that young ground water was added at various locations to the older regional ground water (greater than 50 years) within and outside the INEL boundaries. The wells drilled into the Snake River Plain aquifer at INEL sampled mainly this local recharge. The Big Lost River, Birch Creek, the Little Lost River, and the Mud Lake-Terreton area appear to be major sources of recharge of the Snake River Plain aquifer at INEL. An average recharge temperature of 9.7±1.3°C (degrees Celsius) was calculated from dissolved nitrogen and argon concentrations in the ground waters, a temperature that is similar to the mean annual soil temperature of 9°C measured at INEL. This similarity indicates that the aquifer was recharged at INEL and not at higher elevations that would have cooler soil temperatures than INEL. Soil-gas concentrations at Test Area North (TAN) are explained by diffusion theory.
From May 1994 through May 1997, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department o... more From May 1994 through May 1997, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, collected water samples from 86 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. The samples were analyzed for a variety of chemical constituents including all major elements and 22 trace elements. Concentrations of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide series were measured in samples from 11 wells and 1 hot spring. The data will be used to determine the fraction of young water in the ground water. The fraction of young water must be known to calculate the ages of ground water using chlorofluorocarbons. The concentrations of the isotopes deuterium, oxygen-18, carbon-13, carbon-14, and tritium were measured in many ground water, surface-water and spring samples. The isotopic composition will provide clues to the origin and sources of water in the Snake River Plain aquifer. Concentrations ! of helium-3 , helium-4, total helium, and neon were measured in most groundwater samples, and the results will be used to determine the recharge temperature, and to date the ground waters.
In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients ... more In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients of bromide in halite ( NaBr ) have been calculated by least-squares fitting of et al.'s (1952) bromide distribution coefficient data for the Na(Cl,Br)-NaOH-H 2 O system at 35°C. Regular and subregular solidsolution model fits give NaBr = 7.4 and NaBr = 8.8, respectively. The Br contents of halite at equilibrium with seawater at initial halite saturation, calculated from the regular and subregular fits, are 17 ppm and 14 ppm, respectively. A survey of literature data for trace bromide in halite shows a wide spread in distribution coefficients, with lower values ( D Br 0.01) reported by and (1953), et al. (1972), and (1975), and higher values ( D Br - 0.03) reported by and (1963), (1968), (1972), (1980), et al. (1987), et al. (1976), and (1976), and Fontes (pers. commun., 1990). The measurement of stoichiometric saturation states for halite (or sylvite) with trace bromide mole-fraction...
Chemical and isotopic analyses of ground waters sampled from the Pinal Creek Basin, near Globe, A... more Chemical and isotopic analyses of ground waters sampled from the Pinal Creek Basin, near Globe, Arizona, between 1991 and 1998 provide valuable information on this highly transient ground-water flow system. Improved knowledge of the flow system and of the recharge processes affecting it is essential in predicting the chemical evolution and migration of the extensively contaminated waters in the basin. Data for dissolved nitrogen and argon indicate that most of the ground-water recharge occurs very rapidly during floods in the winter and early spring. Ground-water samples collected in 1991 have chlorofluoro- carbon ages that generally increase with depth and distance downgradient in the metal- and acid- contaminated ground waters. The ground-water ages calculated from chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentra tions are reasonable—3 to 15 years for acidic ground waters and 20 to 30 years for neutralized, contami- nated ground waters. Ground waters sampled in 1993 have chlorofluorocarbon ages as...
ABSTRACT SynonymsCFC dating; Chlorofluorocarb on dating; SF6 datingDefinitionAtmospheric environm... more ABSTRACT SynonymsCFC dating; Chlorofluorocarb on dating; SF6 datingDefinitionAtmospheric environmental releases refer to the emission of stable, long-lived compounds of solely anthropogenic origin into the atmosphere and the use of the compounds to estimate dates of their incorporation into groundwater.IntroductionThe majority of environmental anthropogenic tracers that can be used to date groundwater were released to the atmosphere after 1940 (Fig. 1). Groundwater dating relates the measured concentration of these trace atmospheric gases to the reconstructed history of the trace gas concentration in the atmosphere. Three general types of tracers can be used to date groundwater: (1) halogenated tracers, including the chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (CFCs and HCFCs), the perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (PFCs and HFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) (IAEA 2006); (2) anthropogenic radiogenic tracers ...
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