Based on a survey of the inventors of 9,017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new... more Based on a survey of the inventors of 9,017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new information about the characteristics of European inventors, the sources of their knowledge, the importance of formal and informal collaborations, the motivations to invent, and the actual use and economic value of the patents.
El presente documento presenta una evaluación preliminar del impacto que el programa de subvencio... more El presente documento presenta una evaluación preliminar del impacto que el programa de subvenciones a la investigación y desarrollo tiene en la dinámica innovadora de las firmas panameñas. Dentro de las limitaciones de los escasos datos disponibles, la metodología resuelve el problema de la atribución mediante el empleo de métodos cuasi-experimentales. El ejercicio hace uso de información nueva contenida en
ABSTRACT Many Latin American countries currently exhibit a pattern of production specialization h... more ABSTRACT Many Latin American countries currently exhibit a pattern of production specialization heavily biased toward resource-based commodities and foodstuffs. In natural resource based activities production is highly dependent upon environmental and ecological forces. Companies processing the resource strongly depend upon specilaized subcontractors and equipment producing firms catering for their demand for location specific machinery and process engineering know how Following a case study approach we examine here the growth dynamics of some of these activities and the extent to which they can become a new 'window of opportunity' in the growth process of different Latin American countries.
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America, 2000
The objective of this chapter is to present an evaluation of the process of industrialization of ... more The objective of this chapter is to present an evaluation of the process of industrialization of Chile during the period 1940–82. The concept of industrialization is understood in the broadest sense, including industrial development as well as institutional modernization and social transformation. During the four decades which elapsed from the beginning of the 1940s, the Chilean economy completed a cycle of its economic development and began a new phase. The cycle of the so-called ‘development from within’, which had begun with the 1930s crisis, culminated in 1973–74 with the breakdown of the democratic regime.1 Throughout the decade of the 1940s the industrial growth rate reached an average of 8 per cent a year but thereafter declined perceptibly (Munoz, 1995). For the entire period 1950–71, an annual growth rate of 5.4 per cent has been estimated, well below the Latin American average for this period which reached 6.7 per cent (Benavente et al. 1996, table 4).
Openness and diversification can be beneficial for economic growth (Brainard and Cooper, 1968; Fr... more Openness and diversification can be beneficial for economic growth (Brainard and Cooper, 1968; Frankel and Romer, 1999).1 Openness to trade can foster growth by making it easier to import goods that embody new technology, by reaping economies of scale, and by facilitating the process commonly known as learning by doing through exporting, among other channels (Harrison and Rodriguez-Clare, 2010). Export diversification, in turn, reduces sensitivity to sector-specific shocks. Furthermore, deeper participation in global value chains (GVCs) facilitates access to international flows of knowledge and technology, and thus increases the potential for learning and productivity improvements in local firms.
In the traditional view of productive development policies (PDPs), the roles of government and th... more In the traditional view of productive development policies (PDPs), the roles of government and the private sector are completely separated. Market forces are powerful, and largely lead to desirable outcomes. When a market failure does arise that requires government intervention, a public sector entity identifies the problem and designs a solution. Government sets the rules and conditions, pursuing some collective goals, and firms act within those rules and conditions, attempting to maximize profits. If the rules are well designed, the individual and profit-seeking behavior of the firms leads to good results. In that context, with very well-informed governments, there is limited room for public-private interaction in productive development policy. Each side can do its part independently of the other.
Based on a survey of the inventors of 9,017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new... more Based on a survey of the inventors of 9,017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new information about the characteristics of European inventors, the sources of their knowledge, the importance of formal and informal collaborations, the motivations to invent, and the actual use and economic value of the patents.
El presente documento presenta una evaluación preliminar del impacto que el programa de subvencio... more El presente documento presenta una evaluación preliminar del impacto que el programa de subvenciones a la investigación y desarrollo tiene en la dinámica innovadora de las firmas panameñas. Dentro de las limitaciones de los escasos datos disponibles, la metodología resuelve el problema de la atribución mediante el empleo de métodos cuasi-experimentales. El ejercicio hace uso de información nueva contenida en
ABSTRACT Many Latin American countries currently exhibit a pattern of production specialization h... more ABSTRACT Many Latin American countries currently exhibit a pattern of production specialization heavily biased toward resource-based commodities and foodstuffs. In natural resource based activities production is highly dependent upon environmental and ecological forces. Companies processing the resource strongly depend upon specilaized subcontractors and equipment producing firms catering for their demand for location specific machinery and process engineering know how Following a case study approach we examine here the growth dynamics of some of these activities and the extent to which they can become a new 'window of opportunity' in the growth process of different Latin American countries.
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America, 2000
The objective of this chapter is to present an evaluation of the process of industrialization of ... more The objective of this chapter is to present an evaluation of the process of industrialization of Chile during the period 1940–82. The concept of industrialization is understood in the broadest sense, including industrial development as well as institutional modernization and social transformation. During the four decades which elapsed from the beginning of the 1940s, the Chilean economy completed a cycle of its economic development and began a new phase. The cycle of the so-called ‘development from within’, which had begun with the 1930s crisis, culminated in 1973–74 with the breakdown of the democratic regime.1 Throughout the decade of the 1940s the industrial growth rate reached an average of 8 per cent a year but thereafter declined perceptibly (Munoz, 1995). For the entire period 1950–71, an annual growth rate of 5.4 per cent has been estimated, well below the Latin American average for this period which reached 6.7 per cent (Benavente et al. 1996, table 4).
Openness and diversification can be beneficial for economic growth (Brainard and Cooper, 1968; Fr... more Openness and diversification can be beneficial for economic growth (Brainard and Cooper, 1968; Frankel and Romer, 1999).1 Openness to trade can foster growth by making it easier to import goods that embody new technology, by reaping economies of scale, and by facilitating the process commonly known as learning by doing through exporting, among other channels (Harrison and Rodriguez-Clare, 2010). Export diversification, in turn, reduces sensitivity to sector-specific shocks. Furthermore, deeper participation in global value chains (GVCs) facilitates access to international flows of knowledge and technology, and thus increases the potential for learning and productivity improvements in local firms.
In the traditional view of productive development policies (PDPs), the roles of government and th... more In the traditional view of productive development policies (PDPs), the roles of government and the private sector are completely separated. Market forces are powerful, and largely lead to desirable outcomes. When a market failure does arise that requires government intervention, a public sector entity identifies the problem and designs a solution. Government sets the rules and conditions, pursuing some collective goals, and firms act within those rules and conditions, attempting to maximize profits. If the rules are well designed, the individual and profit-seeking behavior of the firms leads to good results. In that context, with very well-informed governments, there is limited room for public-private interaction in productive development policy. Each side can do its part independently of the other.
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Papers by Gustavo Crespi