Book by CHENG - WEI WU
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Article by CHENG - WEI WU
明代研究(Journal of Ming Studies), Dec 2023
As is well known, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam possess astonishingly voluminous collections of Chine... more As is well known, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam possess astonishingly voluminous collections of Chinese books that were printed in China. When tracing the processes and reasons why these countries sought out Chinese publications, many scholars have attributed this phenomenon to the mentality of muhua(慕華) , that is, the admiration of China or Chinese culture by foreigners. Muhua was arguably one established aspect of the historical data, and there are examples of individuals who adhered to this idea in their collecting of Chinese books. However, among East Asian countries the attitudes toward China were neither static nor unified and underwent a complex and lengthy series of changes.
In focusing on Chosŏn, this article aims to explore why generation after generation of Koreans living through the Ming and Qing dynasties continued to seek Chinese books. What drove the desire for Chinese books can be broadly categorized into three aspects : firstly , there were long term factors such as the need to nurture knowledge, cultivate talent, design institutions, and improve the publishing environment; secondly there were unexpected events, especially wars; and thirdly, there were the practical need s each and every premodern East Asian country must face, specifically diplomatic exchanges with China, which required a certain level of sinological proficiency. In fleshing out these three aspects, this study will offer new perspectives beyond that of cultural admiration, to foster a better understanding of the background and reasons behind the pursuit of Chinese books in Chosŏn Korea.
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故宮文物月刊(The National Palace Museum Monthly of Chinese Art), Nov 2023
明清中國與朝鮮王朝往來頻繁,特別在政治、經濟、文化、藝術方面交流密切。儘管明朝、清朝時常合稱為「明清」,對於朝鮮而言卻是截然不同的「中國」。深入清朝與朝鮮之間的關係,難以忽略明代的中朝關係史。本... more 明清中國與朝鮮王朝往來頻繁,特別在政治、經濟、文化、藝術方面交流密切。儘管明朝、清朝時常合稱為「明清」,對於朝鮮而言卻是截然不同的「中國」。深入清朝與朝鮮之間的關係,難以忽略明代的中朝關係史。本文試圖從朝鮮將領李遂良(1673-1735)的一幅肖像畫談起,略述朝鮮時代的知識人抱持著怎麼樣的理想容貌,尤其是這個理想與明朝之間的聯繫。
本文強調,朝鮮與明朝存在高度親和的文化連結,這種連結的成立與斷裂,乃認識清代中朝關係史的重要背景。例如明代中葉以降,明朝改為派遣文臣出使朝鮮。兩國文人的詩文唱和,由朝鮮方面編輯出版,名為《皇華集》。該書是極佳的文本,具體呈現古代的兩個地域之間,如何超越語言、地理的隔閡,共同分享一樣的文明。《皇華集》是限於明代的出版品,在滿洲人入主中原之後,朝鮮對中國懷抱著截然不同的認同,不再出版《皇華集》。
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文獻(The Documentation), May 2023
This artical explores how governmental policies affect the circulation of Chinese books across Ea... more This artical explores how governmental policies affect the circulation of Chinese books across East Asia in late Imperial China. The circulation of Chinese books has been an important subject for not only the East Asian history of books but also the history of cultural exchanges. However, the role which Chinese imperial government plays in the process has been consistently understudied.
Since the Song Dynasty, Chinese government had developed increasingly defensive attitudes towards the exportation of Chinese books to neighbouring states. This tendency to restrict exportations of books in astronomy, geography, and history was officially decreed after the passing of the Zhengde Emperor in the early sixteenth century. This can be seen in the establishments of the Hui Tong Guan (會同館) in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties, as well as the Gate (柵門) in the Qing period. These institutions shared the same role of implementing governmental restrictions on the exportations of Chinese books. In light of this, the paper offers a reconstruction of governmental attitudes towards the exportations of Chinese books, by emphasizing the effects such attitudes had on the circulation of these texts. In so doing, the paper can help substantiate understandings of how Chinese books were carried across the imperial boundary. In addition, the paper offers a picture of how Chinese imperial policies towards book exportation shaped the cultural exchange in East Asia.
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臺灣東亞文明研究學刊(Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies), Jun 1, 2020
In recent years, academics have become increasingly interested in the China Mission Record(Yānxín... more In recent years, academics have become increasingly interested in the China Mission Record(Yānxíng Wénxiàn 燕行文獻)that leads to an outpouring of new research. Some scholars have already pointed out that the lack of research on these documents and called for a classification of them to reveal some possible issues. This article aims to concretize the characteristics and raise issues of the China Mission Record by exploring and reflecting on its structure through specific cases I will discuss the Manchu alphabet, the Manchu language, and the Manchu Han relations from the perspective of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys.
This paper examines the Manchuness of the Qing Dynasty during the 17th and 18th century. My analysis is divided into two parts and followed by a brief summary and reflection. The first part attempts to investigate the Chosŏn intellectuals’ depictions of the Manchu language, the Manchu customs, and the differences between the Manchu and Han cultures. The second part aims at suggesting some possible ways of understanding and interpreting the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations of the Manchuness.
This paper stresses that the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys were aware of the use of the Manchu language in the Qing court that differed from the language used in the Ming court. A s an iconic feature of the Qing dynasty, the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys realized that the Manchu language not only served as an official language but also an important tool for concealing in formation from hostile spies of some tributary states.
When analyzing the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations on the Manchu culture, it is necessary to take historical and cultural factors into account. For instance, the Chosŏn intellectuals sometimes perceived the relationship between the Manchus and the Han as unidirectional oppression. Additionally, considering that some Manchus were descendants of the Chosŏn, Qing emperors and officials were more than willing to use the Manchu language when dealing with the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys. In a word, in order to resolve the differences between historical facts and secondary literature, it is necessary for researchers to further investigate and critically analyze the descriptions and observations in the China Mission Record.
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明代研究(Journal of Ming Studies), Dec 2019
This article fills a gap in Ming-Qing historiography by discussing the first encounter that Chine... more This article fills a gap in Ming-Qing historiography by discussing the first encounter that Chinese Ming-Qing historians had with Choson Korean historical materials. The first generation of Ming-Qing historians in China began to pay more attention to Choson materials in the 1920s. Important pioneers in the field, such as Meng Sen (孟森), Wu Han (吳晗), and Li Kwang-tao (李光濤), devoted themselves to reading and researching the Veritable Records of the Choson Dynasty (Chaoxian wangchao shilu). This article argues that these Chinese historians attached importance to the Choson materials in the 1930s because of two key factors: the problems that persisted in Qing historiography; and the research achievements of Japanese historians of East Asia. This combination of internal and external elements brought Choson Korean materials to the attention of Chinese Ming-Qing historians.
This article first investigates the influence of cultural policies in the Qing dynasty, under which the government deployed various methods to compel scholars to abide by official constraints on their research. This legacy led Ming-Qing historians in the 1930s to doubt the credibility of Qing-era historians, to the point that they lamented the paucity of reliable Qing history data. At the same time, Japanese historians had begun to make considerable progress in developing the study of Choson Korea. This article shows that these Choson materials first came to the attention of Chinese historians through Japanese scholarship, in the absence of reliable Qing historical material. The use of Choson historical materials in the study of Ming and Qing history enabled these historians to pose challenging new research questions, and led to the creation of Meng Sen’s masterpiece, A Comprehensive Record of the Yuan, Ming and Qing (Yuan, Ming, Qing xi tongji). Lastly, this article reviews developments from the 1930s to the 1960s, showing how Ming-Qing historians have viewed the value and significance of Choson historical materials.
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臺灣師大歷史學報(Bulletin of Historical Research), Dec 2019
This article explores why Cheongsimwon (清心丸), a medicinal product used in Chosŏn medicine, became... more This article explores why Cheongsimwon (清心丸), a medicinal product used in Chosŏn medicine, became such a hit in Liaodong society during the Qing dynasty. The highest grade of Cheongsimwon, which came in the form of a pill and was prepared by the Chosŏn government during the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, was extremely popular with the aristocracy and commoners alike. Chosŏn diplomatic envoys took it with them during their visits to Beijing, where it was well received by Qing officials and commoners. Using a social history perspective, this article investigates the significance of Cheongsimwon in Chosŏn society, the medical unit of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, and the demand in Liaodong society for Cheongsimwon during the Qing Dynasty. Based on Chosŏn accounts, this article reconstructs a part of the reality of Liaodong society in the Qing Dynasty, and tries to explain why there was such a need in Liaodong for Cheongsimwon during this time.
In the first part of the article, after pointing out that both commoners and officials of the Chosŏn Dynasty regarded Cheongsimwon as a medicine with excellent curative powers, I investigate the demand for the medicine among the different classes of society. I then describe the governmental departments responsible for the production of Cheongsimwon, as well as the materials that went into the making of a Cheongsimwon pill. The second section focuses on the medical resources of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, the role played by different levels of medical personnel on the missions, and the envoys’ purchases of Chinese herbal medicine (táng yào 唐藥). The third part is a diachronic reflection on the significance and value of Cheongsimwon to residents along the tributary route from the perspective of the local society in Liaodong.
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臺灣師大歷史學報(Bulletin of Historical Research), Jun 2015
Over the past few decades many scholars had paid attention to the history of the Ming-Qing transi... more Over the past few decades many scholars had paid attention to the history of the Ming-Qing transition period. Under the conditions, San Gang Shi Lyue, written by Dong Han (1625-?), an early-Qing literate, became known to scholars. However this book was viewed by former scholars as full of the narration of mysteries and bizarreries and consequently was not valued highly in the expertise. The purpose of this article is to reinvestigate the manuscript edition of San Gang Shi Lyue, based on the texts preserved at Taiwan National Central Library and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in order to explore the significance of the writing strategy of the book characterized by mystery narration. It is argued that the specific strategy used by the author was intentionally to avoid government censorship and to preserve Ming loyalism between the lines.
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史原(The Journal of Historical Review), Sep 2014
After the fall of the Ming Court in 1644, Choson, Japan, and Ryukyu all faced the question of how... more After the fall of the Ming Court in 1644, Choson, Japan, and Ryukyu all faced the question of how to deal with the ensuing decline of the traditional East Asian inter-state order. The Choson Dynasty embraced Chinese culture so deeply that they regarded themselves to be a “Little China” (Xiao Zhonghua). The Ming-Qing transition not only broke the cultural connections between Choson Korea and China, but also led to a shift in Choson identity.
During the early Qing period, remembrance of the Ming was a popular phenomenon in Choson Korea. This paper attempts to investigate how the Choson made use of various methods to remember the Ming, include maintaining reign titles, establishing memorial spaces, costumes and accessories. Until the 18th century, even when most Ming loyalists already considered the Qing emperor to be the legitimate ruler of China, Choson Korea still insisted on their allegiance to the Ming. This paper focuses specifically on the travels in China of renowned Chosen literati Hong Dae-yong (洪大容). Hong is well-known for his extensive and sincere exchanges with Chinese scholars, which stirred discussion about China among the Choson literati. This represents the first instance of Choson elites debating whether to maintain a Ming cultural identity (思明) or to reject it. We will examine these debates to study how the Choson literati posed questions to Hong Dae-yong and generated a new discourse for a new political era. According to the investigations of this paper, Hong Dae-yong not only provided new intellectual resources for philosophy and science, but also set the cornerstone for a new huayi (華夷) concept, which involved redefining the relationship between Chinese and non-Chinese.
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Notes and Discussion by CHENG - WEI WU
臺灣師大歷史學報(Bulletin of Historical Research), Jun 2014
So far the study of Sino-Choson Studies has been strangely neglected by Ming-Qing history researc... more So far the study of Sino-Choson Studies has been strangely neglected by Ming-Qing history researchers. Over the past few years a considerable number of studies and digital engineering have been made on Sino-Choson history. Although a large number of studies have been made on Sino-Choson studies, little is known about how it could influence the studies of Ming-Qing history. This paper is intended as an introduction of Sino-Choson studies and explored its future possibility in Ming-Qing studies. An exhaustive inspect of recent research achievement is not necessary in this article. This investigation would like to focus on “Cultural Communication”, “Hua–Yi distinction”, and “Books Currency”. The purpose here is to explore a little further between “Ming-Qing” and “Sino-Choson” by these three issues. Taking a focus on recent survey on China Mission Record, the issues of cultural communication has taken some important steps in this direction. The researchers turned their attention from “national diplomacy” to “literati intercourse”, and went deep into more complicated mentality of Sino-Choson literati. On the one hand, I will inspect the result of Sino-Choson studies since 2000, on the other hand reflection on some of these will make clear that the significance of Sino-Choson studies in Ming-Qing history.
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Book Review by CHENG - WEI WU
臺大歷史學報(Historical Inquiry), Jun 2023
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漢學研究(Chinese Studies), Jun 2019
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中央研究院近代史研究所集刊(Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica), Dec 2014
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新史學(New History), Mar 2014
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玩轉歷史力, Apr 2021
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瞰海:從臺灣望向世界,12個海洋的歷史故事, 2017
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Book by CHENG - WEI WU
Article by CHENG - WEI WU
In focusing on Chosŏn, this article aims to explore why generation after generation of Koreans living through the Ming and Qing dynasties continued to seek Chinese books. What drove the desire for Chinese books can be broadly categorized into three aspects : firstly , there were long term factors such as the need to nurture knowledge, cultivate talent, design institutions, and improve the publishing environment; secondly there were unexpected events, especially wars; and thirdly, there were the practical need s each and every premodern East Asian country must face, specifically diplomatic exchanges with China, which required a certain level of sinological proficiency. In fleshing out these three aspects, this study will offer new perspectives beyond that of cultural admiration, to foster a better understanding of the background and reasons behind the pursuit of Chinese books in Chosŏn Korea.
本文強調,朝鮮與明朝存在高度親和的文化連結,這種連結的成立與斷裂,乃認識清代中朝關係史的重要背景。例如明代中葉以降,明朝改為派遣文臣出使朝鮮。兩國文人的詩文唱和,由朝鮮方面編輯出版,名為《皇華集》。該書是極佳的文本,具體呈現古代的兩個地域之間,如何超越語言、地理的隔閡,共同分享一樣的文明。《皇華集》是限於明代的出版品,在滿洲人入主中原之後,朝鮮對中國懷抱著截然不同的認同,不再出版《皇華集》。
Since the Song Dynasty, Chinese government had developed increasingly defensive attitudes towards the exportation of Chinese books to neighbouring states. This tendency to restrict exportations of books in astronomy, geography, and history was officially decreed after the passing of the Zhengde Emperor in the early sixteenth century. This can be seen in the establishments of the Hui Tong Guan (會同館) in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties, as well as the Gate (柵門) in the Qing period. These institutions shared the same role of implementing governmental restrictions on the exportations of Chinese books. In light of this, the paper offers a reconstruction of governmental attitudes towards the exportations of Chinese books, by emphasizing the effects such attitudes had on the circulation of these texts. In so doing, the paper can help substantiate understandings of how Chinese books were carried across the imperial boundary. In addition, the paper offers a picture of how Chinese imperial policies towards book exportation shaped the cultural exchange in East Asia.
This paper examines the Manchuness of the Qing Dynasty during the 17th and 18th century. My analysis is divided into two parts and followed by a brief summary and reflection. The first part attempts to investigate the Chosŏn intellectuals’ depictions of the Manchu language, the Manchu customs, and the differences between the Manchu and Han cultures. The second part aims at suggesting some possible ways of understanding and interpreting the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations of the Manchuness.
This paper stresses that the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys were aware of the use of the Manchu language in the Qing court that differed from the language used in the Ming court. A s an iconic feature of the Qing dynasty, the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys realized that the Manchu language not only served as an official language but also an important tool for concealing in formation from hostile spies of some tributary states.
When analyzing the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations on the Manchu culture, it is necessary to take historical and cultural factors into account. For instance, the Chosŏn intellectuals sometimes perceived the relationship between the Manchus and the Han as unidirectional oppression. Additionally, considering that some Manchus were descendants of the Chosŏn, Qing emperors and officials were more than willing to use the Manchu language when dealing with the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys. In a word, in order to resolve the differences between historical facts and secondary literature, it is necessary for researchers to further investigate and critically analyze the descriptions and observations in the China Mission Record.
This article first investigates the influence of cultural policies in the Qing dynasty, under which the government deployed various methods to compel scholars to abide by official constraints on their research. This legacy led Ming-Qing historians in the 1930s to doubt the credibility of Qing-era historians, to the point that they lamented the paucity of reliable Qing history data. At the same time, Japanese historians had begun to make considerable progress in developing the study of Choson Korea. This article shows that these Choson materials first came to the attention of Chinese historians through Japanese scholarship, in the absence of reliable Qing historical material. The use of Choson historical materials in the study of Ming and Qing history enabled these historians to pose challenging new research questions, and led to the creation of Meng Sen’s masterpiece, A Comprehensive Record of the Yuan, Ming and Qing (Yuan, Ming, Qing xi tongji). Lastly, this article reviews developments from the 1930s to the 1960s, showing how Ming-Qing historians have viewed the value and significance of Choson historical materials.
In the first part of the article, after pointing out that both commoners and officials of the Chosŏn Dynasty regarded Cheongsimwon as a medicine with excellent curative powers, I investigate the demand for the medicine among the different classes of society. I then describe the governmental departments responsible for the production of Cheongsimwon, as well as the materials that went into the making of a Cheongsimwon pill. The second section focuses on the medical resources of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, the role played by different levels of medical personnel on the missions, and the envoys’ purchases of Chinese herbal medicine (táng yào 唐藥). The third part is a diachronic reflection on the significance and value of Cheongsimwon to residents along the tributary route from the perspective of the local society in Liaodong.
During the early Qing period, remembrance of the Ming was a popular phenomenon in Choson Korea. This paper attempts to investigate how the Choson made use of various methods to remember the Ming, include maintaining reign titles, establishing memorial spaces, costumes and accessories. Until the 18th century, even when most Ming loyalists already considered the Qing emperor to be the legitimate ruler of China, Choson Korea still insisted on their allegiance to the Ming. This paper focuses specifically on the travels in China of renowned Chosen literati Hong Dae-yong (洪大容). Hong is well-known for his extensive and sincere exchanges with Chinese scholars, which stirred discussion about China among the Choson literati. This represents the first instance of Choson elites debating whether to maintain a Ming cultural identity (思明) or to reject it. We will examine these debates to study how the Choson literati posed questions to Hong Dae-yong and generated a new discourse for a new political era. According to the investigations of this paper, Hong Dae-yong not only provided new intellectual resources for philosophy and science, but also set the cornerstone for a new huayi (華夷) concept, which involved redefining the relationship between Chinese and non-Chinese.
Notes and Discussion by CHENG - WEI WU
Book Review by CHENG - WEI WU
Others by CHENG - WEI WU
In focusing on Chosŏn, this article aims to explore why generation after generation of Koreans living through the Ming and Qing dynasties continued to seek Chinese books. What drove the desire for Chinese books can be broadly categorized into three aspects : firstly , there were long term factors such as the need to nurture knowledge, cultivate talent, design institutions, and improve the publishing environment; secondly there were unexpected events, especially wars; and thirdly, there were the practical need s each and every premodern East Asian country must face, specifically diplomatic exchanges with China, which required a certain level of sinological proficiency. In fleshing out these three aspects, this study will offer new perspectives beyond that of cultural admiration, to foster a better understanding of the background and reasons behind the pursuit of Chinese books in Chosŏn Korea.
本文強調,朝鮮與明朝存在高度親和的文化連結,這種連結的成立與斷裂,乃認識清代中朝關係史的重要背景。例如明代中葉以降,明朝改為派遣文臣出使朝鮮。兩國文人的詩文唱和,由朝鮮方面編輯出版,名為《皇華集》。該書是極佳的文本,具體呈現古代的兩個地域之間,如何超越語言、地理的隔閡,共同分享一樣的文明。《皇華集》是限於明代的出版品,在滿洲人入主中原之後,朝鮮對中國懷抱著截然不同的認同,不再出版《皇華集》。
Since the Song Dynasty, Chinese government had developed increasingly defensive attitudes towards the exportation of Chinese books to neighbouring states. This tendency to restrict exportations of books in astronomy, geography, and history was officially decreed after the passing of the Zhengde Emperor in the early sixteenth century. This can be seen in the establishments of the Hui Tong Guan (會同館) in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties, as well as the Gate (柵門) in the Qing period. These institutions shared the same role of implementing governmental restrictions on the exportations of Chinese books. In light of this, the paper offers a reconstruction of governmental attitudes towards the exportations of Chinese books, by emphasizing the effects such attitudes had on the circulation of these texts. In so doing, the paper can help substantiate understandings of how Chinese books were carried across the imperial boundary. In addition, the paper offers a picture of how Chinese imperial policies towards book exportation shaped the cultural exchange in East Asia.
This paper examines the Manchuness of the Qing Dynasty during the 17th and 18th century. My analysis is divided into two parts and followed by a brief summary and reflection. The first part attempts to investigate the Chosŏn intellectuals’ depictions of the Manchu language, the Manchu customs, and the differences between the Manchu and Han cultures. The second part aims at suggesting some possible ways of understanding and interpreting the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations of the Manchuness.
This paper stresses that the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys were aware of the use of the Manchu language in the Qing court that differed from the language used in the Ming court. A s an iconic feature of the Qing dynasty, the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys realized that the Manchu language not only served as an official language but also an important tool for concealing in formation from hostile spies of some tributary states.
When analyzing the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys’ observations on the Manchu culture, it is necessary to take historical and cultural factors into account. For instance, the Chosŏn intellectuals sometimes perceived the relationship between the Manchus and the Han as unidirectional oppression. Additionally, considering that some Manchus were descendants of the Chosŏn, Qing emperors and officials were more than willing to use the Manchu language when dealing with the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys. In a word, in order to resolve the differences between historical facts and secondary literature, it is necessary for researchers to further investigate and critically analyze the descriptions and observations in the China Mission Record.
This article first investigates the influence of cultural policies in the Qing dynasty, under which the government deployed various methods to compel scholars to abide by official constraints on their research. This legacy led Ming-Qing historians in the 1930s to doubt the credibility of Qing-era historians, to the point that they lamented the paucity of reliable Qing history data. At the same time, Japanese historians had begun to make considerable progress in developing the study of Choson Korea. This article shows that these Choson materials first came to the attention of Chinese historians through Japanese scholarship, in the absence of reliable Qing historical material. The use of Choson historical materials in the study of Ming and Qing history enabled these historians to pose challenging new research questions, and led to the creation of Meng Sen’s masterpiece, A Comprehensive Record of the Yuan, Ming and Qing (Yuan, Ming, Qing xi tongji). Lastly, this article reviews developments from the 1930s to the 1960s, showing how Ming-Qing historians have viewed the value and significance of Choson historical materials.
In the first part of the article, after pointing out that both commoners and officials of the Chosŏn Dynasty regarded Cheongsimwon as a medicine with excellent curative powers, I investigate the demand for the medicine among the different classes of society. I then describe the governmental departments responsible for the production of Cheongsimwon, as well as the materials that went into the making of a Cheongsimwon pill. The second section focuses on the medical resources of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, the role played by different levels of medical personnel on the missions, and the envoys’ purchases of Chinese herbal medicine (táng yào 唐藥). The third part is a diachronic reflection on the significance and value of Cheongsimwon to residents along the tributary route from the perspective of the local society in Liaodong.
During the early Qing period, remembrance of the Ming was a popular phenomenon in Choson Korea. This paper attempts to investigate how the Choson made use of various methods to remember the Ming, include maintaining reign titles, establishing memorial spaces, costumes and accessories. Until the 18th century, even when most Ming loyalists already considered the Qing emperor to be the legitimate ruler of China, Choson Korea still insisted on their allegiance to the Ming. This paper focuses specifically on the travels in China of renowned Chosen literati Hong Dae-yong (洪大容). Hong is well-known for his extensive and sincere exchanges with Chinese scholars, which stirred discussion about China among the Choson literati. This represents the first instance of Choson elites debating whether to maintain a Ming cultural identity (思明) or to reject it. We will examine these debates to study how the Choson literati posed questions to Hong Dae-yong and generated a new discourse for a new political era. According to the investigations of this paper, Hong Dae-yong not only provided new intellectual resources for philosophy and science, but also set the cornerstone for a new huayi (華夷) concept, which involved redefining the relationship between Chinese and non-Chinese.