Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over ... more Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over space and through time. Investigations of spatio-temporal problems using linear models commonly assume that relationships among variables are stable, either among the spatial units employed or over the time points with which the analysis is concerned. Covariance procedures provide a convenient means for examining the spatial and temporal variability of relationships embodied in such models. In this article an empirical example of employment in agriculture demonstrates the application of the methods.
Population Research and Policy Review, Feb 1, 1985
Planners and administrators in North American rural communities proximate to cities have struggle... more Planners and administrators in North American rural communities proximate to cities have struggled over the last decade to cope with expanding populations. Amongst the questions posed by this population growth, those associated with the municipal provision of services are considered to be of paramount importance by many commentators. This article examines conventional wisdom on the service-provision implications of rural population growth in light of evidence gained through surveys of rural residents in an urbanizing region of Southern Ontario, Canada. A trade-off game is used to produce budget-constrained community preferences on priorities of municipal service provision; preferences are shown to be more complex in their relationship to residents' characteristics, such as length of residence, than is often suggested in the literature. Moreover, when asked to indicate their preference concerning the broad trade-off between service levels and taxes, 41 percent preferred the status quo and 40 percent opted for increased services and taxes, whilst only 10 percent preferred to save on taxes by sacrificing service quality. It is suggested that policy makers consider carefully the design limitations of survey instruments prior to phrasing policy on service provision. In situations like those created by Proposition 13 in California and Proposition 2 1/2 in Massachusetts, the implications of budget cuts became apparent to residents only as services seriously deteriorated or disappeared altogether. By conducting a trade-off game or some suitable alternative, the implications of tax changes for service provision became apparent to residents without the changes having to occur in reality.
sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromi... more sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet those of the future". Since that time, much attention has been devoted toward better defining the concept, and developing measures to facilitate its assessment (for example, Daly and Cobb 1989; Liverman et al. 1987). While the permutations are many, the common underlying premise relates to the interdependencies and compatibility among environment, economy, and society. Agriculture is a globally occurring activity which relates directly and powerfully to the present and future condition of environments, economies, and societies. While agriculture has provided for basic social and economic needs of people, it has also caused environmental degradation which has prompted a burgeoning interest in its sustainability. Like the concept of 'sustainable development', the term 'sustainable agriculture ' has been interpreted and...
This paper explores the relationship between environmental change and development through a vulne... more This paper explores the relationship between environmental change and development through a vulnerability study of a rural village in southwest Bangladesh. Villagers deal with a variety of pressing stresses, and climate change is not considered separately, if at all. Environmental, political and economic conditions and adjustments in resource use systems, particularly shrimp farming, have changed livelihood opportunities and increased the vulnerabilities of poor villagers to future environmental changes, including climate change. Practical adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerabilities to climate-related stresses reflect the dynamics of people’s livelihoods and address the conditions they currently face. In this case, planned adaptations were mainstreamed in the sense that they contributed to the livelihoods of people and made some improvement in their capacity to deal with changes in climate, and they were undertaken via established non-government institutions.
Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over ... more Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over space and through time. Investigations of spatio-temporal problems using linear models commonly assume that relationships among variables are stable, either among the spatial units employed or over the time points with which the analysis is concerned. Covariance procedures provide a convenient means for examining the spatial and temporal variability of relationships embodied in such models. In this article an empirical example of employment in agriculture demonstrates the application of the methods.
Population Research and Policy Review, Feb 1, 1985
Planners and administrators in North American rural communities proximate to cities have struggle... more Planners and administrators in North American rural communities proximate to cities have struggled over the last decade to cope with expanding populations. Amongst the questions posed by this population growth, those associated with the municipal provision of services are considered to be of paramount importance by many commentators. This article examines conventional wisdom on the service-provision implications of rural population growth in light of evidence gained through surveys of rural residents in an urbanizing region of Southern Ontario, Canada. A trade-off game is used to produce budget-constrained community preferences on priorities of municipal service provision; preferences are shown to be more complex in their relationship to residents' characteristics, such as length of residence, than is often suggested in the literature. Moreover, when asked to indicate their preference concerning the broad trade-off between service levels and taxes, 41 percent preferred the status quo and 40 percent opted for increased services and taxes, whilst only 10 percent preferred to save on taxes by sacrificing service quality. It is suggested that policy makers consider carefully the design limitations of survey instruments prior to phrasing policy on service provision. In situations like those created by Proposition 13 in California and Proposition 2 1/2 in Massachusetts, the implications of budget cuts became apparent to residents only as services seriously deteriorated or disappeared altogether. By conducting a trade-off game or some suitable alternative, the implications of tax changes for service provision became apparent to residents without the changes having to occur in reality.
sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromi... more sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet those of the future". Since that time, much attention has been devoted toward better defining the concept, and developing measures to facilitate its assessment (for example, Daly and Cobb 1989; Liverman et al. 1987). While the permutations are many, the common underlying premise relates to the interdependencies and compatibility among environment, economy, and society. Agriculture is a globally occurring activity which relates directly and powerfully to the present and future condition of environments, economies, and societies. While agriculture has provided for basic social and economic needs of people, it has also caused environmental degradation which has prompted a burgeoning interest in its sustainability. Like the concept of 'sustainable development', the term 'sustainable agriculture ' has been interpreted and...
This paper explores the relationship between environmental change and development through a vulne... more This paper explores the relationship between environmental change and development through a vulnerability study of a rural village in southwest Bangladesh. Villagers deal with a variety of pressing stresses, and climate change is not considered separately, if at all. Environmental, political and economic conditions and adjustments in resource use systems, particularly shrimp farming, have changed livelihood opportunities and increased the vulnerabilities of poor villagers to future environmental changes, including climate change. Practical adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerabilities to climate-related stresses reflect the dynamics of people’s livelihoods and address the conditions they currently face. In this case, planned adaptations were mainstreamed in the sense that they contributed to the livelihoods of people and made some improvement in their capacity to deal with changes in climate, and they were undertaken via established non-government institutions.
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