Număr dedicat împlinirii a 800 de ani de la prima atestare documentară a Țării Făgărașului-"Terra... more Număr dedicat împlinirii a 800 de ani de la prima atestare documentară a Țării Făgărașului-"Terra Blachorum", 1222
Collegium Mediense XII. Comunicari Stiintifice XXI, 2022
Epidemics, natural and anthropogenic calamities, unfavorable weather in Făgăraș County (middle of... more Epidemics, natural and anthropogenic calamities, unfavorable weather in Făgăraș County (middle of the 18th century - 1918). The evolution of human society was influenced and happened in close connection with the natural environmental conditions, not only physical-geographical but also climatic, not as absolute factors, but as favorable or unfavorable premises on human activity. In Romania too, so implicitly in Făgăraș County, history is saturated with epidemics, natural calamities and relatively many events, sometimes catastrophic, the latter having either natural origins or caused by human neglection (especially regarding arsons). The geographical area of Făgăraș County has suffered over time various changes in some geographical-climatic characteristics, which caused the manifestation of risk factors that evolved towards unfavorable weather or event catastrophes. According to the specialists in the field, the classification of the disasters is made as a result of the natural phenomenons of geological or meteorological origins: heavy rains, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, storms and blizzards, prolonged droughts, fires, heavy snow, extreme frosts, epidemics and epizootics, and others. Largely, the majority of these disasters were recorded in documents, dated or anonymous notes on church books and minutes, and press releases for the entire period presented in the title and in the area surrounding Făgăraș. However, in the current state of the research on this topic, I will only try to prefigure a map of these phenomenons, inserting information on many of the categories of disasters above-mentioned, following that in the future the subject will be developed to have a much clearer and substantiated image.
The information regarding the study of the Jewish presence in Transylvania is relatively substant... more The information regarding the study of the Jewish presence in Transylvania is relatively substantial, the main characteristic in the analysis of this minority is that there can be found the first reports about it, which consist in a series of documents about the 11th century Kingdom of Hungary and its problems. On the other hand, the studies and historical documents are written more thoroughly allowing a more precise analysis than their equivalents in the other areas of Romania. In this article we are trying through real contributions, for the first time, to outline a history of the Jewish presence in the city of Fagaras (between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 2000s), the heart of a geographical area filled with history – Fagaras County –, located in the South-Southeast of Transylvania.
Evoluția evenimentelor anilor 1939 și 1940 a surprins România, la nivel european, într-o situație... more Evoluția evenimentelor anilor 1939 și 1940 a surprins România, la nivel european, într-o situație critică, prin prisma faptului că Germania se afla în plină expansiune teritorială în detrimentul aliaților tradiționali ai țării noastre, fiind nevoită să intre curând în sfera de interese ale germanilor. În aceste împrejurări, România a fost confruntată rapid cu revendicări teritoriale importante, venite, pe de o parte, dinspre Rusia Sovietică, iar, pe de alta, dinspre Ungaria și Bulgaria, care erau aliate ale Germaniei naziste. Având în vedere problematica cercetării noastre, ne vom concentra atenția exclusiv asupra urmărilor primeia dintre revendicările teritoriale în privința populației. Astfel, la 26 iunie 1940, URSS dădea un ultimatum țării noastre pentru cedarea Basarabiei și a Bucovinei de Nord, act în forță pe care România a fost obligată să-l accepte, în situația dată neavând niciun sprijin extern. Drept consecință, două zile mai târziu, la 28 iunie, a început evacuarea popula...
The position of Romanians from Făgăraș County between the two currents: passivity or political ac... more The position of Romanians from Făgăraș County between the two currents: passivity or political activism Starting with the year 1870, among Romanians’ leading politicians from Transylvania begins to distinguish two tendencies – activism and passivity – regarding the reception of the new situation in Transylvania after 1867 and regarding the implication or the lack of involvement in political activity. They were called activists and passivists especially because of their attitude towards the Diet from Budapest: the firsts considered that by their participation in elections the situation of Romanians from Transylvania could improve, whereas the others thought that by participating they would have acknowledged the join of Transylvania within Hungary. Făgăraș was a traditional activist center, but a part of the leaders expressed from the beginning towards the adoption of passivity. Very fast, the balance tilted definitively towards passivity, giving credit to the principle of national solidarity (1872). There followed few decades of serious concerns regarding this matter, but also total solidarity from the people of Făgăraș with Memorandum’s leaders, by adhesion telegrams of letters to the cause. Only lately, after a long period of total passivity, the Romanian political leaders considered that it was beneficial to participate in Parliamentary elections and work in order to obtain national goals. Even if the adoption of activism officially consecrated at the beginning of 1905, the leaders fought for this since previous years.
Romanian credit institutions from Făgăraș County (1883-1914)
The Romanian modern banking-financia... more Romanian credit institutions from Făgăraș County (1883-1914) The Romanian modern banking-financial activity from Transylvania debuts towards the eight decade of the 19th century, having as an organizational and operational model the Saxon banking systems, however predominantly the Raiffeisen type. In this process starting with 1883 has been also enclosed Făgăraș County, mostly Romanian, on whose territory were founded, until the debut of the First World War, 20 banking institutes and 15 credit accompaniments, being situated from this point of view on one of the top leading places among the counties from Transylvania. Within the pale of this study are captured the appearance conditions of the Romanian credit systems from Transylvania – social-economical and legislative frames – and its evolution, the creation of credit system from Făgăraș County and its route until 1914, the financial activity of the credit institutes, the social and economic effects which it had, the granted supported for culture and Romanian spirituality from here, and also other aspects.
Abstract. Administrative-territorial organization of Fagaras County during 1919-1950. For hundred... more Abstract. Administrative-territorial organization of Fagaras County during 1919-1950. For hundreds of years, Făgăraș County as a distinct ethnographic and demographic entity, overlapped its identity on that of an administrative-territorial unit, either under the name of district or county. After the Great Union at 1st of December 1918 there took place only one attempt to abolish its statute, but until 1950 nobody dared to repeat such an action. However, under soviet occupation, in the latter year the action passed from attempt to putting into practice having as a result the abolition of this historical county, the citizens of Făgăraș from these days having only the nostalgia of its existence.
THE DEPUTIES OF FĂGĂRAȘ COUNTY IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY FROM SIBIU (1863 – 1864)
The introduc... more THE DEPUTIES OF FĂGĂRAȘ COUNTY IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY FROM SIBIU (1863 – 1864) The introduction of the absolutist regime after the revolution between 1848 and 1849, proved to eventually be bankrupt for the Austrian Empire, forcing the emperor to approach in a more relaxed manner the situation from all the domains of public life. Therefore, because of a profound crisis, inclusive in what concerns external politics, in 1860 liberalism has been introduced and the autonomy of Transylvania and its Diet was restored, but, unfortunately for Romanians, only for a short period of time, until 1865 when the negotiations for the introduction of the Austro-Hungarian dualist system were in an advanced state of completion. The Diet from Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 represented at the same time, the first meeting of the leading authority of Transylvania after 1848 – 1849 and the first – also the last – in which Romanians held the relative majority. For the entire liberal period, the year of 1863 remained a distinct one, whose importance resides especially in the role which the Romanian nation played, which strived until that moment to be able to exert its will inside a political organism outlined in the base of the proportionality principle of people in Transylvania and of tax contribution. In this context enrolls the presence of the four deputies from Făgăraș – three Romanians and one German – in Diet’s work, from which I. Alduleanu being chosen as its vice-president. Among the four representatives of Făgăraș in the Diet, the Romanian deputies have been permanently remarked, by the kept speeches and interventions, through a constructive and firm attitude for obtaining and respecting the political rights of the Romanian nation from Transylvania, being strong voices having great influence among the others.
The Austro-Hungarian dualist compromise from 1867 brought major changes for Transylvania, includi... more The Austro-Hungarian dualist compromise from 1867 brought major changes for Transylvania, including changes in the administrative domain. Hungarian central authorities manifested a permanent interest regarding law and legislative measures promulgation destined to consolidate public administration on modern fundaments, structures and functionalities. In the same time, even if the modernizing elements were as obvious as they could be, the adopted legislation was no stranger towards political discriminations, which had as a purpose the change of ethnical majority from the Transylvanian Romanian background, using measures of territorial reorganization of the counties and small districts, being permitted to the administration to become a tool of implementing the magyarization and a tool of promoting the political interests from Budapest. Specific for the new direction in the administrative domain was the Law Article XLII from 1870 (The municipality law). This represents the first legislative background by which were minutely defined and established territorial-administrative structures and the duties of leading and local administration organisms, remaining essential in local administration domain until the disappearance of the dualism, the following laws bringing only changes in the functional structures or punctual supplements. Unfortunately, the strict application of the legislation inside the territory had to suffer a lot, as it happened to Făgăraș County, because of the official annihilation politics of non-Hungarian nationalities. The results of election campaigns from Făgăraș were permanently influenced by the intervention of the authorities, they resorted to a whole succession of methods for favoring the agreed candidates: the mobilization and the use of viragos near polling centers to intimidate the electors, illegal exclusions of Romanian candidates from the lists, the repeated violation of the legislation regarding the constitution of electoral districts and setting the number of electoral mandates, preventing the exercise of voting right, the falsification of electors lists, the corruption with money and drinks of the electors, naming the heads of electoral committees exclusively amongst Hungarians for favoring the mentioned actions etc.
Număr dedicat împlinirii a 800 de ani de la prima atestare documentară a Țării Făgărașului-"Terra... more Număr dedicat împlinirii a 800 de ani de la prima atestare documentară a Țării Făgărașului-"Terra Blachorum", 1222
Collegium Mediense XII. Comunicari Stiintifice XXI, 2022
Epidemics, natural and anthropogenic calamities, unfavorable weather in Făgăraș County (middle of... more Epidemics, natural and anthropogenic calamities, unfavorable weather in Făgăraș County (middle of the 18th century - 1918). The evolution of human society was influenced and happened in close connection with the natural environmental conditions, not only physical-geographical but also climatic, not as absolute factors, but as favorable or unfavorable premises on human activity. In Romania too, so implicitly in Făgăraș County, history is saturated with epidemics, natural calamities and relatively many events, sometimes catastrophic, the latter having either natural origins or caused by human neglection (especially regarding arsons). The geographical area of Făgăraș County has suffered over time various changes in some geographical-climatic characteristics, which caused the manifestation of risk factors that evolved towards unfavorable weather or event catastrophes. According to the specialists in the field, the classification of the disasters is made as a result of the natural phenomenons of geological or meteorological origins: heavy rains, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, storms and blizzards, prolonged droughts, fires, heavy snow, extreme frosts, epidemics and epizootics, and others. Largely, the majority of these disasters were recorded in documents, dated or anonymous notes on church books and minutes, and press releases for the entire period presented in the title and in the area surrounding Făgăraș. However, in the current state of the research on this topic, I will only try to prefigure a map of these phenomenons, inserting information on many of the categories of disasters above-mentioned, following that in the future the subject will be developed to have a much clearer and substantiated image.
The information regarding the study of the Jewish presence in Transylvania is relatively substant... more The information regarding the study of the Jewish presence in Transylvania is relatively substantial, the main characteristic in the analysis of this minority is that there can be found the first reports about it, which consist in a series of documents about the 11th century Kingdom of Hungary and its problems. On the other hand, the studies and historical documents are written more thoroughly allowing a more precise analysis than their equivalents in the other areas of Romania. In this article we are trying through real contributions, for the first time, to outline a history of the Jewish presence in the city of Fagaras (between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 2000s), the heart of a geographical area filled with history – Fagaras County –, located in the South-Southeast of Transylvania.
Evoluția evenimentelor anilor 1939 și 1940 a surprins România, la nivel european, într-o situație... more Evoluția evenimentelor anilor 1939 și 1940 a surprins România, la nivel european, într-o situație critică, prin prisma faptului că Germania se afla în plină expansiune teritorială în detrimentul aliaților tradiționali ai țării noastre, fiind nevoită să intre curând în sfera de interese ale germanilor. În aceste împrejurări, România a fost confruntată rapid cu revendicări teritoriale importante, venite, pe de o parte, dinspre Rusia Sovietică, iar, pe de alta, dinspre Ungaria și Bulgaria, care erau aliate ale Germaniei naziste. Având în vedere problematica cercetării noastre, ne vom concentra atenția exclusiv asupra urmărilor primeia dintre revendicările teritoriale în privința populației. Astfel, la 26 iunie 1940, URSS dădea un ultimatum țării noastre pentru cedarea Basarabiei și a Bucovinei de Nord, act în forță pe care România a fost obligată să-l accepte, în situația dată neavând niciun sprijin extern. Drept consecință, două zile mai târziu, la 28 iunie, a început evacuarea popula...
The position of Romanians from Făgăraș County between the two currents: passivity or political ac... more The position of Romanians from Făgăraș County between the two currents: passivity or political activism Starting with the year 1870, among Romanians’ leading politicians from Transylvania begins to distinguish two tendencies – activism and passivity – regarding the reception of the new situation in Transylvania after 1867 and regarding the implication or the lack of involvement in political activity. They were called activists and passivists especially because of their attitude towards the Diet from Budapest: the firsts considered that by their participation in elections the situation of Romanians from Transylvania could improve, whereas the others thought that by participating they would have acknowledged the join of Transylvania within Hungary. Făgăraș was a traditional activist center, but a part of the leaders expressed from the beginning towards the adoption of passivity. Very fast, the balance tilted definitively towards passivity, giving credit to the principle of national solidarity (1872). There followed few decades of serious concerns regarding this matter, but also total solidarity from the people of Făgăraș with Memorandum’s leaders, by adhesion telegrams of letters to the cause. Only lately, after a long period of total passivity, the Romanian political leaders considered that it was beneficial to participate in Parliamentary elections and work in order to obtain national goals. Even if the adoption of activism officially consecrated at the beginning of 1905, the leaders fought for this since previous years.
Romanian credit institutions from Făgăraș County (1883-1914)
The Romanian modern banking-financia... more Romanian credit institutions from Făgăraș County (1883-1914) The Romanian modern banking-financial activity from Transylvania debuts towards the eight decade of the 19th century, having as an organizational and operational model the Saxon banking systems, however predominantly the Raiffeisen type. In this process starting with 1883 has been also enclosed Făgăraș County, mostly Romanian, on whose territory were founded, until the debut of the First World War, 20 banking institutes and 15 credit accompaniments, being situated from this point of view on one of the top leading places among the counties from Transylvania. Within the pale of this study are captured the appearance conditions of the Romanian credit systems from Transylvania – social-economical and legislative frames – and its evolution, the creation of credit system from Făgăraș County and its route until 1914, the financial activity of the credit institutes, the social and economic effects which it had, the granted supported for culture and Romanian spirituality from here, and also other aspects.
Abstract. Administrative-territorial organization of Fagaras County during 1919-1950. For hundred... more Abstract. Administrative-territorial organization of Fagaras County during 1919-1950. For hundreds of years, Făgăraș County as a distinct ethnographic and demographic entity, overlapped its identity on that of an administrative-territorial unit, either under the name of district or county. After the Great Union at 1st of December 1918 there took place only one attempt to abolish its statute, but until 1950 nobody dared to repeat such an action. However, under soviet occupation, in the latter year the action passed from attempt to putting into practice having as a result the abolition of this historical county, the citizens of Făgăraș from these days having only the nostalgia of its existence.
THE DEPUTIES OF FĂGĂRAȘ COUNTY IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY FROM SIBIU (1863 – 1864)
The introduc... more THE DEPUTIES OF FĂGĂRAȘ COUNTY IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY FROM SIBIU (1863 – 1864) The introduction of the absolutist regime after the revolution between 1848 and 1849, proved to eventually be bankrupt for the Austrian Empire, forcing the emperor to approach in a more relaxed manner the situation from all the domains of public life. Therefore, because of a profound crisis, inclusive in what concerns external politics, in 1860 liberalism has been introduced and the autonomy of Transylvania and its Diet was restored, but, unfortunately for Romanians, only for a short period of time, until 1865 when the negotiations for the introduction of the Austro-Hungarian dualist system were in an advanced state of completion. The Diet from Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 represented at the same time, the first meeting of the leading authority of Transylvania after 1848 – 1849 and the first – also the last – in which Romanians held the relative majority. For the entire liberal period, the year of 1863 remained a distinct one, whose importance resides especially in the role which the Romanian nation played, which strived until that moment to be able to exert its will inside a political organism outlined in the base of the proportionality principle of people in Transylvania and of tax contribution. In this context enrolls the presence of the four deputies from Făgăraș – three Romanians and one German – in Diet’s work, from which I. Alduleanu being chosen as its vice-president. Among the four representatives of Făgăraș in the Diet, the Romanian deputies have been permanently remarked, by the kept speeches and interventions, through a constructive and firm attitude for obtaining and respecting the political rights of the Romanian nation from Transylvania, being strong voices having great influence among the others.
The Austro-Hungarian dualist compromise from 1867 brought major changes for Transylvania, includi... more The Austro-Hungarian dualist compromise from 1867 brought major changes for Transylvania, including changes in the administrative domain. Hungarian central authorities manifested a permanent interest regarding law and legislative measures promulgation destined to consolidate public administration on modern fundaments, structures and functionalities. In the same time, even if the modernizing elements were as obvious as they could be, the adopted legislation was no stranger towards political discriminations, which had as a purpose the change of ethnical majority from the Transylvanian Romanian background, using measures of territorial reorganization of the counties and small districts, being permitted to the administration to become a tool of implementing the magyarization and a tool of promoting the political interests from Budapest. Specific for the new direction in the administrative domain was the Law Article XLII from 1870 (The municipality law). This represents the first legislative background by which were minutely defined and established territorial-administrative structures and the duties of leading and local administration organisms, remaining essential in local administration domain until the disappearance of the dualism, the following laws bringing only changes in the functional structures or punctual supplements. Unfortunately, the strict application of the legislation inside the territory had to suffer a lot, as it happened to Făgăraș County, because of the official annihilation politics of non-Hungarian nationalities. The results of election campaigns from Făgăraș were permanently influenced by the intervention of the authorities, they resorted to a whole succession of methods for favoring the agreed candidates: the mobilization and the use of viragos near polling centers to intimidate the electors, illegal exclusions of Romanian candidates from the lists, the repeated violation of the legislation regarding the constitution of electoral districts and setting the number of electoral mandates, preventing the exercise of voting right, the falsification of electors lists, the corruption with money and drinks of the electors, naming the heads of electoral committees exclusively amongst Hungarians for favoring the mentioned actions etc.
Istoria și scrisul istoric azi. Opțiuni metodologice. Paradigme. Agendă, 2020
The Romas represented a constant presence on the territory nowadays known as Țara Oltului or Făgă... more The Romas represented a constant presence on the territory nowadays known as Țara Oltului or Făgăraș County even since it’s dominion by Mircea cel Bătrân, so that in the 17th century to be recalled a „voivode of the gypsies”, position which was given by the Transylvanian princes to one of the Romanian boyars from Făgăraș. In 1761 the Empress Maria Theresa emitted a decree regarding the stabilization of the gypsies, in which appeared the name of „neo-rustic” or „new peasants”, term which was taken after a century and a half for naming the society whose statute we present in the current study. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the next one represents the debut of an actual participation of some of the Romas at Romanians historical national events, so that after the 1st of December 1918, as citizens of Great Romania, to organize their first gatherings as minorities, such as the one in Ucea de Jos at 25th of April 1919. In the decades three and four of the last century, the Gypsies had established their first social-professional associations, for Transylvania the first one being the one founded in Calbor, Făgăraș County in 1926 – Neo-rustic Fellowship (Neuristic in original) – , by Lazar Naftanaila, so that between 1934-1935 he edited three numbers of the periodical Neamul Țigănesc. The statute of this society will constitute a model for the following associations of the Romas, reason for which we will subdue to a careful analysis in the current study. Keywords: statute, model, Romas/Gypsies, association, Neo-rustic, Lazar Naftanaila, Calbor, Fagaras County.
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In Romania too, so implicitly in Făgăraș County, history is saturated with epidemics, natural calamities and relatively many events, sometimes catastrophic, the latter having either natural origins or caused by human neglection (especially regarding arsons). The geographical area of Făgăraș County has suffered over time various changes in some geographical-climatic characteristics, which caused the manifestation of risk factors that evolved towards unfavorable weather or event catastrophes.
According to the specialists in the field, the classification of the disasters is made as a result of the natural phenomenons of geological or meteorological origins: heavy rains, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, storms and blizzards, prolonged droughts, fires, heavy snow, extreme frosts, epidemics and epizootics, and others.
Largely, the majority of these disasters were recorded in documents, dated or anonymous notes on church books and minutes, and press releases for the entire period presented in the title and in the area surrounding Făgăraș. However, in the current state of the research on this topic, I will only try to prefigure a map of these phenomenons, inserting information on many of the categories of disasters above-mentioned, following that in the future the subject will be developed to have a much clearer and substantiated image.
In this article we are trying through real contributions, for the first time, to outline a history of the Jewish presence in the city of Fagaras (between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 2000s), the heart of a geographical area filled with history – Fagaras County –, located in the South-Southeast of Transylvania.
Starting with the year 1870, among Romanians’ leading politicians from Transylvania begins to distinguish two tendencies – activism and passivity – regarding the reception of the new situation in Transylvania after 1867 and regarding the implication or the lack of involvement in political activity. They were called activists and passivists especially because of their attitude towards the Diet from Budapest: the firsts considered that by their participation in elections the situation of Romanians from Transylvania could improve, whereas the others thought that by participating they would have acknowledged the join of Transylvania within Hungary.
Făgăraș was a traditional activist center, but a part of the leaders expressed from the beginning towards the adoption of passivity. Very fast, the balance tilted definitively towards passivity, giving credit to the principle of national solidarity (1872).
There followed few decades of serious concerns regarding this matter, but also total solidarity from the people of Făgăraș with Memorandum’s leaders, by adhesion telegrams of letters to the cause. Only lately, after a long period of total passivity, the Romanian political leaders considered that it was beneficial to participate in Parliamentary elections and work in order to obtain national goals. Even if the adoption of activism officially consecrated at the beginning of 1905, the leaders fought for this since previous years.
The Romanian modern banking-financial activity from Transylvania debuts towards the eight decade of the 19th century, having as an organizational and operational model the Saxon banking systems, however predominantly the Raiffeisen type. In this process starting with 1883 has been also enclosed Făgăraș County, mostly Romanian, on whose territory were founded, until the debut of the First World War, 20 banking institutes and 15 credit accompaniments, being situated from this point of view on one of the top leading places among the counties from Transylvania.
Within the pale of this study are captured the appearance conditions of the Romanian credit systems from Transylvania – social-economical and legislative frames – and its evolution, the creation of credit system from Făgăraș County and its route until 1914, the financial activity of the credit institutes, the social and economic effects which it had, the granted supported for culture and Romanian spirituality from here, and also other aspects.
The introduction of the absolutist regime after the revolution between 1848 and 1849, proved to eventually be bankrupt for the Austrian Empire, forcing the emperor to approach in a more relaxed manner the situation from all the domains of public life. Therefore, because of a profound crisis, inclusive in what concerns external politics, in 1860 liberalism has been introduced and the autonomy of Transylvania and its Diet was restored, but, unfortunately for Romanians, only for a short period of time, until 1865 when the negotiations for the introduction of the Austro-Hungarian dualist system were in an advanced state of completion.
The Diet from Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 represented at the same time, the first meeting of the leading authority of Transylvania after 1848 – 1849 and the first – also the last – in which Romanians held the relative majority. For the entire liberal period, the year of 1863 remained a distinct one, whose importance resides especially in the role which the Romanian nation played, which strived until that moment to be able to exert its will inside a political organism outlined in the base of the proportionality principle of people in Transylvania and of tax contribution. In this context enrolls the presence of the four deputies from Făgăraș – three Romanians and one German – in Diet’s work, from which I. Alduleanu being chosen as its vice-president.
Among the four representatives of Făgăraș in the Diet, the Romanian deputies have been permanently remarked, by the kept speeches and interventions, through a constructive and firm attitude for obtaining and respecting the political rights of the Romanian nation from Transylvania, being strong voices having great influence among the others.
Specific for the new direction in the administrative domain was the Law Article XLII from 1870 (The municipality law). This represents the first legislative background by which were minutely defined and established territorial-administrative structures and the duties of leading and local administration organisms, remaining essential in local administration domain until the disappearance of the dualism, the following laws bringing only changes in the functional structures or punctual supplements.
Unfortunately, the strict application of the legislation inside the territory had to suffer a lot, as it happened to Făgăraș County, because of the official annihilation politics of non-Hungarian nationalities. The results of election campaigns from Făgăraș were permanently influenced by the intervention of the authorities, they resorted to a whole succession of methods for favoring the agreed candidates: the mobilization and the use of viragos near polling centers to intimidate the electors, illegal exclusions of Romanian candidates from the lists, the repeated violation of the legislation regarding the constitution of electoral districts and setting the number of electoral mandates, preventing the exercise of voting right, the falsification of electors lists, the corruption with money and drinks of the electors, naming the heads of electoral committees exclusively amongst Hungarians for favoring the mentioned actions etc.
In Romania too, so implicitly in Făgăraș County, history is saturated with epidemics, natural calamities and relatively many events, sometimes catastrophic, the latter having either natural origins or caused by human neglection (especially regarding arsons). The geographical area of Făgăraș County has suffered over time various changes in some geographical-climatic characteristics, which caused the manifestation of risk factors that evolved towards unfavorable weather or event catastrophes.
According to the specialists in the field, the classification of the disasters is made as a result of the natural phenomenons of geological or meteorological origins: heavy rains, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, storms and blizzards, prolonged droughts, fires, heavy snow, extreme frosts, epidemics and epizootics, and others.
Largely, the majority of these disasters were recorded in documents, dated or anonymous notes on church books and minutes, and press releases for the entire period presented in the title and in the area surrounding Făgăraș. However, in the current state of the research on this topic, I will only try to prefigure a map of these phenomenons, inserting information on many of the categories of disasters above-mentioned, following that in the future the subject will be developed to have a much clearer and substantiated image.
In this article we are trying through real contributions, for the first time, to outline a history of the Jewish presence in the city of Fagaras (between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 2000s), the heart of a geographical area filled with history – Fagaras County –, located in the South-Southeast of Transylvania.
Starting with the year 1870, among Romanians’ leading politicians from Transylvania begins to distinguish two tendencies – activism and passivity – regarding the reception of the new situation in Transylvania after 1867 and regarding the implication or the lack of involvement in political activity. They were called activists and passivists especially because of their attitude towards the Diet from Budapest: the firsts considered that by their participation in elections the situation of Romanians from Transylvania could improve, whereas the others thought that by participating they would have acknowledged the join of Transylvania within Hungary.
Făgăraș was a traditional activist center, but a part of the leaders expressed from the beginning towards the adoption of passivity. Very fast, the balance tilted definitively towards passivity, giving credit to the principle of national solidarity (1872).
There followed few decades of serious concerns regarding this matter, but also total solidarity from the people of Făgăraș with Memorandum’s leaders, by adhesion telegrams of letters to the cause. Only lately, after a long period of total passivity, the Romanian political leaders considered that it was beneficial to participate in Parliamentary elections and work in order to obtain national goals. Even if the adoption of activism officially consecrated at the beginning of 1905, the leaders fought for this since previous years.
The Romanian modern banking-financial activity from Transylvania debuts towards the eight decade of the 19th century, having as an organizational and operational model the Saxon banking systems, however predominantly the Raiffeisen type. In this process starting with 1883 has been also enclosed Făgăraș County, mostly Romanian, on whose territory were founded, until the debut of the First World War, 20 banking institutes and 15 credit accompaniments, being situated from this point of view on one of the top leading places among the counties from Transylvania.
Within the pale of this study are captured the appearance conditions of the Romanian credit systems from Transylvania – social-economical and legislative frames – and its evolution, the creation of credit system from Făgăraș County and its route until 1914, the financial activity of the credit institutes, the social and economic effects which it had, the granted supported for culture and Romanian spirituality from here, and also other aspects.
The introduction of the absolutist regime after the revolution between 1848 and 1849, proved to eventually be bankrupt for the Austrian Empire, forcing the emperor to approach in a more relaxed manner the situation from all the domains of public life. Therefore, because of a profound crisis, inclusive in what concerns external politics, in 1860 liberalism has been introduced and the autonomy of Transylvania and its Diet was restored, but, unfortunately for Romanians, only for a short period of time, until 1865 when the negotiations for the introduction of the Austro-Hungarian dualist system were in an advanced state of completion.
The Diet from Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 represented at the same time, the first meeting of the leading authority of Transylvania after 1848 – 1849 and the first – also the last – in which Romanians held the relative majority. For the entire liberal period, the year of 1863 remained a distinct one, whose importance resides especially in the role which the Romanian nation played, which strived until that moment to be able to exert its will inside a political organism outlined in the base of the proportionality principle of people in Transylvania and of tax contribution. In this context enrolls the presence of the four deputies from Făgăraș – three Romanians and one German – in Diet’s work, from which I. Alduleanu being chosen as its vice-president.
Among the four representatives of Făgăraș in the Diet, the Romanian deputies have been permanently remarked, by the kept speeches and interventions, through a constructive and firm attitude for obtaining and respecting the political rights of the Romanian nation from Transylvania, being strong voices having great influence among the others.
Specific for the new direction in the administrative domain was the Law Article XLII from 1870 (The municipality law). This represents the first legislative background by which were minutely defined and established territorial-administrative structures and the duties of leading and local administration organisms, remaining essential in local administration domain until the disappearance of the dualism, the following laws bringing only changes in the functional structures or punctual supplements.
Unfortunately, the strict application of the legislation inside the territory had to suffer a lot, as it happened to Făgăraș County, because of the official annihilation politics of non-Hungarian nationalities. The results of election campaigns from Făgăraș were permanently influenced by the intervention of the authorities, they resorted to a whole succession of methods for favoring the agreed candidates: the mobilization and the use of viragos near polling centers to intimidate the electors, illegal exclusions of Romanian candidates from the lists, the repeated violation of the legislation regarding the constitution of electoral districts and setting the number of electoral mandates, preventing the exercise of voting right, the falsification of electors lists, the corruption with money and drinks of the electors, naming the heads of electoral committees exclusively amongst Hungarians for favoring the mentioned actions etc.
The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the next one represents the debut of an actual participation of some of the Romas at Romanians historical national events, so that after the 1st of December 1918, as citizens of Great Romania, to organize their first gatherings as minorities, such as the one in Ucea de Jos at 25th of April 1919.
In the decades three and four of the last century, the Gypsies had established their first social-professional associations, for Transylvania the first one being the one founded in Calbor, Făgăraș County in 1926 – Neo-rustic Fellowship (Neuristic in original) – , by Lazar Naftanaila, so that between 1934-1935 he edited three numbers of the periodical Neamul Țigănesc. The statute of this society will constitute a model for the following associations of the Romas, reason for which we will subdue to a careful analysis in the current study.
Keywords: statute, model, Romas/Gypsies, association, Neo-rustic, Lazar Naftanaila, Calbor, Fagaras County.