In six XYY patients suffering from aggressiveness and admitted by order of law into a security se... more In six XYY patients suffering from aggressiveness and admitted by order of law into a security setting for acts of violence, the estimation of cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites before and after a probenecid test revealed a clear decrease in the turnover of central serotonin (5-HT) while that of dopamine (DA) was unchanged. The treatment with the 5-HT precursor, L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), in five of the XYYs resulted in a clinical status equivalent to that observed when the patients were previously treated by conventional neuroleptics.
Governmental agencies do not systematically investigate the presence of daytime sleepiness as a d... more Governmental agencies do not systematically investigate the presence of daytime sleepiness as a determinant of driving accidents. We surveyed automobile drivers traveling on summer vacations and driving long distances on a European highway. We evaluated their subjective daytime sleepiness while driving and any sleep deprivation just prior to departure. Five-hundred sixty-seven automobile drivers (mean age 37.7 +/- 11 years) were interviewed at a roadside rest-stop. Questions covered the sleep/wake schedule during the year, sleep habits, and the presence of symptoms frequently associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep behavior just prior to departure was compared to the usual sleep schedule during the year. Fifty percent of the responders had a sleep restriction just prior to departure (mean -203 minutes) compared to usual total sleep time during the year; 10% had no nocturnal sleep prior to departure. Drivers younger than 30 years were significantly more acutely sleep deprived than other drivers. Economic migrants (subjects with low economic status) also experienced significant acute sleep restriction.
The authors describe two patterns of impulse activity in subthalamic nucleus neurons and interpre... more The authors describe two patterns of impulse activity in subthalamic nucleus neurons and interpret how high-frequency stimulation, by influencing a set of the ion currents, can modulate the above patterns.
The ventral striatum, including the head of the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens, is a p... more The ventral striatum, including the head of the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens, is a putative target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depression (MD). However, the respective roles of these structures in the pathophysiology of OCD and MD remain to be clarified. To address this issue, DBS of the ventral striatum was tested in 2 patients with severely distressing and intractable forms of OCD and MD. Comparisons of clinical outcomes and anatomical data on electrode positioning showed that caudate nucleus stimulation preferentially alleviated OCD manifestations, whereas nucleus accumbens stimulation improved depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens participate differently in the pathogenesis of both of these psychiatric conditions.
The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) re... more The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) released from the neostriatum in the nonanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta). In both methods the monkeys were placed in a restraining chair. Indwelling electrodes allowed the correlation of behavioural observations with polygraphic recordings. The first method uses a special superfusing cup permanently implanted on the lateral surface of the caudate nucleus, which permits the demonstration of spontaneous and D-amphetamine-induced release of (3H)-dopamine (DA) newly synthesized from L-(3,5-3H)-tyrosine over a period of six days. In the second method the collection of unlabelled CA is carried out by a localized ventricular perfusion. A radio-enzymatic estimation enabled the measurement of unlabelled DA and noradrenaline. With this second method the animals were kept for 25 to 30 days.
The neuronal network involved in a precise type of calculation procedure, mental subtraction, was... more The neuronal network involved in a precise type of calculation procedure, mental subtraction, was investigated by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two tasks were used requiring covert production of numbers: (1) with calculation; (2) without calculation. During the first task, activation was observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices, in Broca's area and bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortex. During the second task, activation was mainly observed in Broca's area and to a less extent in the left prefrontal and premotor cortices. Statistical comparison of data in the two situations revealed that the procedure of mental subtraction is mediated by a distributed system which includes predominantly the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex bilaterally.
The central renin-angiotensin system is implicated most importantly in the control of water balan... more The central renin-angiotensin system is implicated most importantly in the control of water balance, blood pressure and endocrine function (AVP and ACTH). Several central structures are sensitive to angiotensin II (A II), principally: the subfornical organ, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the area postrema and the preoptic area. Furthermore, binding studies with radio-active ligands and also immunohistofluorescence have shown respectively the presence of A II receptors and immunoreactive material bound by A II antibodies in other central structures, and in particular parts of the motor system. In the present study, a double approach, both electrophysiological and biochemical, was used to investigate the possible role of the peptide A II in the neostriatum of the rat. 1 Microiontophoretic application of A II was shown to modify the spontaneous activity of some neurones (15/68) in the neostriatum. Generally, the action of A II was inhibitory and the inhibition was blocked...
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - J NEUROL NEUROSURG PSYCHIAT, 1996
OBJECTIVE: To confirm the apparent effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) in hemiparetic patients... more OBJECTIVE: To confirm the apparent effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) in hemiparetic patients with ankle plantar flexors and foot invertor spasticity. METHODS: Twenty three hemiparetic patients with spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors and foot invertors were included in a randomised double blind, placebo controlled study with BTX. Patients were examined on days 0, 30, 90, and 120 and received one injection of BTX and one of placebo in a random order at day 0 and day 90. RESULTS: Patients reported a clear subjective improvement in foot spasticity after BTX (P = 0.0014) but not after placebo. Significant changes were noted in Ashworth scale values for ankle extensors (P < 0.0001) and invertors (P = 0.0002), and for active ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.0001). Gait velocity was slightly but not significantly (P = 0.0731) improved after BTX injections. The severity of spasticity did not modify treatment efficacy, but BTX was less effective in patients with longer duration of spast...
In six XYY patients suffering from aggressiveness and admitted by order of law into a security se... more In six XYY patients suffering from aggressiveness and admitted by order of law into a security setting for acts of violence, the estimation of cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites before and after a probenecid test revealed a clear decrease in the turnover of central serotonin (5-HT) while that of dopamine (DA) was unchanged. The treatment with the 5-HT precursor, L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), in five of the XYYs resulted in a clinical status equivalent to that observed when the patients were previously treated by conventional neuroleptics.
Governmental agencies do not systematically investigate the presence of daytime sleepiness as a d... more Governmental agencies do not systematically investigate the presence of daytime sleepiness as a determinant of driving accidents. We surveyed automobile drivers traveling on summer vacations and driving long distances on a European highway. We evaluated their subjective daytime sleepiness while driving and any sleep deprivation just prior to departure. Five-hundred sixty-seven automobile drivers (mean age 37.7 +/- 11 years) were interviewed at a roadside rest-stop. Questions covered the sleep/wake schedule during the year, sleep habits, and the presence of symptoms frequently associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep behavior just prior to departure was compared to the usual sleep schedule during the year. Fifty percent of the responders had a sleep restriction just prior to departure (mean -203 minutes) compared to usual total sleep time during the year; 10% had no nocturnal sleep prior to departure. Drivers younger than 30 years were significantly more acutely sleep deprived than other drivers. Economic migrants (subjects with low economic status) also experienced significant acute sleep restriction.
The authors describe two patterns of impulse activity in subthalamic nucleus neurons and interpre... more The authors describe two patterns of impulse activity in subthalamic nucleus neurons and interpret how high-frequency stimulation, by influencing a set of the ion currents, can modulate the above patterns.
The ventral striatum, including the head of the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens, is a p... more The ventral striatum, including the head of the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens, is a putative target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depression (MD). However, the respective roles of these structures in the pathophysiology of OCD and MD remain to be clarified. To address this issue, DBS of the ventral striatum was tested in 2 patients with severely distressing and intractable forms of OCD and MD. Comparisons of clinical outcomes and anatomical data on electrode positioning showed that caudate nucleus stimulation preferentially alleviated OCD manifestations, whereas nucleus accumbens stimulation improved depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens participate differently in the pathogenesis of both of these psychiatric conditions.
The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) re... more The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) released from the neostriatum in the nonanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta). In both methods the monkeys were placed in a restraining chair. Indwelling electrodes allowed the correlation of behavioural observations with polygraphic recordings. The first method uses a special superfusing cup permanently implanted on the lateral surface of the caudate nucleus, which permits the demonstration of spontaneous and D-amphetamine-induced release of (3H)-dopamine (DA) newly synthesized from L-(3,5-3H)-tyrosine over a period of six days. In the second method the collection of unlabelled CA is carried out by a localized ventricular perfusion. A radio-enzymatic estimation enabled the measurement of unlabelled DA and noradrenaline. With this second method the animals were kept for 25 to 30 days.
The neuronal network involved in a precise type of calculation procedure, mental subtraction, was... more The neuronal network involved in a precise type of calculation procedure, mental subtraction, was investigated by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two tasks were used requiring covert production of numbers: (1) with calculation; (2) without calculation. During the first task, activation was observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices, in Broca's area and bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortex. During the second task, activation was mainly observed in Broca's area and to a less extent in the left prefrontal and premotor cortices. Statistical comparison of data in the two situations revealed that the procedure of mental subtraction is mediated by a distributed system which includes predominantly the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex bilaterally.
The central renin-angiotensin system is implicated most importantly in the control of water balan... more The central renin-angiotensin system is implicated most importantly in the control of water balance, blood pressure and endocrine function (AVP and ACTH). Several central structures are sensitive to angiotensin II (A II), principally: the subfornical organ, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the area postrema and the preoptic area. Furthermore, binding studies with radio-active ligands and also immunohistofluorescence have shown respectively the presence of A II receptors and immunoreactive material bound by A II antibodies in other central structures, and in particular parts of the motor system. In the present study, a double approach, both electrophysiological and biochemical, was used to investigate the possible role of the peptide A II in the neostriatum of the rat. 1 Microiontophoretic application of A II was shown to modify the spontaneous activity of some neurones (15/68) in the neostriatum. Generally, the action of A II was inhibitory and the inhibition was blocked...
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - J NEUROL NEUROSURG PSYCHIAT, 1996
OBJECTIVE: To confirm the apparent effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) in hemiparetic patients... more OBJECTIVE: To confirm the apparent effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) in hemiparetic patients with ankle plantar flexors and foot invertor spasticity. METHODS: Twenty three hemiparetic patients with spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors and foot invertors were included in a randomised double blind, placebo controlled study with BTX. Patients were examined on days 0, 30, 90, and 120 and received one injection of BTX and one of placebo in a random order at day 0 and day 90. RESULTS: Patients reported a clear subjective improvement in foot spasticity after BTX (P = 0.0014) but not after placebo. Significant changes were noted in Ashworth scale values for ankle extensors (P < 0.0001) and invertors (P = 0.0002), and for active ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.0001). Gait velocity was slightly but not significantly (P = 0.0731) improved after BTX injections. The severity of spasticity did not modify treatment efficacy, but BTX was less effective in patients with longer duration of spast...
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