This paper focuses on the formulation and assessment of a second-order accurate finite volume (FV... more This paper focuses on the formulation and assessment of a second-order accurate finite volume (FV) shock-capturing scheme for simulating one-and two-phase water hammer flows. The two-phase flow model is based on the single-equivalent fluid concept. The proposed scheme for one-and two-phase flows is the same, except for the Riemann solvers used to evaluate fluxes between computational cells. For one-phase flows, the accuracy and numerical efficiency of the proposed scheme is contrasted against the fixed-grid method of ...
Roadway drainage design has traditionally focused on cost-effectively managing water quantity; ho... more Roadway drainage design has traditionally focused on cost-effectively managing water quantity; however, runoff carries pollutants, posing risks to the local environment and public health. Additionally, construction and maintenance incur costs and contribute to global environmental impacts. While life cycle assessment (LCA) can potentially capture local and global environmental impacts of roadway drainage and other stormwater systems, LCA methodology must be evaluated because stormwater systems differ from wastewater and drinking water systems to which LCA is more frequently applied. To this end, this research developed a comprehensive model linking roadway drainage design parameters to LCA and life cycle costing (LCC) under uncertainty. This framework was applied to 10 highway drainage projects to evaluate LCA methodological choices by characterizing environmental and economic impacts of drainage projects and individual components (basin, bioswale, culvert, grass swale, storm sewer, and pipe underdrain). The relative impacts of drainage components varied based on functional unit choice. LCA inventory cutoff criteria evaluation showed the potential for cost-based criteria, which performed better than mass-based criteria. Finally, the local aquatic benefits of grass swales and bioswales offset global environmental impacts for four impact categories, highlighting the need to explicitly consider local impacts (i.e., direct emissions) when evaluating drainage technologies.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2017
The urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern is a general flood control pattern ... more The urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern is a general flood control pattern in the eastern plain area and some of the secondary river basins in China. A HEC-HMS model of Qinhuai River basin based on the flood control pattern was established for simulating basin runoff, examining the impact of urban agglomeration polders on flood events, and estimating the effects of urbanization on hydrological processes of the urban agglomeration polders in Qinhuai River basin. The results indicate that the urban agglomeration polders could increase the peak flow and flood volume. The smaller the scale of the flood, the more significant the influence of the polder was to the flood volume. The distribution of the city circle polder has no obvious impact on the flood volume, but has effect on the peak flow. The closer the polder is to basin output, the smaller the influence it has on peak flows. As the level of urbanization gradually improving of city circle polder, flood volumes...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Feb 1, 2008
The bulk moisture diffusion coefficient (Db) is an important physical parameter of food ingredien... more The bulk moisture diffusion coefficient (Db) is an important physical parameter of food ingredients and systems. However, the traditional method of measuring Db using saturated salt solutions is very time-consuming and cumbersome. New automated water sorption instruments, which can be used to conveniently and precisely control both relative humidity and temperature, provide a faster, more robust method for collecting the data needed for determining Db. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the use of the DVS instrument for collecting the data needed for determining the adsorption (Dba) and desorption (Dbd) bulk moisture diffusion coefficients for dent corn starch as a function of relative humidity and (2) determine the effect of temperature on Dba for dent corn starch at a constant relative humidity. Kinetic water sorption profiles of dent corn starch were obtained at eight relative humidity values ranging from 10 to 80% at 10% intervals at 25 degrees C and at five temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, at 50% relative humidity using a DVS instrument. Db was calculated from the kinetic water sorption profiles using the full solution of Fick's second law for the thin slab model, as well as the slope method, a simplification of the full model. The Dba of dent corn starch at 25 degrees C reached a maximum at intermediate relative humidity values, after which Dba decreased due to a change in the moisture diffusion mechanism from vapor to liquid diffusion. The Dbd of dent corn starch at 25 degrees C remained nearly constant as a function of relative humidity. The Dba for dent corn starch increased as temperature increased from 15 to 35 degrees C, with an activation energy of 38.85 +/- 0.433 kJ/mol.
World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006, 2006
Unsteady Flow Routing in Sewers Using Hydraulic and Volumetric Performance Graphs. [ASCE Conferen... more Unsteady Flow Routing in Sewers Using Hydraulic and Volumetric Performance Graphs. [ASCE Conference Proceedings 200, 13 (2006)]. Matthew A. Hoy, AM ASCE, Arthur R. Schmidt, Ph.D., PE, M. ASCE. Abstract. The hydraulic ...
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
Abstract This paper describes part of the work presented in León et al.(2009), which presents int... more Abstract This paper describes part of the work presented in León et al.(2009), which presents integrated boundary conditions (BCs) for simulating free surface, pressurized, and the simultaneous occurrence of free surface and pressurized flows (mixed flows) when the free surface region is modeled using the 1D Saint-Venant equations and the pressurized region is modeled using the 1D compressible waterhammer equations. The present paper describes the results of the application of the integrated boundary conditions for modeling ...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2011
ABSTRACT In 1972, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) adopted... more ABSTRACT In 1972, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) adopted the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), as the Chicago area's long-term control plan to cost-effectively comply with Federal and State water quality standards in the 375 square-mile combined sewer area consisting of Chicago and 51 suburbs. TARP's main goals are to protect Lake Michigan – the region's drinking water supply - from raw sewage pollution; improve water quality of area rivers and streams; and provide an outlet for floodwaters to reduce street and basement sewage backup flooding.The TARP system consists of 109.4 miles of deep rock bored, concrete-lined tunnels that range in diameter from 8 feet to 33 feet and are between 150 ft and 350 ft below ground level. A combination of stormwater and wastewater enters the system through 259 drop shafts (between 4 ft and 25 ft in diameter), passing through over 600 near-surface connecting and regulating structures placed throughout the system. There are four main TARP systems, Upper Des Plaines (O'Hare), Des Plaines, Mainstream and Calumet. The system also includes three major pumping stations and three large open-air reservoirs. As designed, the total combined sewer overflow (CSO) storage capacity of the tunnels and reservoirs is 17.5 billion gallons. Construction of the TARP system began in 1975 and continues today with the Thornton Reservoir due for completion in 2015 and Stage 1 and 2 of the McCook reservoir due in 2017 and 2029, respectively.Since the design of the TARP, no comprehensive hydrologic/hydraulic study of the system has been undertaken. In 2003, MWRDGC approached the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC) to develop a new, updated and enhanced computer model for each TARP system, to allow real-time evaluation of the TARP systems. The new real-time flow model will optimize operation of the system as actually constructed, determine constraints in the system, identify physical changes needed to improve performance, and allow “what-if” analyses to be performed for potential storm scenarios and facility revisions.Although simple in concept, modeling the TARP system poses challenges that cannot be resolved using any single existing modeling tool. These challenges include: the size and complexity of the TARP system, interceptor system and its contributing service area; lack of detailed hydrologic and hydraulic input data; and the propensity of the system to generate hydraulic conditions that can cause geysering to occur. UIUC has helped MWRDGC develop a set of modeling tools, which combine to form a simulation package capable of simulating the wide-range of hydrologic and hydraulic conditions that the system can be subjected to. This tool has been used to evaluate the Calumet TARP system and is in the process of being applied to the Mainstream/Des Plaines TARP system. It has allowed the District to identify how the system will behave once the reservoirs come online and provides them with a tool to conduct “what-if” scenario analysis that will allow them to optimize operation of the system. Through investment in the development of technology, MWRDGC will have tools that can be used to optimize the TARP system, thereby reducing flooding and combined sewer overflows, and improving the water quality of surrounding waterways. This paper presents the simulation package that has been developed and its application to the Calumet TARP system.
The dynamics of the urban landscape are ever changing. As the population grows, urban sprawl gath... more The dynamics of the urban landscape are ever changing. As the population grows, urban sprawl gathers momentum and the path for a drop of rainfall changes complexion. The physical processes involved from when rain falls until when it reaches a treatment plant or waterway are highly non-linear. When developing stormwater models for large, complex urban catchments, such as Chicago, these
ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between channel network configurations and hydrogra... more ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between channel network configurations and hydrograph sensitivity to storm kinematics with different storm speeds, storm directions, and storm sizes. A synthetic circular catchment is introduced, in order to prevent bias due to interaction between storm directions and catchment geometry. The drainage network of the test catchment is simulated with Gibbs' model for a given network configuration (β). The peak response of the catchment is investigated with different configurations of drainage network, combined with different conditions of storm kinematics. The results show that the relationship between storm kinematics and the peak discharge response is dependent on the network configuration. The network configuration indicates the network efficiency in terms of the total drainage time of a network. The resonance condition can be defined for a 2-D drainage network as the inverse of the averaged total sum of flow distance. The results show that the storm kinematics that produces the maximum peak discharge depends on the network configuration because the resonance condition changes with the network configuration. The investigation of 12 catchments in the Chicago area indicates that urban drainage networks, typically, are highly efficient but can also be inefficient. The results illustrate that more inefficient networks (networks with lower β) are less sensitive to rainstorm movement and produce lower peak discharge, compared with efficient networks. In contrast, an efficient network produces higher peak discharges and is more sensitive to storm kinematics, compared with an inefficient network.
This paper focuses on the formulation and assessment of a second-order accurate finite volume (FV... more This paper focuses on the formulation and assessment of a second-order accurate finite volume (FV) shock-capturing scheme for simulating one-and two-phase water hammer flows. The two-phase flow model is based on the single-equivalent fluid concept. The proposed scheme for one-and two-phase flows is the same, except for the Riemann solvers used to evaluate fluxes between computational cells. For one-phase flows, the accuracy and numerical efficiency of the proposed scheme is contrasted against the fixed-grid method of ...
Roadway drainage design has traditionally focused on cost-effectively managing water quantity; ho... more Roadway drainage design has traditionally focused on cost-effectively managing water quantity; however, runoff carries pollutants, posing risks to the local environment and public health. Additionally, construction and maintenance incur costs and contribute to global environmental impacts. While life cycle assessment (LCA) can potentially capture local and global environmental impacts of roadway drainage and other stormwater systems, LCA methodology must be evaluated because stormwater systems differ from wastewater and drinking water systems to which LCA is more frequently applied. To this end, this research developed a comprehensive model linking roadway drainage design parameters to LCA and life cycle costing (LCC) under uncertainty. This framework was applied to 10 highway drainage projects to evaluate LCA methodological choices by characterizing environmental and economic impacts of drainage projects and individual components (basin, bioswale, culvert, grass swale, storm sewer, and pipe underdrain). The relative impacts of drainage components varied based on functional unit choice. LCA inventory cutoff criteria evaluation showed the potential for cost-based criteria, which performed better than mass-based criteria. Finally, the local aquatic benefits of grass swales and bioswales offset global environmental impacts for four impact categories, highlighting the need to explicitly consider local impacts (i.e., direct emissions) when evaluating drainage technologies.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2017
The urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern is a general flood control pattern ... more The urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern is a general flood control pattern in the eastern plain area and some of the secondary river basins in China. A HEC-HMS model of Qinhuai River basin based on the flood control pattern was established for simulating basin runoff, examining the impact of urban agglomeration polders on flood events, and estimating the effects of urbanization on hydrological processes of the urban agglomeration polders in Qinhuai River basin. The results indicate that the urban agglomeration polders could increase the peak flow and flood volume. The smaller the scale of the flood, the more significant the influence of the polder was to the flood volume. The distribution of the city circle polder has no obvious impact on the flood volume, but has effect on the peak flow. The closer the polder is to basin output, the smaller the influence it has on peak flows. As the level of urbanization gradually improving of city circle polder, flood volumes...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Feb 1, 2008
The bulk moisture diffusion coefficient (Db) is an important physical parameter of food ingredien... more The bulk moisture diffusion coefficient (Db) is an important physical parameter of food ingredients and systems. However, the traditional method of measuring Db using saturated salt solutions is very time-consuming and cumbersome. New automated water sorption instruments, which can be used to conveniently and precisely control both relative humidity and temperature, provide a faster, more robust method for collecting the data needed for determining Db. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the use of the DVS instrument for collecting the data needed for determining the adsorption (Dba) and desorption (Dbd) bulk moisture diffusion coefficients for dent corn starch as a function of relative humidity and (2) determine the effect of temperature on Dba for dent corn starch at a constant relative humidity. Kinetic water sorption profiles of dent corn starch were obtained at eight relative humidity values ranging from 10 to 80% at 10% intervals at 25 degrees C and at five temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, at 50% relative humidity using a DVS instrument. Db was calculated from the kinetic water sorption profiles using the full solution of Fick's second law for the thin slab model, as well as the slope method, a simplification of the full model. The Dba of dent corn starch at 25 degrees C reached a maximum at intermediate relative humidity values, after which Dba decreased due to a change in the moisture diffusion mechanism from vapor to liquid diffusion. The Dbd of dent corn starch at 25 degrees C remained nearly constant as a function of relative humidity. The Dba for dent corn starch increased as temperature increased from 15 to 35 degrees C, with an activation energy of 38.85 +/- 0.433 kJ/mol.
World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006, 2006
Unsteady Flow Routing in Sewers Using Hydraulic and Volumetric Performance Graphs. [ASCE Conferen... more Unsteady Flow Routing in Sewers Using Hydraulic and Volumetric Performance Graphs. [ASCE Conference Proceedings 200, 13 (2006)]. Matthew A. Hoy, AM ASCE, Arthur R. Schmidt, Ph.D., PE, M. ASCE. Abstract. The hydraulic ...
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
Abstract This paper describes part of the work presented in León et al.(2009), which presents int... more Abstract This paper describes part of the work presented in León et al.(2009), which presents integrated boundary conditions (BCs) for simulating free surface, pressurized, and the simultaneous occurrence of free surface and pressurized flows (mixed flows) when the free surface region is modeled using the 1D Saint-Venant equations and the pressurized region is modeled using the 1D compressible waterhammer equations. The present paper describes the results of the application of the integrated boundary conditions for modeling ...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2011
ABSTRACT In 1972, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) adopted... more ABSTRACT In 1972, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) adopted the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), as the Chicago area's long-term control plan to cost-effectively comply with Federal and State water quality standards in the 375 square-mile combined sewer area consisting of Chicago and 51 suburbs. TARP's main goals are to protect Lake Michigan – the region's drinking water supply - from raw sewage pollution; improve water quality of area rivers and streams; and provide an outlet for floodwaters to reduce street and basement sewage backup flooding.The TARP system consists of 109.4 miles of deep rock bored, concrete-lined tunnels that range in diameter from 8 feet to 33 feet and are between 150 ft and 350 ft below ground level. A combination of stormwater and wastewater enters the system through 259 drop shafts (between 4 ft and 25 ft in diameter), passing through over 600 near-surface connecting and regulating structures placed throughout the system. There are four main TARP systems, Upper Des Plaines (O'Hare), Des Plaines, Mainstream and Calumet. The system also includes three major pumping stations and three large open-air reservoirs. As designed, the total combined sewer overflow (CSO) storage capacity of the tunnels and reservoirs is 17.5 billion gallons. Construction of the TARP system began in 1975 and continues today with the Thornton Reservoir due for completion in 2015 and Stage 1 and 2 of the McCook reservoir due in 2017 and 2029, respectively.Since the design of the TARP, no comprehensive hydrologic/hydraulic study of the system has been undertaken. In 2003, MWRDGC approached the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC) to develop a new, updated and enhanced computer model for each TARP system, to allow real-time evaluation of the TARP systems. The new real-time flow model will optimize operation of the system as actually constructed, determine constraints in the system, identify physical changes needed to improve performance, and allow “what-if” analyses to be performed for potential storm scenarios and facility revisions.Although simple in concept, modeling the TARP system poses challenges that cannot be resolved using any single existing modeling tool. These challenges include: the size and complexity of the TARP system, interceptor system and its contributing service area; lack of detailed hydrologic and hydraulic input data; and the propensity of the system to generate hydraulic conditions that can cause geysering to occur. UIUC has helped MWRDGC develop a set of modeling tools, which combine to form a simulation package capable of simulating the wide-range of hydrologic and hydraulic conditions that the system can be subjected to. This tool has been used to evaluate the Calumet TARP system and is in the process of being applied to the Mainstream/Des Plaines TARP system. It has allowed the District to identify how the system will behave once the reservoirs come online and provides them with a tool to conduct “what-if” scenario analysis that will allow them to optimize operation of the system. Through investment in the development of technology, MWRDGC will have tools that can be used to optimize the TARP system, thereby reducing flooding and combined sewer overflows, and improving the water quality of surrounding waterways. This paper presents the simulation package that has been developed and its application to the Calumet TARP system.
The dynamics of the urban landscape are ever changing. As the population grows, urban sprawl gath... more The dynamics of the urban landscape are ever changing. As the population grows, urban sprawl gathers momentum and the path for a drop of rainfall changes complexion. The physical processes involved from when rain falls until when it reaches a treatment plant or waterway are highly non-linear. When developing stormwater models for large, complex urban catchments, such as Chicago, these
ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between channel network configurations and hydrogra... more ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between channel network configurations and hydrograph sensitivity to storm kinematics with different storm speeds, storm directions, and storm sizes. A synthetic circular catchment is introduced, in order to prevent bias due to interaction between storm directions and catchment geometry. The drainage network of the test catchment is simulated with Gibbs' model for a given network configuration (β). The peak response of the catchment is investigated with different configurations of drainage network, combined with different conditions of storm kinematics. The results show that the relationship between storm kinematics and the peak discharge response is dependent on the network configuration. The network configuration indicates the network efficiency in terms of the total drainage time of a network. The resonance condition can be defined for a 2-D drainage network as the inverse of the averaged total sum of flow distance. The results show that the storm kinematics that produces the maximum peak discharge depends on the network configuration because the resonance condition changes with the network configuration. The investigation of 12 catchments in the Chicago area indicates that urban drainage networks, typically, are highly efficient but can also be inefficient. The results illustrate that more inefficient networks (networks with lower β) are less sensitive to rainstorm movement and produce lower peak discharge, compared with efficient networks. In contrast, an efficient network produces higher peak discharges and is more sensitive to storm kinematics, compared with an inefficient network.
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