ABSTRACT Studies were conducted with hand-applied combo dispensers loaded with the sex pheromone ... more ABSTRACT Studies were conducted with hand-applied combo dispensers loaded with the sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), and the pear volatile, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in apple, Malus domestica Bordkhausen during 2012. Two types of combo dispensers were tested. CM Combo was loaded with 75 and 55 mg of codlemone and pear ester, respectively; and was applied at 800 dispensers ha-1. CM Meso Combo dispensers were applied at 80 dispensers ha-1 and were loaded with 10X rates of each component in the same ratio. Combo dispensers were compared with CM Meso dispensers loaded with 750 mg codlemone and applied at 80 ha-1. No significant differences were found among the three treatments in the mean levels of fruit injury, the virginity of trapped females, and total and female moth catches in traps baited with codlemone and pear ester combo lures and an acetic acid co-lure in the second half of the field season. However, during the first moth flight period blocks treated with the CM Meso dispensers had significantly higher levels of female virginity and had significantly lower levels of fruit injury than the other two dispenser treatments. In addition, combo lures loaded with either pear ester or (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and used with acetic acid co-lures caught similar numbers of total and female moths in blocks treated with either combo dispenser.
ABSTRACT W. Barros-Parada, A.L. Knight, E. Basoalto, and E. Fuentes-Contreras. 2013. An evaluatio... more ABSTRACT W. Barros-Parada, A.L. Knight, E. Basoalto, and E. Fuentes-Contreras. 2013. An evaluation of orange and clear traps with pear ester to monitor codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(2):307-315. Studies were conducted to evaluate the use of several trap-lure combinations to improve the monitoring of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple, Malus domestica Bordk. The treatments involved the use of clear, orange, and white traps baited with one or more of the following attractants: the major sex pheromone component of the codling moth, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone, PH); a primary volatile constituent of ripe pear, ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester, PE); and acetic acid (AA). The studies were conducted in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers in Washington State (USA) and in four untreated orchards in the Maule Region (Chile). In Washington State, the PE+AA lures caught more females than the PE+PH lure in both the clear and orange traps. The clear traps caught more female moths than the orange traps when each trap was baited with the PE+PH lure. The two lures caught similar total numbers of moths across trap colors. The clear traps baited with PE+PH caught significantly more total moths than the orange traps baited with PE+AA. In Chile, the clear traps baited with PE+AA caught more females than the orange traps baited with PE+PH over both moth flights during two field seasons. The white traps baited with PH and the orange traps baited with PE+PH caught similar total numbers of moths in three of the four flight periods. The clear trap baited with PE+AA caught significantly fewer moths than the two treatments that included a PH lure in two of the four flight periods. These data suggest that the adoption of clear delta traps with PE+AA lures would allow growers to better track the seasonal population dynamics of female codling moths.
Studies in Argentina and Chile during 2010–2011 evaluated a new trap (Ajar) for monitoring the or... more Studies in Argentina and Chile during 2010–2011 evaluated a new trap (Ajar) for monitoring the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). The Ajar trap was delta‐shaped with a jar filled with a terpinyl acetate plus brown sugar bait attached to the bottom centre of the trap. The screened lid of the jar was inserted inside the trap, and moths were caught on a sticky insert surrounding the lid. The Ajar trap was evaluated with and without the addition of a sex pheromone lure and compared with delta traps left unbaited or baited with a sex pheromone lure and a bucket trap filled with the same liquid bait. Studies were conducted in a sex pheromone‐treated orchard in Argentina and an untreated orchard in Chile. In Chile, the Ajar trap without the sex pheromone lure caught significantly fewer males, females and total moths than the bucket trap, and fewer males and more females than the sex pheromone‐baited delta trap. Total moth catch did not differ between the Ajar trap without a s...
Studies were conducted to identify volatiles released by apple foliage untreated or sprayed with ... more Studies were conducted to identify volatiles released by apple foliage untreated or sprayed with a yeast and from untreated and sprayed foliage with actively feeding larvae of Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott. Field studies then evaluated various combinations of these volatiles when paired with acetic acid as possible adult attractants. The most abundant volatiles released following herbivore feeding were four green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and acetic acid. Nineteen volatiles were found to be released in significantly higher amounts from foliage with herbivore damage than from intact leaves. The combination of yeast followed by herbivore injury increased the levels of methyl salicylate and phenylacetonitrile compared with herbivory alone. Levels of acetic acid released were not significantly different among the four treatments. Only phenylacetonitrile and 2-phenylethanol with acetic acid caught similar and significantly more total and female moths than acetic acid alone. Moth catches with 12...
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2001
Particle film technology is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. T... more Particle film technology is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Trials were performed in Santiago, Chile, and York Springs, Pa., Wenatchee and Yakima, Wash., and Kearneysville, W. Va., to evaluate the effect of particle treatments on apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh) Manst.] leaf physiology, fruit yield, and fruit quality. Leaf carbon assimilation was increased and canopy temperatures were reduced by particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. Yield and/or fruit weight was increased by the particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. In Santiago and Kearneysville, a* values of the fruit surface were more positive in all trials although a* values were not increased in Wenatchee and Yakima. Results indicate that particle film technology is an effective tool in reducing heat stress in apple trees that may result in increased yield potential and quality.
Studies compared moth captures of three pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of apple, Malus domestic... more Studies compared moth captures of three pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, in delta traps using removable liners coated with either a sticky gel (SG) or a hot‐melt pressure sensitive (HMPS) adhesive. Laboratory and field studies with Cydia pomonella (L.), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Grapholita molesta (Busck) demonstrated that traps with either liner, baited with a pair of virgin females catch males, but at significantly different levels. In the field, male moth captures in traps with the HMPS liner were significantly greater than in traps with the SG liner for C. rosaceana, and G. molesta; but not for C. pomonella. Similar results were observed in laboratory studies using flight tunnels. Additional studies demonstrated that this difference in moth captures between liners was not due to levels of female mortality, but instead was correlated with the occurrence of the female's ventral abdominal surface becoming stuck in the adhesive. S...
Areawide pest management: theory and implementation, 2008
The 5-year CAMP (Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella] Areawide Management Program) was the first of the... more The 5-year CAMP (Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella] Areawide Management Program) was the first of the areawide programmes initiated by USDA. The goal of this programme was to implement, assess, research and educate the industry about promising new IPM technologies. CAMP was highly successful in fuelling the rapid adoption of a new paradigm in orchard pest management that resulted in significant reductions in fruit injury using nearly 80% less broad-spectrum insecticides. Several factors have contributed to the success of the CAMP programme. These can be grouped into two categories: (i) operational - the availability of several effective and selective tactics for both the key and secondary pests backed by technical support; and (ii) organizational - well-funded, coordinated programmes directly involving growers, researchers, industry leaders and governmental administrators. The lesson learned from the CAMP programme is that pest management is similar to rocket science and requires attent...
ABSTRACT Studies were conducted with hand-applied combo dispensers loaded with the sex pheromone ... more ABSTRACT Studies were conducted with hand-applied combo dispensers loaded with the sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), and the pear volatile, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in apple, Malus domestica Bordkhausen during 2012. Two types of combo dispensers were tested. CM Combo was loaded with 75 and 55 mg of codlemone and pear ester, respectively; and was applied at 800 dispensers ha-1. CM Meso Combo dispensers were applied at 80 dispensers ha-1 and were loaded with 10X rates of each component in the same ratio. Combo dispensers were compared with CM Meso dispensers loaded with 750 mg codlemone and applied at 80 ha-1. No significant differences were found among the three treatments in the mean levels of fruit injury, the virginity of trapped females, and total and female moth catches in traps baited with codlemone and pear ester combo lures and an acetic acid co-lure in the second half of the field season. However, during the first moth flight period blocks treated with the CM Meso dispensers had significantly higher levels of female virginity and had significantly lower levels of fruit injury than the other two dispenser treatments. In addition, combo lures loaded with either pear ester or (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and used with acetic acid co-lures caught similar numbers of total and female moths in blocks treated with either combo dispenser.
ABSTRACT W. Barros-Parada, A.L. Knight, E. Basoalto, and E. Fuentes-Contreras. 2013. An evaluatio... more ABSTRACT W. Barros-Parada, A.L. Knight, E. Basoalto, and E. Fuentes-Contreras. 2013. An evaluation of orange and clear traps with pear ester to monitor codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(2):307-315. Studies were conducted to evaluate the use of several trap-lure combinations to improve the monitoring of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple, Malus domestica Bordk. The treatments involved the use of clear, orange, and white traps baited with one or more of the following attractants: the major sex pheromone component of the codling moth, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone, PH); a primary volatile constituent of ripe pear, ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester, PE); and acetic acid (AA). The studies were conducted in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers in Washington State (USA) and in four untreated orchards in the Maule Region (Chile). In Washington State, the PE+AA lures caught more females than the PE+PH lure in both the clear and orange traps. The clear traps caught more female moths than the orange traps when each trap was baited with the PE+PH lure. The two lures caught similar total numbers of moths across trap colors. The clear traps baited with PE+PH caught significantly more total moths than the orange traps baited with PE+AA. In Chile, the clear traps baited with PE+AA caught more females than the orange traps baited with PE+PH over both moth flights during two field seasons. The white traps baited with PH and the orange traps baited with PE+PH caught similar total numbers of moths in three of the four flight periods. The clear trap baited with PE+AA caught significantly fewer moths than the two treatments that included a PH lure in two of the four flight periods. These data suggest that the adoption of clear delta traps with PE+AA lures would allow growers to better track the seasonal population dynamics of female codling moths.
Studies in Argentina and Chile during 2010–2011 evaluated a new trap (Ajar) for monitoring the or... more Studies in Argentina and Chile during 2010–2011 evaluated a new trap (Ajar) for monitoring the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). The Ajar trap was delta‐shaped with a jar filled with a terpinyl acetate plus brown sugar bait attached to the bottom centre of the trap. The screened lid of the jar was inserted inside the trap, and moths were caught on a sticky insert surrounding the lid. The Ajar trap was evaluated with and without the addition of a sex pheromone lure and compared with delta traps left unbaited or baited with a sex pheromone lure and a bucket trap filled with the same liquid bait. Studies were conducted in a sex pheromone‐treated orchard in Argentina and an untreated orchard in Chile. In Chile, the Ajar trap without the sex pheromone lure caught significantly fewer males, females and total moths than the bucket trap, and fewer males and more females than the sex pheromone‐baited delta trap. Total moth catch did not differ between the Ajar trap without a s...
Studies were conducted to identify volatiles released by apple foliage untreated or sprayed with ... more Studies were conducted to identify volatiles released by apple foliage untreated or sprayed with a yeast and from untreated and sprayed foliage with actively feeding larvae of Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott. Field studies then evaluated various combinations of these volatiles when paired with acetic acid as possible adult attractants. The most abundant volatiles released following herbivore feeding were four green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and acetic acid. Nineteen volatiles were found to be released in significantly higher amounts from foliage with herbivore damage than from intact leaves. The combination of yeast followed by herbivore injury increased the levels of methyl salicylate and phenylacetonitrile compared with herbivory alone. Levels of acetic acid released were not significantly different among the four treatments. Only phenylacetonitrile and 2-phenylethanol with acetic acid caught similar and significantly more total and female moths than acetic acid alone. Moth catches with 12...
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2001
Particle film technology is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. T... more Particle film technology is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Trials were performed in Santiago, Chile, and York Springs, Pa., Wenatchee and Yakima, Wash., and Kearneysville, W. Va., to evaluate the effect of particle treatments on apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh) Manst.] leaf physiology, fruit yield, and fruit quality. Leaf carbon assimilation was increased and canopy temperatures were reduced by particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. Yield and/or fruit weight was increased by the particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. In Santiago and Kearneysville, a* values of the fruit surface were more positive in all trials although a* values were not increased in Wenatchee and Yakima. Results indicate that particle film technology is an effective tool in reducing heat stress in apple trees that may result in increased yield potential and quality.
Studies compared moth captures of three pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of apple, Malus domestic... more Studies compared moth captures of three pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, in delta traps using removable liners coated with either a sticky gel (SG) or a hot‐melt pressure sensitive (HMPS) adhesive. Laboratory and field studies with Cydia pomonella (L.), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Grapholita molesta (Busck) demonstrated that traps with either liner, baited with a pair of virgin females catch males, but at significantly different levels. In the field, male moth captures in traps with the HMPS liner were significantly greater than in traps with the SG liner for C. rosaceana, and G. molesta; but not for C. pomonella. Similar results were observed in laboratory studies using flight tunnels. Additional studies demonstrated that this difference in moth captures between liners was not due to levels of female mortality, but instead was correlated with the occurrence of the female's ventral abdominal surface becoming stuck in the adhesive. S...
Areawide pest management: theory and implementation, 2008
The 5-year CAMP (Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella] Areawide Management Program) was the first of the... more The 5-year CAMP (Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella] Areawide Management Program) was the first of the areawide programmes initiated by USDA. The goal of this programme was to implement, assess, research and educate the industry about promising new IPM technologies. CAMP was highly successful in fuelling the rapid adoption of a new paradigm in orchard pest management that resulted in significant reductions in fruit injury using nearly 80% less broad-spectrum insecticides. Several factors have contributed to the success of the CAMP programme. These can be grouped into two categories: (i) operational - the availability of several effective and selective tactics for both the key and secondary pests backed by technical support; and (ii) organizational - well-funded, coordinated programmes directly involving growers, researchers, industry leaders and governmental administrators. The lesson learned from the CAMP programme is that pest management is similar to rocket science and requires attent...
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