Papers by Ahmad Zafar khan Langah
Rhythm: regular pattern of change; 'the movement or sense of movement communicated by the arrange... more Rhythm: regular pattern of change; 'the movement or sense of movement communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables and by the duration of the syllables' (Cuddon). Periodicity is sometimes required as essential – problem of prose rhythm. Rhythm has a power of its own (→ lullabies, charms etc.), and it contributes to meaning. Verse rhythm, prose rhythm – difference in the unit: the line (verse) and the sentence (prose). Underlying idea: the human need for order, organisation. Our focus of attention: verse rhythm; it is created by the use of metre Metre: the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse – in English. There are different verse systems / types of versification: syllabic, quantitative, accentual. Syllabic: based on the number of syllables per line; not natural in a Germanic language. Quantitative: based on the duration of syllables (short and long syllables); possible but not natural – imported from classical languages, only a few experimental examples in English. Accentual (also called accentual syllabic): based upon stress, the alteration of stressed (heavy) and unstressed (light) syllables; the most common in English poetry since the Renaissance Rhythm in verse: considering the individual line – a separate entity on the printed page, representing a pattern. Base – regular rhythmic pattern, independent of words, an abstract pattern; metre – language shaped to suit the base (language = stressed and unstressed syllables; => metre = the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables); modulation – departure from the abstract pattern. The base must be dominant, esp. towards the end of the line. Line: consists of metrical feet. Foot: unit of rhythm. Base feet: rising – iamb: x / (= a metrical foot consisting of an unstressed (x) syllable followed by a stressed (/) one), anapaest: x x / ((= a metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one); falling – trochee: / x (= a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one), dactyl: / x x (= a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones). Feet used only in modulation: spondee: / /, pyrrhic: x x, choriambus: / x x /
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Uploads
Papers by Ahmad Zafar khan Langah