African Journal of Microbiology Research, Dec 31, 2009
Abstract This article reports on conflict, peace support operations and spread of emerging infect... more Abstract This article reports on conflict, peace support operations and spread of emerging infectious diseases as well as factors that potentiate emergence and transmission of infectious diseases in conflict situations and highlights several priority actions for their ...
Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies to HCV among blood... more Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies to HCV among blood donors in Ibadan and to generate data which may be useful to appropriate health authorities. The subjects included in this study were 200 (184 males and 16 females; aged 20 to 60 years) blood donors in the blood bank of UCH, Ibadan who consented voluntarily after thorough explanation of the purpose of the study. The samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to HCV using rapid ELISA technique developed by RIGHTCHOICE Diagnostics, Israel. Analysis of the result showed that 16 (8.0%) of the donors had antibodies to HCV. The result also showed highest HCV antibody prevalence of 11.5 % amongst blood donors in the age range 30-39 years. Statistical analysis, however, showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rates of the male and female individuals. There was, however, no statistical association (p> 0.05) between age of the patients and prevalence of HCV ...
Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to... more Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in Ibadan, Nigeria. The susceptibility and resistance patterns of 38 bacterial pathogens were determined using standard procedures. Based on the standard zones of inhibition ranging from 17mm-37mm in diameter exhibited by the pathogens, most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Nalidixic acid with lethal effects. The antibiogram studies also showed that E. coli in most clinical samples was highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, which were found to be 100 % effective in-vitro against the E. coli, followed by and Klebsiella sp. (85.7%) and S. aureus (72.7%) study while sensitivity to Nalidixic acid were higher for E. coli (75%), followed by and Klebsiella sp. (71.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%). The resistance pattern showed that S. aureus was highly resistance to Nalidixic acid (63.6%), followed by P. aeruginosa (50%),
Abstract: A previous study had shown that women farmers or those having farmer husbands attending... more Abstract: A previous study had shown that women farmers or those having farmer husbands attending Grimard Catholic Hospital, Anyigba were seronegative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (0.0% prevalence for HBsAg). We therefore designed this study to test the hypothesis that HBsAg seroprevalence among farming and non-farming individuals attending the hospital is the same. Two hundred apparently healthy adults attending the hospital were consecutively selected and screened for HBsAg including 106 (53.0%) females and 94 (47.0%) males aged 20 to 51 years (mean age = 35 yrs). The sera of the participants were tested for the presence of HBsAg using Diaspot® HBsAg test kit. The patients were categorized into farming and nonfarming groups based on the demographic data obtained with questionnaire forms. This study showed an overall HBsAg seroprevalence of 11.0%; with seroprevalence of 17.4% (n = 46) and 9.1% (n = 154) respectively for the farming and non-farming groups. Variables (gend...
This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among first ye... more This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among first year students of University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. A total of 200 students (119 males and 81 females: ages 16 to 40 years), who consented voluntarily after thorough explanation of the purpose of the study, were selected. The sera of the participants were tested for the presence of HBsAg by parallel diagnostic method using Diaspot® HBsAg test kit and Smart CheckTM HBsAg device. Of the 200 samples tested, 18 (9.0%) were HBsAg positive. The result also showed that 13 (10.9%) out of the 119 males were positive, while 5 (6.2%) out of the 81 females were positive. Analysis of the results by age groups showed that subjects ≤20 years had a prevalence of 9.8%, subjects of age range 21-30 years had a prevalence of 8.1% while subjects of age range 31-40 years had zero prevalence. Analysis of the results according to the risk factors of transmission showed that subjects who reported circumcision o...
This article reviews the feasibility of global eradication of rabies and factors affecting eradic... more This article reviews the feasibility of global eradication of rabies and factors affecting eradication of rabies in the world. Effective vaccines are now available against many viruses making eradication a viable proposition. As in the case of smallpox, the following questions should be addressed when the feasibility of eradication of a particular human virus disease is considered. Is the disease worth eradicating? Is there any animal reservoir? Is there a carrier state? Is effective vaccination available? How communicable is the rabies? What level of coverage is required for eradication? What are the possibilities for rabies control in reservoir hosts? Can rabies be controlled in wildlife reservoirs? Can the population density of reservoir hosts be reduced? Can contact between wild dogs and domestic dogs be minimized? Whether a virus disease can be eradicated or not depends on many factors, not least on the will power to implement such a policy. These factors include human (increas...
ABSTRACT Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) is endemic in some parts of the w... more ABSTRACT Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) is endemic in some parts of the world including Nigeria. Reported prevalence rates in Nigeria have largely focused on blood donors. This study aims at determining the prevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Ilorin North-central Nigeria. Serum samples from 276 pregnant women who were antenatal clinic attendees at General and Civil Service Hospitals in Ilorin were tested for the presence of HTLV-I/II antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits from Diagnostic Automation INC., USA. Out of the 276 women tested, 3 tested positive giving a prevalence rate of 1.1%. The result was analyzed on the basis of age, marital status, nature of family, educational status, occupation, religion, parity, and gestational stage of the women. There was no statistical association of HTLV positivity with any of the variables. Although relatively lower than prevalence rate recorded among similar study groups in other parts of the country, the 1.1% prevalence in this study underscores the need for proper education and creation of awareness among antenatal clinic attendees, so as to reduce viral transmission and incidence of HTLV-related diseases.
Since HIV, HBV and HCV share common routes of transmission and acquisition, HIVinfected patients ... more Since HIV, HBV and HCV share common routes of transmission and acquisition, HIVinfected patients are likely exposed to HB and C viruses. We hypothesised that there was no difference between prevalence rate of HB and C infections among HIV-infected patients accessing healthcare at HIV and AIDS section of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. This is a hospital-based cross sectional study. After obtaining ethical approval, we consecutively selected consenting 356 participants from whom we obtained pertinent sociodemographic data using questionnaire forms; after which we aseptically collected blood samples and prepared plasma from each. The latter were tested, using ELISA, for presence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody. The results were analyzed using t-test and binary logistic regression. Of the 356 (128 males and 228 females: age range 7 months-70 years, mean age 36.5 years) HIV-infected participants, 114 (32.0%) and 14 (3.9%) were respectively positive for HBsAg and ...
Electronic journal of environmental, agricultural and food chemistry, 2010
Ten duplicate samples of fresh meat (beef) were randomly sampled from 2 major markets (Watt and M... more Ten duplicate samples of fresh meat (beef) were randomly sampled from 2 major markets (Watt and Marian) in Calabar, Nigeria and analyzed microbiologically for the rates of Gram negative bacteria. The mean microbial load on the fresh meat from Watt market ranged between 2.62 x 10 4.84 x 10 cfu/g and total coliform count between 1.05 x 10 3.72 x 10 cfu/g while the fresh meat from Marian market ranged between 2.24 x 10 5.01 X 10 cfu/g and total coliform count between 1.23 x 10 3.42 x l0cfu/g. A total of 36 isolates belonging to eight genera include Klebsiella pneumoniae [6(16.7%)] which was the most predominant, followed by Enterobacter spp [5(13.9%)], Citrobacter freundii [5(13.9%)], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4(11.1%)], Escherichia coli [4(11.1%)], Salmonella spp [4(11.1%)], Serratia marcescens [4(11.1%)], and Pseudomonas spp [3(8.3%)]. Proteus vulgaris [1(2.8%)] was less predominant. Statistical analysis of the mean microbial load and total coliform count showed no significant differen...
Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a commonly opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive ... more Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a commonly opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive subjects and acts synergistically with HIV to accelerate disease progression. This is across sectional, Hospital-based study designed to determine the prevalence of HSV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies among HIV-1infected individuals accessing the HAART Clinic of General Hospital Offa, Kwara State Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from consenting 276 (age range 11-70; mean age of 36.8 years) HIV-1 infected individuals after collecting pertinent socio-demographic data using questionnaires. The blood was separated into plasma and packed cells. The former was tested for the presence of antiHSV-2 IgM and IgG using ELISA test kits from Diagnostic Automation INC., USA. Data were analyzed using Chisquare test with SPSS version 21 software and the level of significance was determined to be P < 0.05.Out of 276 samples tested, 116 (42.0%) and 39 (14.1%) were respectively positive for HSV-2 IgG and ...
6 Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens ... more 6 Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in Ibadan, Nigeria. The susceptibility and resistance patterns of 38 bacterial pathogens were determined using standard procedures. Based on the standard zones of inhibition ranging from 17mm-37mm in diameter exhibited by the pathogens, most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Nalidixic acid with lethal effects. The antibiogram studies also showed that E. coli in most clinical samples was highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, which were found to be 100% effective in-vitro against the E. coli, followed by and Klebsiella sp. (85.7%) and S. aureus (72.7%) study while sensitivity to Nalidixic acid were higher for E. coli (75%), followed by and Klebsiella sp. (71.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%). The resistance pattern showed that S. aureus was highly resistance to Nalidixic acid (63.6%), followed by P. aeruginosa (50%), Klebisell...
The bioactive compound of leaf and root extracts of Carica papaya was extracted, using water and ... more The bioactive compound of leaf and root extracts of Carica papaya was extracted, using water and organic solvents, and were investigated for antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria using the agar diffusion method. The aqueous extracts of the root extracts did not show significant activity, but the organic extracts had significant activity with the methanol extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test bacteria. The root extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-positive bacteria than the gram-negative bacteria tested, with the highest activity (14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the aqueous leaf extract showed pronounced inhibition demonstrating higher activities against the test bacteria than the organic solvents. The extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-positive bacteria than the gram-negative bacteria tested, with the highest activity (4.2 mm zone of inhibition...
This review study reports on global eradication of measles: a highly contagious and vaccine preve... more This review study reports on global eradication of measles: a highly contagious and vaccine preventable disease-what went wrong in its eradication in Africa. Measles is one of the most contagious human diseases which have continued to cause large outbreaks all over the world even in countries that have achieved high vaccination coverage with a single dose strategy. The disease can also lead to lifelong disabilities including brain damage, blindness, and deafness. These serious complications are rare in developed countries where measles vaccine is widely available, the highest mortality is however found in poor nations. The disease has remained the fifth leading cause of deaths among children less than five years of age, worldwide. It accounts for 44% of total deaths due to vaccine preventable diseases (VPD), among children less than 15 years, the highest mortality occurring in poor communities with malnutrition, overcrowding and low vaccination coverage. Indeed, measles transmission...
African Journal of Microbiology Research, Dec 31, 2009
Abstract This article reports on conflict, peace support operations and spread of emerging infect... more Abstract This article reports on conflict, peace support operations and spread of emerging infectious diseases as well as factors that potentiate emergence and transmission of infectious diseases in conflict situations and highlights several priority actions for their ...
Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies to HCV among blood... more Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies to HCV among blood donors in Ibadan and to generate data which may be useful to appropriate health authorities. The subjects included in this study were 200 (184 males and 16 females; aged 20 to 60 years) blood donors in the blood bank of UCH, Ibadan who consented voluntarily after thorough explanation of the purpose of the study. The samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to HCV using rapid ELISA technique developed by RIGHTCHOICE Diagnostics, Israel. Analysis of the result showed that 16 (8.0%) of the donors had antibodies to HCV. The result also showed highest HCV antibody prevalence of 11.5 % amongst blood donors in the age range 30-39 years. Statistical analysis, however, showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rates of the male and female individuals. There was, however, no statistical association (p> 0.05) between age of the patients and prevalence of HCV ...
Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to... more Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in Ibadan, Nigeria. The susceptibility and resistance patterns of 38 bacterial pathogens were determined using standard procedures. Based on the standard zones of inhibition ranging from 17mm-37mm in diameter exhibited by the pathogens, most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Nalidixic acid with lethal effects. The antibiogram studies also showed that E. coli in most clinical samples was highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, which were found to be 100 % effective in-vitro against the E. coli, followed by and Klebsiella sp. (85.7%) and S. aureus (72.7%) study while sensitivity to Nalidixic acid were higher for E. coli (75%), followed by and Klebsiella sp. (71.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%). The resistance pattern showed that S. aureus was highly resistance to Nalidixic acid (63.6%), followed by P. aeruginosa (50%),
Abstract: A previous study had shown that women farmers or those having farmer husbands attending... more Abstract: A previous study had shown that women farmers or those having farmer husbands attending Grimard Catholic Hospital, Anyigba were seronegative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (0.0% prevalence for HBsAg). We therefore designed this study to test the hypothesis that HBsAg seroprevalence among farming and non-farming individuals attending the hospital is the same. Two hundred apparently healthy adults attending the hospital were consecutively selected and screened for HBsAg including 106 (53.0%) females and 94 (47.0%) males aged 20 to 51 years (mean age = 35 yrs). The sera of the participants were tested for the presence of HBsAg using Diaspot® HBsAg test kit. The patients were categorized into farming and nonfarming groups based on the demographic data obtained with questionnaire forms. This study showed an overall HBsAg seroprevalence of 11.0%; with seroprevalence of 17.4% (n = 46) and 9.1% (n = 154) respectively for the farming and non-farming groups. Variables (gend...
This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among first ye... more This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among first year students of University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. A total of 200 students (119 males and 81 females: ages 16 to 40 years), who consented voluntarily after thorough explanation of the purpose of the study, were selected. The sera of the participants were tested for the presence of HBsAg by parallel diagnostic method using Diaspot® HBsAg test kit and Smart CheckTM HBsAg device. Of the 200 samples tested, 18 (9.0%) were HBsAg positive. The result also showed that 13 (10.9%) out of the 119 males were positive, while 5 (6.2%) out of the 81 females were positive. Analysis of the results by age groups showed that subjects ≤20 years had a prevalence of 9.8%, subjects of age range 21-30 years had a prevalence of 8.1% while subjects of age range 31-40 years had zero prevalence. Analysis of the results according to the risk factors of transmission showed that subjects who reported circumcision o...
This article reviews the feasibility of global eradication of rabies and factors affecting eradic... more This article reviews the feasibility of global eradication of rabies and factors affecting eradication of rabies in the world. Effective vaccines are now available against many viruses making eradication a viable proposition. As in the case of smallpox, the following questions should be addressed when the feasibility of eradication of a particular human virus disease is considered. Is the disease worth eradicating? Is there any animal reservoir? Is there a carrier state? Is effective vaccination available? How communicable is the rabies? What level of coverage is required for eradication? What are the possibilities for rabies control in reservoir hosts? Can rabies be controlled in wildlife reservoirs? Can the population density of reservoir hosts be reduced? Can contact between wild dogs and domestic dogs be minimized? Whether a virus disease can be eradicated or not depends on many factors, not least on the will power to implement such a policy. These factors include human (increas...
ABSTRACT Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) is endemic in some parts of the w... more ABSTRACT Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) is endemic in some parts of the world including Nigeria. Reported prevalence rates in Nigeria have largely focused on blood donors. This study aims at determining the prevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Ilorin North-central Nigeria. Serum samples from 276 pregnant women who were antenatal clinic attendees at General and Civil Service Hospitals in Ilorin were tested for the presence of HTLV-I/II antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits from Diagnostic Automation INC., USA. Out of the 276 women tested, 3 tested positive giving a prevalence rate of 1.1%. The result was analyzed on the basis of age, marital status, nature of family, educational status, occupation, religion, parity, and gestational stage of the women. There was no statistical association of HTLV positivity with any of the variables. Although relatively lower than prevalence rate recorded among similar study groups in other parts of the country, the 1.1% prevalence in this study underscores the need for proper education and creation of awareness among antenatal clinic attendees, so as to reduce viral transmission and incidence of HTLV-related diseases.
Since HIV, HBV and HCV share common routes of transmission and acquisition, HIVinfected patients ... more Since HIV, HBV and HCV share common routes of transmission and acquisition, HIVinfected patients are likely exposed to HB and C viruses. We hypothesised that there was no difference between prevalence rate of HB and C infections among HIV-infected patients accessing healthcare at HIV and AIDS section of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. This is a hospital-based cross sectional study. After obtaining ethical approval, we consecutively selected consenting 356 participants from whom we obtained pertinent sociodemographic data using questionnaire forms; after which we aseptically collected blood samples and prepared plasma from each. The latter were tested, using ELISA, for presence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody. The results were analyzed using t-test and binary logistic regression. Of the 356 (128 males and 228 females: age range 7 months-70 years, mean age 36.5 years) HIV-infected participants, 114 (32.0%) and 14 (3.9%) were respectively positive for HBsAg and ...
Electronic journal of environmental, agricultural and food chemistry, 2010
Ten duplicate samples of fresh meat (beef) were randomly sampled from 2 major markets (Watt and M... more Ten duplicate samples of fresh meat (beef) were randomly sampled from 2 major markets (Watt and Marian) in Calabar, Nigeria and analyzed microbiologically for the rates of Gram negative bacteria. The mean microbial load on the fresh meat from Watt market ranged between 2.62 x 10 4.84 x 10 cfu/g and total coliform count between 1.05 x 10 3.72 x 10 cfu/g while the fresh meat from Marian market ranged between 2.24 x 10 5.01 X 10 cfu/g and total coliform count between 1.23 x 10 3.42 x l0cfu/g. A total of 36 isolates belonging to eight genera include Klebsiella pneumoniae [6(16.7%)] which was the most predominant, followed by Enterobacter spp [5(13.9%)], Citrobacter freundii [5(13.9%)], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4(11.1%)], Escherichia coli [4(11.1%)], Salmonella spp [4(11.1%)], Serratia marcescens [4(11.1%)], and Pseudomonas spp [3(8.3%)]. Proteus vulgaris [1(2.8%)] was less predominant. Statistical analysis of the mean microbial load and total coliform count showed no significant differen...
Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a commonly opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive ... more Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a commonly opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive subjects and acts synergistically with HIV to accelerate disease progression. This is across sectional, Hospital-based study designed to determine the prevalence of HSV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies among HIV-1infected individuals accessing the HAART Clinic of General Hospital Offa, Kwara State Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from consenting 276 (age range 11-70; mean age of 36.8 years) HIV-1 infected individuals after collecting pertinent socio-demographic data using questionnaires. The blood was separated into plasma and packed cells. The former was tested for the presence of antiHSV-2 IgM and IgG using ELISA test kits from Diagnostic Automation INC., USA. Data were analyzed using Chisquare test with SPSS version 21 software and the level of significance was determined to be P < 0.05.Out of 276 samples tested, 116 (42.0%) and 39 (14.1%) were respectively positive for HSV-2 IgG and ...
6 Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens ... more 6 Abstract: This study reports on antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in Ibadan, Nigeria. The susceptibility and resistance patterns of 38 bacterial pathogens were determined using standard procedures. Based on the standard zones of inhibition ranging from 17mm-37mm in diameter exhibited by the pathogens, most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Nalidixic acid with lethal effects. The antibiogram studies also showed that E. coli in most clinical samples was highly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, which were found to be 100% effective in-vitro against the E. coli, followed by and Klebsiella sp. (85.7%) and S. aureus (72.7%) study while sensitivity to Nalidixic acid were higher for E. coli (75%), followed by and Klebsiella sp. (71.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%). The resistance pattern showed that S. aureus was highly resistance to Nalidixic acid (63.6%), followed by P. aeruginosa (50%), Klebisell...
The bioactive compound of leaf and root extracts of Carica papaya was extracted, using water and ... more The bioactive compound of leaf and root extracts of Carica papaya was extracted, using water and organic solvents, and were investigated for antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria using the agar diffusion method. The aqueous extracts of the root extracts did not show significant activity, but the organic extracts had significant activity with the methanol extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test bacteria. The root extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-positive bacteria than the gram-negative bacteria tested, with the highest activity (14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the aqueous leaf extract showed pronounced inhibition demonstrating higher activities against the test bacteria than the organic solvents. The extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-positive bacteria than the gram-negative bacteria tested, with the highest activity (4.2 mm zone of inhibition...
This review study reports on global eradication of measles: a highly contagious and vaccine preve... more This review study reports on global eradication of measles: a highly contagious and vaccine preventable disease-what went wrong in its eradication in Africa. Measles is one of the most contagious human diseases which have continued to cause large outbreaks all over the world even in countries that have achieved high vaccination coverage with a single dose strategy. The disease can also lead to lifelong disabilities including brain damage, blindness, and deafness. These serious complications are rare in developed countries where measles vaccine is widely available, the highest mortality is however found in poor nations. The disease has remained the fifth leading cause of deaths among children less than five years of age, worldwide. It accounts for 44% of total deaths due to vaccine preventable diseases (VPD), among children less than 15 years, the highest mortality occurring in poor communities with malnutrition, overcrowding and low vaccination coverage. Indeed, measles transmission...
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