This article identifies and analyzes the determinants of the success of German exports to Argenti... more This article identifies and analyzes the determinants of the success of German exports to Argentina between 1875 and 1913, the fastest emerging market in South America at that time. New German technology and increasing productivity were complemented by banking and financial support for trade. We find that industrial sectors linked to German foreign banks (Auslandsbanken) in Argentina benefited from privileged access to financial support and hence exported more in comparison with other leading industrial countries. Our findings contribute to the literature on Latin American emerging markets and the role of finance in the development of foreign trade.
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 1988
Los cambios que tuvieron lugar en las economías de los países occidentales desde los últimos años... more Los cambios que tuvieron lugar en las economías de los países occidentales desde los últimos años del siglo xix hasta el primer tercio del xx han venido asimilándose por la literatura reciente a la aceleración de la productividad de los factores producida por la rápida incorporación de nuevas tecnologías y cambios en los sistemas de organización de las empresas. Una de las principales nuevas tecnologías que contribuyeron a esta aceleración fue la incorporación y rápida expansión de la electricidad en el proceso productivo.
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 1999
RESUMENEste artículo discute una serie de nuevos indicadores alternativos para medir la protecció... more RESUMENEste artículo discute una serie de nuevos indicadores alternativos para medir la protección nominal en España entre 1875 a 1930. Los nuevos indicadores apuntan la existencia de un importante sesgo a la baja del índice de la protección nominal convencional, tanto en los años de mayor incremento como en sus sectores protagonistas. Confirman, por un lado, que los niveles de protección en España en los inicios de la Restauración eran ya relativamente altos, por el otro, niegan una tendencia plana y proponen una alcista aunque cíclica en su evolución con su punto de mayor auge en los años veinte. El sesgo industrial es permanente, sin embargo la industria sale ganando en mayor medida con los aranceles que acentúan claramente la protección y la agricultura con los que la relajan o moderan. El alto punto de partida, la tendencia cíclica alcista y el permanente sesgo industrial apoyan la hipótesis tradicional de que existió una fuerte influencia del sector industrial en el diseño de ...
Although few Spanish economic historians make it explicit, most of them seem to take for granted ... more Although few Spanish economic historians make it explicit, most of them seem to take for granted the importance of protectionism for Spain's eco-nomic growth in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth century. Broadly speaking, it can be argued that ...
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History
To date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on officia... more To date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: French Somalia
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Sao Tome and Principe
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: French West Africa
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Europe
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Denmark
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: List of trading polities (World countries)
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Russia
The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation, 2019
This chapter examines the causal relationship between world trade and structural transformation f... more This chapter examines the causal relationship between world trade and structural transformation from 1800 to the present. It first provides an overview of the growth of world trade since 1800 before discussing the link between openness and globalization, with a focus on long-term changes in export/GDP ratios at current prices for different time-invariant samples of countries. It then considers the effect of structural transformation on world openness based on a constant market share analysis. It shows that the current level of globalization is unprecedented and that the rise in openness—and thus the potential for trade-fostered economic growth—took place primarily in 1830–1870 and in 1972–2007. The chapter also finds that the movements in openness were largely driven by the residual changes in trade costs and, in more recent times, the development of international supply chains.
This paper revisits Bairoch’s hypothesis that tariffs were positively associated with growth in t... more This paper revisits Bairoch’s hypothesis that tariffs were positively associated with growth in the late 19th century, as confirmed recently by a new generation of quantitative studies (see O`Rourke (2000), Jacks (2006) and ClementsWilliamson (2002, 2004)). This paper highlights the importance of the structure of protection in the relation between trade policy and growth and its potential growth-promoting impact. Evidence is based in a new data base on industrial tariffs for the 1870`s. First results, based on these findings, show that protection was only positive for a “rich club” if we include in this group New Settler countries which grew rapidly in the late 19th century. Leaving out these countries, which protected mainly for fiscal reasons, the evidence shows that more protection, indicated by total average and manufacture tariff average, implied more un-skilled inefficient protection and less growth and this is especially true for the poor countries in the late 19th century.
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Sierra Leone
This article identifies and analyzes the determinants of the success of German exports to Argenti... more This article identifies and analyzes the determinants of the success of German exports to Argentina between 1875 and 1913, the fastest emerging market in South America at that time. New German technology and increasing productivity were complemented by banking and financial support for trade. We find that industrial sectors linked to German foreign banks (Auslandsbanken) in Argentina benefited from privileged access to financial support and hence exported more in comparison with other leading industrial countries. Our findings contribute to the literature on Latin American emerging markets and the role of finance in the development of foreign trade.
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 1988
Los cambios que tuvieron lugar en las economías de los países occidentales desde los últimos años... more Los cambios que tuvieron lugar en las economías de los países occidentales desde los últimos años del siglo xix hasta el primer tercio del xx han venido asimilándose por la literatura reciente a la aceleración de la productividad de los factores producida por la rápida incorporación de nuevas tecnologías y cambios en los sistemas de organización de las empresas. Una de las principales nuevas tecnologías que contribuyeron a esta aceleración fue la incorporación y rápida expansión de la electricidad en el proceso productivo.
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 1999
RESUMENEste artículo discute una serie de nuevos indicadores alternativos para medir la protecció... more RESUMENEste artículo discute una serie de nuevos indicadores alternativos para medir la protección nominal en España entre 1875 a 1930. Los nuevos indicadores apuntan la existencia de un importante sesgo a la baja del índice de la protección nominal convencional, tanto en los años de mayor incremento como en sus sectores protagonistas. Confirman, por un lado, que los niveles de protección en España en los inicios de la Restauración eran ya relativamente altos, por el otro, niegan una tendencia plana y proponen una alcista aunque cíclica en su evolución con su punto de mayor auge en los años veinte. El sesgo industrial es permanente, sin embargo la industria sale ganando en mayor medida con los aranceles que acentúan claramente la protección y la agricultura con los que la relajan o moderan. El alto punto de partida, la tendencia cíclica alcista y el permanente sesgo industrial apoyan la hipótesis tradicional de que existió una fuerte influencia del sector industrial en el diseño de ...
Although few Spanish economic historians make it explicit, most of them seem to take for granted ... more Although few Spanish economic historians make it explicit, most of them seem to take for granted the importance of protectionism for Spain's eco-nomic growth in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth century. Broadly speaking, it can be argued that ...
Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History
To date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on officia... more To date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: French Somalia
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Sao Tome and Principe
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: French West Africa
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Europe
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Denmark
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: List of trading polities (World countries)
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Russia
The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation, 2019
This chapter examines the causal relationship between world trade and structural transformation f... more This chapter examines the causal relationship between world trade and structural transformation from 1800 to the present. It first provides an overview of the growth of world trade since 1800 before discussing the link between openness and globalization, with a focus on long-term changes in export/GDP ratios at current prices for different time-invariant samples of countries. It then considers the effect of structural transformation on world openness based on a constant market share analysis. It shows that the current level of globalization is unprecedented and that the rise in openness—and thus the potential for trade-fostered economic growth—took place primarily in 1830–1870 and in 1972–2007. The chapter also finds that the movements in openness were largely driven by the residual changes in trade costs and, in more recent times, the development of international supply chains.
This paper revisits Bairoch’s hypothesis that tariffs were positively associated with growth in t... more This paper revisits Bairoch’s hypothesis that tariffs were positively associated with growth in the late 19th century, as confirmed recently by a new generation of quantitative studies (see O`Rourke (2000), Jacks (2006) and ClementsWilliamson (2002, 2004)). This paper highlights the importance of the structure of protection in the relation between trade policy and growth and its potential growth-promoting impact. Evidence is based in a new data base on industrial tariffs for the 1870`s. First results, based on these findings, show that protection was only positive for a “rich club” if we include in this group New Settler countries which grew rapidly in the late 19th century. Leaving out these countries, which protected mainly for fiscal reasons, the evidence shows that more protection, indicated by total average and manufacture tariff average, implied more un-skilled inefficient protection and less growth and this is especially true for the poor countries in the late 19th century.
Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universida... more Project developed by Giovanni Federico (Università di Pisa) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). This data base outlines changes in world trade from 1800 to 2016. Dataset: Sierra Leone
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