DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
International Health Sciences University, Uganda, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department Member
DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE born in 22/11/ 1989 in Muhanga district-Rwanda. Current reside in Kampala-Uganda. Studied at Kanyanza Primary School,Rutobwe Secondary School(O’level) and Rilima Scondary School(A’level) .received Bachelors in medicine and bachelors in Surgery, Diploma in Clinical Medicine & Community Health in the field of Health Science from Islamic University, international health science university (IHSU) respectively . Received also other Qualification in Scienced and technology namely Bachelors In computer Science and Bachelors in Information Technology from Kampala university and also Professional Certificate in Technology such as Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and Cybersecurity Operator obtained from Kampala university and Clarke International University respectively .worn netrider competion.
Worked in Keysoft ltd and many other different organation as software developer, website designers, network administrator ,Database management,etc .worked in Different Health Facilities such as Mubende Regional Referal Hospital , Butabika Hospital etc.
The founder of CORL HEALTH GROUP LTD.which has different project such as Advanced mental Health Support(AMHS)
Phone: +256772497591
Address: KAMPALA -UGANDA
Worked in Keysoft ltd and many other different organation as software developer, website designers, network administrator ,Database management,etc .worked in Different Health Facilities such as Mubende Regional Referal Hospital , Butabika Hospital etc.
The founder of CORL HEALTH GROUP LTD.which has different project such as Advanced mental Health Support(AMHS)
Phone: +256772497591
Address: KAMPALA -UGANDA
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The average length of the trachea is about 11.8 centimeters, and a male’s trachea is typically longer than a female’
The scalp consists of five layers. The first three layers are tightly bound together and move as a collective structure.
The mnemonic ‘SCALP’ can be a useful way to remember the layers of the scalp: Skin, Dense Connective Tissue, Epicranial Aponeurosis, Loose Areolar Connective Tissue and Periosteum.
Skin – contains numerous hair follicles and sebaceous glands (thus a common site for sebaceous cysts).
Dense Connective tissue – connects the skin to the epicranial aponeurosis. It is richly vascularised and innervated.
The blood vessels within the layer are highly adherent to the connective tissue. This renders them unable to constrict fully if lacerated – and so the scalp can be a site of profuse bleeding.
Epicranial Aponeurosis – a thin, tendon-like structure that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles.
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue – a thin connective tissue layer that separates the periosteum of the skull from the epicranial aponeurosis.
It contains numerous blood vessels, including emissary veins which connect the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins and intracranial venous sinuses.
Periosteum – the outer layer of the skull bones. It becomes continuous with the endosteum at the suture lines.
The function of the paranasal sinuses is a topic of much debate. Various roles have been suggested:
Lightening the weight of the head
Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity
Humidifying inspired air
Increasing resonance of the voice
The paranasal sinuses are formed during development by the nasal cavity eroding into the surrounding bones. All the sinuses therefore drain back into the nasal cavity – openings to the paranasal sinuses can be found on the roof and lateral nasal walls.
Frontal Sinuses
There are two frontal sinuses located within the frontal bone of the skull. They are the most superior of the paranasal sinuses, and are triangular in shape.
Drainage is via the frontonasal duct. It opens out at the hiatus semilunaris, within the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
Sensation is supplied by the supraorbital nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and arterial supply is via the anterior ethmoidal artery (a branch of the internal carotid).
Sphenoid Sinuses
The sphenoid sinuses are situated within the body of the sphenoid bone. They open out into the nasal cavity in an area supero-posterior to the superior cocha – known as the spheno-ethmoidal recess.
They are innervated by the posterior ethmoidal nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and branches of the maxillary nerve. They recieve blood supply from pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries.
These coverings have two major functions:
Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature.
Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage.
The meninges are often involved cerebral pathology, as a common site of infection (meningitis), and intracranial bleeds.
Between the 6th and 8th week, the palate begins to develop. Consequently, this causes a distinction between the nasal and oral cavities. This development is completed by the 12th week.
The development of the head and neck begins in the 4th and 5th week. Growth of mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue) in the cranial region of the embryo results in the formation of arches, separated by clefts. These are the pharyngeal arches and pharyngeal clefts.
Simultaneously, a number of outpocketings appear on the lateral wall of the pharynx – the pharyngeal pouches. The pouches separate the arches on the internal (endodermal) surface whilst the clefts separate the arches on the external (ectodermal) surface.
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint – its articulating surfaces, ligaments and clinical correlations.
Articulating Surfaces
The temporomandibular joint consists of articulations between three surfaces; the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone), and the head of mandible.
This joint has a unique mechanism; the articular surfaces of the bones never come into contact with each other – they are separated by an articular disk. The presence of such a disk splits the joint into two synovial joint cavities, each lined by a synovial membrane. The articular surface of the bones are covered by fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage.
Ligaments
There are three extracapsular ligaments. They act to stabilise the temporomandibular joint.
Lateral ligament – runs from the beginning of the articular tubule to the mandibular neck. It is a thickening of the joint capsule, and acts to prevent posterior dislocation of the joint.
Sphenomandibular ligament – originates from the sphenoid spine, and attaches to the mandible.
Stylomandibular ligament – a thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland. Along with the facial muscles, it supports the weight of the jaw.
It is closely associated with both the temporal and pterygopalatine fossae and acts as a conduit for neurovascular structures entering and leaving the cranial cavity.
This article will outline the borders and content of the fossa before examining its clinical relevance.
Borders
The infratemporal fossa can be said to have a wedge shape. It is located deep to the masseter muscle and zygomatic arch (to which the masseter attaches). The fossa is closely associated with both the pterygopalatine fossa, via the pterygomaxillary fissure, and also communicates with the temporal fossa, which lies superiorly (figure 1.0).
The boundaries of this complex structure consists of both bone and muscle:
Lateral – condylar process and ramus of the mandible bone
Medial – lateral pterygoid plate; tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatine and superior constrictor muscles
Anterior – posterior border of the maxillary sinus
Posterior – carotid sheath
Roof – greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Floor – medial pterygoid muscle
The roof of the infratemporal fossa, formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, provides an important passage for the neurovascular structures transmitted through the foramen ovale and spinosum. Among these are the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery.
Contents
The infratemporal fossa acts as a pathway for neurovascular structures passing to and from the cranial cavity, pterygopalatine fossa and temporal fossa. It also contains some of the muscles of mastication. In fact, the lateral pterygoid splits the fossa contents in half – the branches of the mandibular nerve lay deep to the muscle, while the maxillary artery is superficial to it.
Muscles
The infratemporal fossa is associated with the muscles of mastication. The medial and lateral pterygoids are located within the fossa itself, whilst the masseter and temporalis muscles insert and originate into the borders of the fossa.
Underactive parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism). Tumours of the parathyroid, such as parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid cancer. As with the thyroid, the parathyroid glands produce hormones which travel in the blood and affect body systems, so a problem with the gland usually leads to symptoms elsewhere in the body.
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
Other functions are phonation, coughing, valsava maneuver, control of ventilation.
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
The inside of the oral cavity is constantly lubricated by salivary glands which also participate in food digestion by secreting enzymes that start the digestion of carbohydrates.
The disease is primarily one of childhood.
Distribution is worldwide.
Transmission –person to person, from soil or infected animals
In case of resistance to first-line agents
In case of failure of clinical response to conventional therapy
In case of serious Rx-limiting adverse drug reactions
When expert guidance is available to deal with the toxic effects
Many of 2nd -line drugs , their dosage, emergence of resistance & long-term toxicity have not been fully established.
Ethionamide
Chemically related to isoniazid
Mechanism of action
Blocks synthesis of mycolic acids.
Anti-mycobacterial activity
M. tuberculosis & some other Spp of mycobacteria
Anaerobic bacteria &
Protozoa
Its an antimicrobial drug which is highly active against;
Anaerobic bacteria
Some protozoa
Amoeba
Cell membrane: phospholipids, proteins & CHO
Ribosomes: 70s with two sub-units (30 s & 50s)
Are similar to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Sulfonamides with varying physical, chemical, pharmacologic, & antibacterial properties are produced by attaching substituents to amido group (–SO2–NH–R) or to amino group (–NH2) of sulfanilamide nucleus.
Oral trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
Indications
P jiroveci pneumonia
Otitis media
shigellosis
Systemic salmonella infections
Urinary tract infections
Prostatitis
Some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
a) Inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
b) Inhibitors of protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunit
Amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
2. Macrolides
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones
Beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Penicillins *
Cephalosporins*
Carbapenems *
Monobactams*
Beta-lactamase inhibitors *
Non-beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Vancomycin*
Teicoplanin*
Daptomycin*
The average length of the trachea is about 11.8 centimeters, and a male’s trachea is typically longer than a female’
The scalp consists of five layers. The first three layers are tightly bound together and move as a collective structure.
The mnemonic ‘SCALP’ can be a useful way to remember the layers of the scalp: Skin, Dense Connective Tissue, Epicranial Aponeurosis, Loose Areolar Connective Tissue and Periosteum.
Skin – contains numerous hair follicles and sebaceous glands (thus a common site for sebaceous cysts).
Dense Connective tissue – connects the skin to the epicranial aponeurosis. It is richly vascularised and innervated.
The blood vessels within the layer are highly adherent to the connective tissue. This renders them unable to constrict fully if lacerated – and so the scalp can be a site of profuse bleeding.
Epicranial Aponeurosis – a thin, tendon-like structure that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles.
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue – a thin connective tissue layer that separates the periosteum of the skull from the epicranial aponeurosis.
It contains numerous blood vessels, including emissary veins which connect the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins and intracranial venous sinuses.
Periosteum – the outer layer of the skull bones. It becomes continuous with the endosteum at the suture lines.
The function of the paranasal sinuses is a topic of much debate. Various roles have been suggested:
Lightening the weight of the head
Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity
Humidifying inspired air
Increasing resonance of the voice
The paranasal sinuses are formed during development by the nasal cavity eroding into the surrounding bones. All the sinuses therefore drain back into the nasal cavity – openings to the paranasal sinuses can be found on the roof and lateral nasal walls.
Frontal Sinuses
There are two frontal sinuses located within the frontal bone of the skull. They are the most superior of the paranasal sinuses, and are triangular in shape.
Drainage is via the frontonasal duct. It opens out at the hiatus semilunaris, within the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
Sensation is supplied by the supraorbital nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and arterial supply is via the anterior ethmoidal artery (a branch of the internal carotid).
Sphenoid Sinuses
The sphenoid sinuses are situated within the body of the sphenoid bone. They open out into the nasal cavity in an area supero-posterior to the superior cocha – known as the spheno-ethmoidal recess.
They are innervated by the posterior ethmoidal nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and branches of the maxillary nerve. They recieve blood supply from pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries.
These coverings have two major functions:
Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature.
Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage.
The meninges are often involved cerebral pathology, as a common site of infection (meningitis), and intracranial bleeds.
Between the 6th and 8th week, the palate begins to develop. Consequently, this causes a distinction between the nasal and oral cavities. This development is completed by the 12th week.
The development of the head and neck begins in the 4th and 5th week. Growth of mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue) in the cranial region of the embryo results in the formation of arches, separated by clefts. These are the pharyngeal arches and pharyngeal clefts.
Simultaneously, a number of outpocketings appear on the lateral wall of the pharynx – the pharyngeal pouches. The pouches separate the arches on the internal (endodermal) surface whilst the clefts separate the arches on the external (ectodermal) surface.
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint – its articulating surfaces, ligaments and clinical correlations.
Articulating Surfaces
The temporomandibular joint consists of articulations between three surfaces; the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone), and the head of mandible.
This joint has a unique mechanism; the articular surfaces of the bones never come into contact with each other – they are separated by an articular disk. The presence of such a disk splits the joint into two synovial joint cavities, each lined by a synovial membrane. The articular surface of the bones are covered by fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage.
Ligaments
There are three extracapsular ligaments. They act to stabilise the temporomandibular joint.
Lateral ligament – runs from the beginning of the articular tubule to the mandibular neck. It is a thickening of the joint capsule, and acts to prevent posterior dislocation of the joint.
Sphenomandibular ligament – originates from the sphenoid spine, and attaches to the mandible.
Stylomandibular ligament – a thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland. Along with the facial muscles, it supports the weight of the jaw.
It is closely associated with both the temporal and pterygopalatine fossae and acts as a conduit for neurovascular structures entering and leaving the cranial cavity.
This article will outline the borders and content of the fossa before examining its clinical relevance.
Borders
The infratemporal fossa can be said to have a wedge shape. It is located deep to the masseter muscle and zygomatic arch (to which the masseter attaches). The fossa is closely associated with both the pterygopalatine fossa, via the pterygomaxillary fissure, and also communicates with the temporal fossa, which lies superiorly (figure 1.0).
The boundaries of this complex structure consists of both bone and muscle:
Lateral – condylar process and ramus of the mandible bone
Medial – lateral pterygoid plate; tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatine and superior constrictor muscles
Anterior – posterior border of the maxillary sinus
Posterior – carotid sheath
Roof – greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Floor – medial pterygoid muscle
The roof of the infratemporal fossa, formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, provides an important passage for the neurovascular structures transmitted through the foramen ovale and spinosum. Among these are the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery.
Contents
The infratemporal fossa acts as a pathway for neurovascular structures passing to and from the cranial cavity, pterygopalatine fossa and temporal fossa. It also contains some of the muscles of mastication. In fact, the lateral pterygoid splits the fossa contents in half – the branches of the mandibular nerve lay deep to the muscle, while the maxillary artery is superficial to it.
Muscles
The infratemporal fossa is associated with the muscles of mastication. The medial and lateral pterygoids are located within the fossa itself, whilst the masseter and temporalis muscles insert and originate into the borders of the fossa.
Underactive parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism). Tumours of the parathyroid, such as parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid cancer. As with the thyroid, the parathyroid glands produce hormones which travel in the blood and affect body systems, so a problem with the gland usually leads to symptoms elsewhere in the body.
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
Other functions are phonation, coughing, valsava maneuver, control of ventilation.
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
The inside of the oral cavity is constantly lubricated by salivary glands which also participate in food digestion by secreting enzymes that start the digestion of carbohydrates.
The disease is primarily one of childhood.
Distribution is worldwide.
Transmission –person to person, from soil or infected animals
In case of resistance to first-line agents
In case of failure of clinical response to conventional therapy
In case of serious Rx-limiting adverse drug reactions
When expert guidance is available to deal with the toxic effects
Many of 2nd -line drugs , their dosage, emergence of resistance & long-term toxicity have not been fully established.
Ethionamide
Chemically related to isoniazid
Mechanism of action
Blocks synthesis of mycolic acids.
Anti-mycobacterial activity
M. tuberculosis & some other Spp of mycobacteria
Anaerobic bacteria &
Protozoa
Its an antimicrobial drug which is highly active against;
Anaerobic bacteria
Some protozoa
Amoeba
Cell membrane: phospholipids, proteins & CHO
Ribosomes: 70s with two sub-units (30 s & 50s)
Are similar to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Sulfonamides with varying physical, chemical, pharmacologic, & antibacterial properties are produced by attaching substituents to amido group (–SO2–NH–R) or to amino group (–NH2) of sulfanilamide nucleus.
Oral trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
Indications
P jiroveci pneumonia
Otitis media
shigellosis
Systemic salmonella infections
Urinary tract infections
Prostatitis
Some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
a) Inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
b) Inhibitors of protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunit
Amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
2. Macrolides
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones
Beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Penicillins *
Cephalosporins*
Carbapenems *
Monobactams*
Beta-lactamase inhibitors *
Non-beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Vancomycin*
Teicoplanin*
Daptomycin*