The current study estimates the relationship between county levels of private gun ownership and i... more The current study estimates the relationship between county levels of private gun ownership and incidents of aggravated assault becoming a homicides. Relevant controls are included in the multivariate analysis. Results are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the relationship between gender a... more PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the relationship between gender and violent offending is mediated, in part, by an interest in participating in physically dangerous activities.Design/methodology/approachThis study makes use of self-report data from a sample of college students and other adults that they recruited to participate in this study to test the hypothesis that having an interest in physically dangerous activities mediates, at least in part, the gender–violence association. Two measures of violent offending are examined: total violent offending and the number of different types of violence committed. Relevant control variables are included in multivariate models, and bootstrapping mediation analysis is also conducted.FindingsNet of the effects of controls, an index for interest in physically dangerous activities, significantly predicts both total violence and the number of types of violence committed. Bootstrapping-based mediation analysis prod...
This chapter provides a summary of how social status (or socioeconomic status, SES) is conceptual... more This chapter provides a summary of how social status (or socioeconomic status, SES) is conceptualized and measured. Special emphasis is placed on the three most common SES measures: years of education, occupational level (or prestige), and income or wealth. Other SES measures, such as subjective social status, are also discussed. Findings cited have to do with how each of the various measures of social status correlate with one another regarding both adult social status and the status of their dependent offspring.
Studies have found positive correlations between prenatal exposure to testosterone and masculiniz... more Studies have found positive correlations between prenatal exposure to testosterone and masculinization of offspring traits, particularly among females. The present study sought to determine if physical or sexual activity by the mother during pregnancy was related to masculinized/defeminized offspring traits in adulthood. Data were obtained from a large sample of North American college students (offspring) and their mothers. Information about maternal activity levels during pregnancy were reported retrospectively by each mother. The offspring provided self-ratings of various sexually dimorphic traits. Several significant correlations were found. By and large, as maternal physical activity increased, feminine mannerisms decreased and masculine mannerisms increased in the offspring, particularly for females. Maternal physical activity was also associated with increased upper- and lower-body strength and especially with adult height among offspring. Sexual activity by the mother was only associated with upper-body strength and adult height, particularly of the female offspring. Several sexually dimorphic physical traits in offspring are associated with maternal activity levels during pregnancy. Prenatal testosterone is almost certainly involved. The associations could either reflect genetic influences (given that prenatal testosterone is highly heritable) or an effect of maternal testosterone being transferred to the developing fetus. More research is needed to assess the relative merit of these two possibilities.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Nov 18, 2016
Research has documented that both unipolar and bipolar depression are positively correlated with ... more Research has documented that both unipolar and bipolar depression are positively correlated with involvement in delinquency and crime. The present study sought to broaden the understanding of these relationships by looking for links between offending and family histories of depressive symptoms in relationship to offspring delinquency. More than 6,000 college students and their mothers provided self-reported information regarding feelings of depression. Students provided self-reports of involvement in various categories of offending and drug use from ages 10 through 18. Numerous significant positive correlations were found between general feelings of depression and of manic depression and involvement in delinquency. The depression-delinquency relationships were strongest when considering offspring themselves, although maternal depression symptoms were also associated with various forms of offspring delinquency and drug use. To help assess the causal chains that might be involved, multiple regression and mediation analysis revealed that parental depression enhanced the probability of offspring feeling depressed and may have thereby contributed to offspring being delinquent, particularly in the case of manic depression. This study reconfirmed the well-established relationship between depression and involvement in delinquency and drug use, and suggests that it extends back to parental forms of depression, especially by the mother.
In this chapter, statistical associations between social status and people's beliefs and atti... more In this chapter, statistical associations between social status and people's beliefs and attitudes are examined. Among the main attitudinal variables are those dealing with authoritarianism, dogmatism, fatalism, ambition, tolerance of others, satisfaction with life, happiness, and self-esteem. Other such variables delve into self-focused attitudes such as those involving internal locus of control, self-control, marital satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Attention is also given to how social status relates to political attitudes and religious attitudes. Research findings on how various religious beliefs, such as belief in God and an afterlife, are also covered.
The focus of this chapter is on how social status is related to cognition, intelligence, and acad... more The focus of this chapter is on how social status is related to cognition, intelligence, and academic ability. Several aspects of intelligence are considered along with such traits as language proficiency, vocabulary size, reaction time, executive functioning, and theory of mind. Regarding academic ability, the main focus is on how social status is related to grade point averages and to college majors.
Research findings on associations between social status and a large number of diseases were prese... more Research findings on associations between social status and a large number of diseases were presented in this chapter along with evidence of how social status correlates with overall physical health. Attention is given to socioeconomic status variations in life expectancy, self-rated health, as well as disability days and the utilization of health-care services. This chapter also covers research findings having to do with links between social status and miscarriages and stillbirths along with contracting or dying from a wide range of specific diseases.
As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establish... more As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establishing both physical and behavioral sex differences. The AR gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that is related to the strength of androgen actions on target tissues and that is correlated with various health-related conditions, especially prostate cancer and infertility. Some studies have also linked the number of AR CAG repeats with behavioral and mental health factors. The present study provides a tabulated summary of the average number of AR CAG repeats for males according to the countries in which each study was conducted, thereby allowing future research to correlate national average AR CAG repeats with national variations in physical, medical and behavioral traits. Findings are summarized in two tables. The first table lists results from each of 187 studies of a total of 57,826 research participants according to the country in which each study was conducted. In the second table, the results from the first table are condensed down to the average number of AR CAG repeats for each of the 78 countries from which samples were drawn.
The current study estimates the relationship between county levels of private gun ownership and i... more The current study estimates the relationship between county levels of private gun ownership and incidents of aggravated assault becoming a homicides. Relevant controls are included in the multivariate analysis. Results are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the relationship between gender a... more PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the relationship between gender and violent offending is mediated, in part, by an interest in participating in physically dangerous activities.Design/methodology/approachThis study makes use of self-report data from a sample of college students and other adults that they recruited to participate in this study to test the hypothesis that having an interest in physically dangerous activities mediates, at least in part, the gender–violence association. Two measures of violent offending are examined: total violent offending and the number of different types of violence committed. Relevant control variables are included in multivariate models, and bootstrapping mediation analysis is also conducted.FindingsNet of the effects of controls, an index for interest in physically dangerous activities, significantly predicts both total violence and the number of types of violence committed. Bootstrapping-based mediation analysis prod...
This chapter provides a summary of how social status (or socioeconomic status, SES) is conceptual... more This chapter provides a summary of how social status (or socioeconomic status, SES) is conceptualized and measured. Special emphasis is placed on the three most common SES measures: years of education, occupational level (or prestige), and income or wealth. Other SES measures, such as subjective social status, are also discussed. Findings cited have to do with how each of the various measures of social status correlate with one another regarding both adult social status and the status of their dependent offspring.
Studies have found positive correlations between prenatal exposure to testosterone and masculiniz... more Studies have found positive correlations between prenatal exposure to testosterone and masculinization of offspring traits, particularly among females. The present study sought to determine if physical or sexual activity by the mother during pregnancy was related to masculinized/defeminized offspring traits in adulthood. Data were obtained from a large sample of North American college students (offspring) and their mothers. Information about maternal activity levels during pregnancy were reported retrospectively by each mother. The offspring provided self-ratings of various sexually dimorphic traits. Several significant correlations were found. By and large, as maternal physical activity increased, feminine mannerisms decreased and masculine mannerisms increased in the offspring, particularly for females. Maternal physical activity was also associated with increased upper- and lower-body strength and especially with adult height among offspring. Sexual activity by the mother was only associated with upper-body strength and adult height, particularly of the female offspring. Several sexually dimorphic physical traits in offspring are associated with maternal activity levels during pregnancy. Prenatal testosterone is almost certainly involved. The associations could either reflect genetic influences (given that prenatal testosterone is highly heritable) or an effect of maternal testosterone being transferred to the developing fetus. More research is needed to assess the relative merit of these two possibilities.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Nov 18, 2016
Research has documented that both unipolar and bipolar depression are positively correlated with ... more Research has documented that both unipolar and bipolar depression are positively correlated with involvement in delinquency and crime. The present study sought to broaden the understanding of these relationships by looking for links between offending and family histories of depressive symptoms in relationship to offspring delinquency. More than 6,000 college students and their mothers provided self-reported information regarding feelings of depression. Students provided self-reports of involvement in various categories of offending and drug use from ages 10 through 18. Numerous significant positive correlations were found between general feelings of depression and of manic depression and involvement in delinquency. The depression-delinquency relationships were strongest when considering offspring themselves, although maternal depression symptoms were also associated with various forms of offspring delinquency and drug use. To help assess the causal chains that might be involved, multiple regression and mediation analysis revealed that parental depression enhanced the probability of offspring feeling depressed and may have thereby contributed to offspring being delinquent, particularly in the case of manic depression. This study reconfirmed the well-established relationship between depression and involvement in delinquency and drug use, and suggests that it extends back to parental forms of depression, especially by the mother.
In this chapter, statistical associations between social status and people's beliefs and atti... more In this chapter, statistical associations between social status and people's beliefs and attitudes are examined. Among the main attitudinal variables are those dealing with authoritarianism, dogmatism, fatalism, ambition, tolerance of others, satisfaction with life, happiness, and self-esteem. Other such variables delve into self-focused attitudes such as those involving internal locus of control, self-control, marital satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Attention is also given to how social status relates to political attitudes and religious attitudes. Research findings on how various religious beliefs, such as belief in God and an afterlife, are also covered.
The focus of this chapter is on how social status is related to cognition, intelligence, and acad... more The focus of this chapter is on how social status is related to cognition, intelligence, and academic ability. Several aspects of intelligence are considered along with such traits as language proficiency, vocabulary size, reaction time, executive functioning, and theory of mind. Regarding academic ability, the main focus is on how social status is related to grade point averages and to college majors.
Research findings on associations between social status and a large number of diseases were prese... more Research findings on associations between social status and a large number of diseases were presented in this chapter along with evidence of how social status correlates with overall physical health. Attention is given to socioeconomic status variations in life expectancy, self-rated health, as well as disability days and the utilization of health-care services. This chapter also covers research findings having to do with links between social status and miscarriages and stillbirths along with contracting or dying from a wide range of specific diseases.
As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establish... more As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establishing both physical and behavioral sex differences. The AR gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that is related to the strength of androgen actions on target tissues and that is correlated with various health-related conditions, especially prostate cancer and infertility. Some studies have also linked the number of AR CAG repeats with behavioral and mental health factors. The present study provides a tabulated summary of the average number of AR CAG repeats for males according to the countries in which each study was conducted, thereby allowing future research to correlate national average AR CAG repeats with national variations in physical, medical and behavioral traits. Findings are summarized in two tables. The first table lists results from each of 187 studies of a total of 57,826 research participants according to the country in which each study was conducted. In the second table, the results from the first table are condensed down to the average number of AR CAG repeats for each of the 78 countries from which samples were drawn.
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