Invert sugar
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Identification
- Generic Name
- Invert sugar
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB09344
- Background
Invert sugar is obtained from sugar cane when this is treated with dilute acid or with the invertase enzyme. It is formed by an equal amount of glucose and fructose. It differentiates from sugar cane in the rotation of the polarized light, which in the case of invert sugar it is to the left (levorotatory).1 Invert sugar is FDA approved since 1988 as a safe substance (GRAS).
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Synonyms
- Not Available
Pharmacology
- Indication
Invert sugar presents a large variety of uses. It can be used therapeutically for parenteral hyperalimentation6 or to be used as an excipient with a known effect.10 Invert sugar is also approved for its use in food products as a humectant, crystallization modifier, and liquid and nutritive sweetener.7
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- Pharmacodynamics
Intravenous administration of invert sugar has been proven to be favorable. These reports indicate a temporary rise, within physiological levels, of lactate, pyruvate, and insulin in the blood plasma whereas the level of free fatty acids was declined.5
- Mechanism of action
- Not Available
- Absorption
It has been reported that administration of 10-15% of intravenous invert sugar solution is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and distributed in blood without exceeding the renal threshold.1 The absorption of invert sugar happens mainly as monosaccharides. Glucose is absorbed into the portal vein by the transporter GLUT2 while fructose is absorbed by the transporter GLUT5.2
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
The metabolism of invert sugar and other fructose-glucose sweeteners is not meaningfully different. Once absorbed, the fructose monosaccharides are taken up by the liver and bypass a key step regulatory step in glycolysis.2 Both of the monosaccharides first step metabolism is marked by its phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase or fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase. After this step, the glycolysis continues its pathway until the obtention of pyruvic acid.8 The metabolism of fructose is more rapid than the one of glucose and thus, it is possible to administer at the same speed than a glucose dose correspondent to 55% of the invert sugar dose.9
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- Route of elimination
Reports have indicated that after intravenous administration of invert sugar present a reduced content or carbohydrates in urine when compared to the intravenous administration of glucose. This response indicates a reduced diuresis of invert sugar. It has also been reported a reduced diuresis in the presence of invert diuresis.3
- Half-life
The glucose half-life following intravenous administration of invert sugar is of approximately 30 min. In the same report, the half-life of fructose after the intravenous administration is reported to be 16 min.4
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Invert sugar is a generally accepted safe substance and it does not present toxic effects. Do not administer invert sugar in patients with the rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency. It is also recommended to take precautions in patients that present diabetes mellitus.10
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Invert sugar which could result in a higher serum level. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Invert sugar which could result in a higher serum level. Acemetacin Acemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Invert sugar which could result in a higher serum level. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Invert sugar which could result in a higher serum level. Acetazolamide Acetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Invert sugar which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C05BB03 — Invert sugar
- Drug Categories
- Antivaricose Therapy
- Carbohydrates
- Cariogenic Agents
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Diet, Food, and Nutrition
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Flavoring Agents
- Food
- Food Additives
- Food Ingredients
- Hexoses
- Ketoses
- Monosaccharides
- Physiological Phenomena
- Sclerosing Agents for Local Injection
- Sweetening Agents
- Vasoprotectives
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- ED959S6ACY
- CAS number
- 8013-17-0
References
- General References
- TODD RM: Some observations on the use of fructose and invert sugar in infants. Proc R Soc Med. 1953 Dec;46(12):1066-8. [Article]
- White JS: Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1716S-1721S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825B. [Article]
- JONXIS JH, HUISMAN TH: The excretion of sugars after the intravenous administration of invert sugar. Arch Dis Child. 1953 Dec;28(142):446-9. [Article]
- Kouider S, Kolb FE, Lippmann R: [Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep]. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1978;32(5):715-25. [Article]
- Kouider S, Kolb FE, Muller I, Schmidt V: [Use of invert sugar, fructose and sorbitol and on their effect on various plasma constituents after intravenous infusion in the dog]. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1978;32(5):795-809. [Article]
- American Medical Association (1973). American Medical Associaton Drug Evaluation (2nd ed.). Publishing Sciences group.
- Budavari S., et al. (1996). The Merck Index. Merck and Co..
- Benedich A. and Deckelbaum R. (2015). Preventive nutrition (5th ed.). Springer .
- Sandberg F. and Corrigan D. (2001). Natural remedies their origins and uses. Taylor and Francis.
- DCP monograph [Link]
- External Links
- PubChem Substance
- 347910445
- 27712
- Wikipedia
- Inverted_sugar_syrup
- MSDS
- Download (135 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) Decomposes 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) >105ºC 'MSDS' water solubility Completely soluble 'MSDS' - Predicted Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:11916951, PubMed:15277402, PubMed:17082186, PubMed:18322640, PubMed:19146401, PubMed:25015100, PubMed:7742312, PubMed:8325892). Compared to other hexokinases, has a weak affinity for D-glucose, and is effective only when glucose is abundant (By similarity). Mainly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and the liver and constitutes a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in these tissues (PubMed:11916951, PubMed:15277402, PubMed:18322640, PubMed:25015100, PubMed:8325892). Since insulin secretion parallels glucose metabolism and the low glucose affinity of GCK ensures that it can change its enzymatic activity within the physiological range of glucose concentrations, GCK acts as a glucose sensor in the pancreatic beta cell (By similarity). In pancreas, plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion (By similarity). In liver, helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage (By similarity). Required to provide D-glucose 6-phosphate for the synthesis of glycogen (PubMed:8878425). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (PubMed:7742312)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- GCK
- Uniprot ID
- P35557
- Uniprot Name
- Hexokinase-4
- Molecular Weight
- 52191.07 Da
References
- Benedich A. and Deckelbaum R. (2015). Preventive nutrition (5th ed.). Springer .
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Geobacillus stearothermophilus
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
- Gene Name
- pfkA
- Uniprot ID
- P00512
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase
- Molecular Weight
- 34118.62 Da
References
- Benedich A. and Deckelbaum R. (2015). Preventive nutrition (5th ed.). Springer .
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Facilitative hexose transporter that mediates the transport of glucose, fructose and galactose (PubMed:16186102, PubMed:23396969, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:8027028, PubMed:8457197). Likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell (PubMed:8027028). May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney (PubMed:3399500). Also able to mediate the transport of dehydroascorbate (PubMed:23396969)
- Specific Function
- D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC2A2
- Uniprot ID
- P11168
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 57488.955 Da
References
- White JS: Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1716S-1721S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825B. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as a fructose transporter that has only low activity with other monosaccharides (PubMed:16186102, PubMed:17710649, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:29548810, PubMed:8333543). Can mediate the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, but with low efficiency (PubMed:1695905). Essential for fructose uptake in the small intestine (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of salt uptake and blood pressure in response to dietary fructose (By similarity). Required for the development of high blood pressure in response to high dietary fructose intake (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Fructose binding
- Gene Name
- SLC2A5
- Uniprot ID
- P22732
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 54973.42 Da
References
- White JS: Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1716S-1721S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825B. [Article]
Drug created at November 27, 2015 20:35 / Updated at March 26, 2021 03:54