Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Generic Name
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB03461
- Background
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Structure
Structure for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (DB03461)
- Weight
- Average: 743.405
Monoisotopic: 743.075452041 - Chemical Formula
- C21H28N7O17P3
- Synonyms
- Codehydrase II
- Codehydrogenase II
- Coenzyme II
- Triphosphopyridine nucleotide
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism UIsocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 Not Available Humans UGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Not Available Leuconostoc mesenteroides UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Not Available Humans U17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 Not Available Humans UNAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans U11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 Not Available Humans USepiapterin reductase Not Available Humans UPteridine reductase 1 Not Available Leishmania major UL-xylulose reductase Not Available Humans UIsocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic Not Available Humans UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 Not Available Humans UNitric oxide synthase 1 Not Available Humans UGlucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Not Available Humans UDihydrofolate reductase Not Available Humans UADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose-6-epimerase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UC-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic Not Available Humans UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 Not Available Humans UFlavin reductase (NADPH) Not Available Humans UIsocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] Not Available Azotobacter vinelandii UDihydrofolate reductase Not Available Pneumocystis carinii UQuinone oxidoreductase Not Available Humans U3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase Not Available Humans UAll-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B Not Available Humans UNADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase Not Available Humans UShikimate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UNADP-dependent isopropanol dehydrogenase Not Available Thermoanaerobacter brockii UGDP-L-fucose synthase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UAspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Not Available Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) U2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH] Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UNADP-dependent malic enzyme Not Available Humans UDihydrofolate reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UNAD(P) transhydrogenase subunit beta Not Available Rhodospirillum rubrum U3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase FabG Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UDehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 Not Available Humans UMalate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic Not Available Humans UOxidoreductase YdhF Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UPutative pteridine reductase 2 Not Available Trypanosoma cruzi U(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Not Available Humans UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 Not Available Humans UPutative ketoacyl reductase Not Available Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) U2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing], mitochondrial Not Available Humans UOxidoreductase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UProstaglandin F synthase Not Available Trypanosoma brucei brucei UGeneral stress protein 69 Not Available Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Anabaena sp. (strain PCC 7119) UBifunctional protein MdtA Not Available Methylobacterium extorquens (strain ATCC 14718 / DSM 1338 / AM1) UAlcohol dehydrogenase, iron-containing Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UNADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / UTEX 2576) U2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase A Not Available Corynebacterium sp. (strain ATCC 31090) UProtein IolS Not Available Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) UNADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Not Available Streptococcus mutans serotype c (strain ATCC 700610 / UA159) UProstaglandin reductase 1 Not Available Humans USulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 Not Available Humans UNADH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase A Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UNADP-dependent fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase Not Available Vibrio harveyi UPutative dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4-like 1 Not Available Humans UOxidoreductase, aldo/keto reductase family Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides. These are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
- Class
- (5'->5')-dinucleotides
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- (5'->5')-dinucleotides
- Alternative Parents
- Purine nucleotide sugars / Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates / Purine ribonucleoside 2',5'-bisphosphates / Nicotinamide nucleotides / Pentose phosphates / Glycosylamines / Monosaccharide phosphates / 6-aminopurines / Organic pyrophosphates / Nicotinamides show 16 more
- Substituents
- (5'->5')-dinucleotide / 6-aminopurine / Alcohol / Alkyl phosphate / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Carboximidic acid show 40 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- NADP (CHEBI:44409)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- BY8P107XEP
- CAS number
- 53-59-8
- InChI Key
- XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl phosphonato)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
- SMILES
- NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+](=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 57525501
- PubChem Substance
- 46507953
- ChemSpider
- 5674
- BindingDB
- 11939
- ChEBI
- 44409
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL295069
- PDBe Ligand
- NAP
- Wikipedia
- Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
- PDB Entries
- 1a27 / 1ads / 1ae1 / 1ae4 / 1afs / 1ah0 / 1ah3 / 1ah4 / 1ai2 / 1amo … show 1780 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 4.84 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.81 ALOGPS logP -11 Chemaxon logS -2.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 0.66 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 4.87 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 17 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 8 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 367.62 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 13 Chemaxon Refractivity 151.75 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 62.91 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 5 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.9635 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.8652 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7266 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5521 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9002 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9526 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9324 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8216 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8331 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5256 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.882 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9148 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9136 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9027 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8838 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9353 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8477 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9055 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9649 Rat acute toxicity 2.8018 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9756 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6527
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (â„«2) Source type Source [M-H]- 286.2451343 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 210.65393 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 288.1371343 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 212.50032 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 287.6191343 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 218.648 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- guanosine tetraphosphate binding
- Gene Name
- icd
- Uniprot ID
- P08200
- Uniprot Name
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP]
- Molecular Weight
- 45756.335 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia (PubMed:1936586). Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:8343525). Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides (PubMed:17381426). Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls) (PubMed:21329684)
- Specific Function
- aldose reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1B1
- Uniprot ID
- P15121
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
- Molecular Weight
- 35853.125 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Leuconostoc mesenteroides
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone. Can utilize either NADP(+) or NAD(+).
- Specific Function
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
- Gene Name
- zwf
- Uniprot ID
- P11411
- Uniprot Name
- Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 54440.585 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids (PubMed:19218247). Most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentrations of NADPH (PubMed:14672942). Displays a broad positional specificity acting on positions 3, 17 and 20 of steroids and regulates the metabolism of hormones like estrogens and androgens (PubMed:10998348). Works in concert with the 5-alpha/5-beta-steroid reductases to convert steroid hormones into the 3-alpha/5-alpha and 3-alpha/5-beta-tetrahydrosteroids. Catalyzes the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5-alpha-DHT) to 5-alpha-androstane-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) (PubMed:15929998, PubMed:17034817, PubMed:17442338, PubMed:8573067). Also specifically able to produce 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one/5alphaDHT (PubMed:10998348). May also reduce conjugated steroids such as 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfate (PubMed:19218247). Displays affinity for bile acids (PubMed:8486699)
- Specific Function
- aldose reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1C2
- Uniprot ID
- P52895
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2
- Molecular Weight
- 36734.97 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Converts estrone (E1) to a more potent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) (PubMed:8994190). Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH
- Specific Function
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- HSD17B1
- Uniprot ID
- P14061
- Uniprot Name
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34949.715 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- The transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP is coupled to respiration and ATP hydrolysis and functions as a proton pump across the membrane (By similarity). May play a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification in the adrenal gland (PubMed:22634753)
- Specific Function
- NAD binding
- Gene Name
- NNT
- Uniprot ID
- Q13423
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 113894.595 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Controls the reversible conversion of biologically active glucocorticoids such as cortisone to cortisol, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in the presence of NADP(H) (PubMed:10497248, PubMed:12460758, PubMed:14973125, PubMed:15152005, PubMed:15280030, PubMed:17593962, PubMed:21453287, PubMed:27927697, PubMed:30902677). Participates in the corticosteroid receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory response, as well as metabolic and homeostatic processes (PubMed:10497248, PubMed:12414862, PubMed:15152005, PubMed:21453287). Plays a role in the secretion of aqueous humor in the eye, maintaining a normotensive, intraocular environment (PubMed:11481269). Bidirectional in vitro, predominantly functions as a reductase in vivo, thereby increasing the concentration of active glucocorticoids (PubMed:10497248, PubMed:11481269, PubMed:12414862, PubMed:12460758). It has broad substrate specificity, besides glucocorticoids, it accepts other steroid and sterol substrates (PubMed:15095019, PubMed:15152005, PubMed:17593962, PubMed:21453287). Interconverts 7-oxo- and 7-hydroxy-neurosteroids such as 7-oxopregnenolone and 7beta-hydroxypregnenolone, 7-oxodehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androstene-7,17-dione) and 7beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (3beta,7beta-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one), among others (PubMed:17593962). Catalyzes the stereo-specific conversion of the major dietary oxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol (7-oxocholesterol), into the more polar 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol metabolite (PubMed:15095019, PubMed:15152005). 7-oxocholesterol is one of the most important oxysterols, it participates in several events such as induction of apoptosis, accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, lipid peroxidation, and induction of foam cell formation (PubMed:15095019). Mediates the 7-oxo reduction of 7-oxolithocholate mainly to chenodeoxycholate, and to a lesser extent to ursodeoxycholate, both in its free form and when conjugated to glycine or taurine, providing a link between glucocorticoid activation and bile acid metabolism (PubMed:21453287). Catalyzes the synthesis of 7-beta-25-dihydroxycholesterol from 7-oxo-25-hydroxycholesterol in vitro, which acts as a ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) and may thereby regulate immune cell migration (PubMed:30902677)
- Specific Function
- 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- HSD11B1
- Uniprot ID
- P28845
- Uniprot Name
- 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 32400.665 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the final one or two reductions in tetra-hydrobiopterin biosynthesis to form 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin
- Specific Function
- aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- SPR
- Uniprot ID
- P35270
- Uniprot Name
- Sepiapterin reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 28048.13 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Leishmania major
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Exhibits a NADPH-dependent biopterin reductase activity. Has good activity with folate and significant activity with dihydrofolate and dihydrobiopterin, but not with quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. Confers resistance to methotrexate (MTX).
- Specific Function
- 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase activity
- Gene Name
- PTR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q01782
- Uniprot Name
- Pteridine reductase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30456.315 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of several pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and L-xylulose. Participates in the uronate cycle of glucose metabolism. May play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol, an osmolyte, thereby preventing osmolytic stress from occurring in the renal tubules
- Specific Function
- carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- DCXR
- Uniprot ID
- Q7Z4W1
- Uniprot Name
- L-xylulose reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 25912.875 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate (D-threo-isocitrate) to 2-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate), which is required by other enzymes such as the phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (PubMed:10521434, PubMed:19935646). Plays a critical role in the generation of NADPH, an important cofactor in many biosynthesis pathways (PubMed:10521434). May act as a corneal epithelial crystallin and may be involved in maintaining corneal epithelial transparency (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- IDH1
- Uniprot ID
- O75874
- Uniprot Name
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic
- Molecular Weight
- 46659.005 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids (PubMed:19218247). Most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentrations of NADPH (PubMed:14672942). Displays a broad positional specificity acting on positions 3, 17 and 20 of steroids and regulates the metabolism of hormones like estrogens and androgens (PubMed:10998348). May also reduce conjugated steroids such as 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfate (PubMed:19218247). Displays affinity for bile acids (PubMed:8486699)
- Specific Function
- 17-alpha,20-alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one dehydrogenase activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1C1
- Uniprot ID
- Q04828
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1
- Molecular Weight
- 36788.02 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR
- Specific Function
- arginine binding
- Gene Name
- NOS1
- Uniprot ID
- P29475
- Uniprot Name
- Nitric oxide synthase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 160969.095 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis. The main function of this enzyme is to provide reducing power (NADPH) and pentose phosphates for fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis
- Specific Function
- D-glucose binding
- Gene Name
- G6PD
- Uniprot ID
- P11413
- Uniprot Name
- Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 59256.31 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis. Binds its own mRNA and that of DHFR2
- Specific Function
- dihydrofolate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- DHFR
- Uniprot ID
- P00374
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrofolate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 21452.61 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the interconversion between ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose and ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose via an epimerization at carbon 6 of the heptose.
- Specific Function
- ADP-glyceromanno-heptose 6-epimerase activity
- Gene Name
- hldD
- Uniprot ID
- P67910
- Uniprot Name
- ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose-6-epimerase
- Molecular Weight
- 34892.905 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of three forms of one-carbon-substituted tetrahydrofolate: (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and (6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate (PubMed:10828945, PubMed:18767138, PubMed:1881876). These derivatives of tetrahydrofolate are differentially required in nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, (6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate being required for purine biosynthesis while (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate is used for serine and methionine biosynthesis for instance (PubMed:18767138, PubMed:25633902)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- MTHFD1
- Uniprot ID
- P11586
- Uniprot Name
- C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic
- Molecular Weight
- 101530.36 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids. Acts as a NAD(P)(H)-dependent 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductase on the steroid nucleus and side chain and regulates the metabolism of androgens, estrogens and progesterone (PubMed:10622721, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:7650035, PubMed:9415401, PubMed:9927279). Displays the ability to catalyze both oxidation and reduction in vitro, but most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentration of NADPH (PubMed:11165022, PubMed:14672942). Acts preferentially as a 17-ketosteroid reductase and has the highest catalytic efficiency of the AKR1C enzyme for the reduction of delta4-androstenedione to form testosterone (PubMed:20036328). Reduces prostaglandin (PG) D2 to 11beta-prostaglandin F2, progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and estrone to 17beta-estradiol (PubMed:10622721, PubMed:10998348, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:15047184, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:20036328). Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) (PubMed:10557352, PubMed:10998348, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:14672942, PubMed:7650035, PubMed:9415401). Also displays retinaldehyde reductase activity toward 9-cis-retinal (PubMed:21851338)
- Specific Function
- 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1C3
- Uniprot ID
- P42330
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3
- Molecular Weight
- 36852.89 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Enzyme that can both act as a NAD(P)H-dependent reductase and a S-nitroso-CoA-dependent nitrosyltransferase (PubMed:10620517, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:27207795, PubMed:38056462, PubMed:7929092). Promotes fetal heme degradation during development (PubMed:10858451, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:7929092). Also expressed in adult tissues, where it acts as a regulator of hematopoiesis, intermediary metabolism (glutaminolysis, glycolysis, TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway) and insulin signaling (PubMed:27207795, PubMed:29500232, PubMed:38056462). Has a broad specificity oxidoreductase activity by catalyzing the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of a variety of flavins, such as riboflavin, FAD or FMN, biliverdins, methemoglobin and PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) (PubMed:10620517, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:7929092). Contributes to fetal heme catabolism by catalyzing reduction of biliverdin IXbeta into bilirubin IXbeta in the liver (PubMed:10858451, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:7929092). Biliverdin IXbeta, which constitutes the major heme catabolite in the fetus is not present in adult (PubMed:10858451, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:7929092). Does not reduce bilirubin IXalpha (PubMed:10858451, PubMed:18241201, PubMed:7929092). Can also reduce the complexed Fe(3+) iron to Fe(2+) in the presence of FMN and NADPH (PubMed:10620517). Acts as a protein nitrosyltransferase by catalyzing nitrosylation of cysteine residues of target proteins, such as HMOX2, INSR and IRS1 (PubMed:38056462). S-nitroso-CoA-dependent nitrosyltransferase activity is mediated via 'ping-pong' mechanism: BLVRB first associates with both S-nitroso-CoA and protein substrate, nitric oxide group is then transferred from S-nitroso-CoA to Cys-109 and Cys-188 residues of BLVRB and from S-nitroso-BLVRB to the protein substrate (PubMed:38056462). Inhibits insulin signaling by mediating nitrosylation of INSR and IRS1, leading to their inhibition (PubMed:38056462)
- Specific Function
- biliberdin reductase NAD+ activity
- Gene Name
- BLVRB
- Uniprot ID
- P30043
- Uniprot Name
- Flavin reductase (NADPH)
- Molecular Weight
- 22119.215 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Azotobacter vinelandii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- icd
- Uniprot ID
- P16100
- Uniprot Name
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP]
- Molecular Weight
- 80388.94 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pneumocystis carinii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis.
- Specific Function
- dihydrofolate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P16184
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrofolate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 23883.325 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Does not have alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Binds NADP and acts through a one-electron transfer process. Orthoquinones, such as 1,2-naphthoquinone or 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, are the best substrates (in vitro). May act in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Interacts with (AU)-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNA species. Enhances the stability of mRNA coding for BCL2. NADPH binding interferes with mRNA binding
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- CRYZ
- Uniprot ID
- Q08257
- Uniprot Name
- Quinone oxidoreductase
- Molecular Weight
- 35206.36 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21357570, PubMed:2991281, PubMed:36745799, PubMed:6995544). HMGCR is the main target of statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs (PubMed:11349148, PubMed:18540668, PubMed:36745799)
- Specific Function
- coenzyme A binding
- Gene Name
- HMGCR
- Uniprot ID
- P04035
- Uniprot Name
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 97475.155 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of all-trans-retinol and its derivatives such as all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol and may participate in retinoid metabolism (PubMed:15369820, PubMed:16787387). In vitro can also catalyze the NADH-dependent reduction of all-trans-retinal and its derivatives such as all-trans-4-oxoretinal (PubMed:15369820, PubMed:16787387). Catalyzes in the oxidative direction with higher efficiency (PubMed:16787387). Has the same affinity for all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol and all-trans-4-oxoretinal (PubMed:15369820)
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- ADH1B
- Uniprot ID
- P00325
- Uniprot Name
- All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B
- Molecular Weight
- 39835.17 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5
- Specific Function
- flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Gene Name
- POR
- Uniprot ID
- P16435
- Uniprot Name
- NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 76689.12 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in the biosynthesis of the chorismate, which leads to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Catalyzes the reversible NADPH linked reduction of 3-dehydroshikimate (DHSA) to yield shikimate (SA). It displays no activity in the presence of NAD.
- Specific Function
- NADP binding
- Gene Name
- aroE
- Uniprot ID
- P15770
- Uniprot Name
- Shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP(+))
- Molecular Weight
- 29413.305 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermoanaerobacter brockii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Alcohol dehydrogenase with a preference for medium chain secondary alcohols, such as 2-butanol and isopropanol. Has very low activity with primary alcohols, such as ethanol. Under physiological conditions, the enzyme reduces aldehydes and 2-ketones to produce secondary alcohols. Is also active with acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde.
- Specific Function
- isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- adh
- Uniprot ID
- P14941
- Uniprot Name
- NADP-dependent isopropanol dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 37646.685 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
- Specific Function
- GDP-L-fucose synthase activity
- Gene Name
- fcl
- Uniprot ID
- P32055
- Uniprot Name
- GDP-L-fucose synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 36140.87 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent formation of L-aspartate-semialdehyde (L-ASA) by the reductive dephosphorylation of L-aspartyl-4-phosphate.
- Specific Function
- aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity
- Gene Name
- asd
- Uniprot ID
- P44801
- Uniprot Name
- Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 40538.52 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Functions as an auxiliary enzyme in the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds at even carbon positions. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double bond of the acyl chain of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield 2-trans-enoyl-CoA (PubMed:6363415, PubMed:9346310). Acts on both isomers, 2-trans,4-cis- and 2-trans,4-trans-decadienoyl-CoA, with almost equal efficiency (PubMed:6363415). Is not active with NADH instead of NADPH (PubMed:6363415). Does not show cis->trans isomerase activity (PubMed:10933894).
- Specific Function
- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- fadH
- Uniprot ID
- P42593
- Uniprot Name
- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH]
- Molecular Weight
- 72677.545 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of (S)-malate in the presence of NADP(+) and divalent metal ions, and decarboxylation of oxaloacetate
- Specific Function
- ADP binding
- Gene Name
- ME1
- Uniprot ID
- P48163
- Uniprot Name
- NADP-dependent malic enzyme
- Molecular Weight
- 64149.075 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis.
- Specific Function
- dihydrofolate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- folA
- Uniprot ID
- P0ABQ4
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrofolate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 17999.21 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Rhodospirillum rubrum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- The transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP is coupled to respiration and ATP hydrolysis and functions as a proton pump across the membrane.
- Specific Function
- NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity
- Gene Name
- pntB
- Uniprot ID
- P0C188
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P) transhydrogenase subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 47807.835 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of beta-ketoacyl-ACP substrates to beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP products, the first reductive step in the elongation cycle of fatty acid biosynthesis.
- Specific Function
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- fabG
- Uniprot ID
- P0AEK2
- Uniprot Name
- 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase FabG
- Molecular Weight
- 25560.065 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of the 17-keto group of estrone, 4- and 5-androstenes and 5-alpha-androstanes into their 17-beta-hydroxyl metabolites and the conversion of the 3-keto group of 3-, 3,17- and 3,20- diketosteroids into their 3-hydroxyl metabolites. Exhibits reductive 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity toward 5-beta-androstanes, 5-beta-pregnanes, 4-pregnenes and bile acids. May also reduce endogenous and exogenous alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and xenobiotic alicyclic ketones
- Specific Function
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- DHRS11
- Uniprot ID
- Q6UWP2
- Uniprot Name
- Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 28308.065 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the reduction of aromatic alpha-keto acids in the presence of NADH (PubMed:2449162, PubMed:3052244). Plays essential roles in the malate-aspartate shuttle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, important in mitochondrial NADH supply for oxidative phosphorylation (PubMed:31538237). Catalyzes the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate, leading to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:34012073)
- Specific Function
- diiodophenylpyruvate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- MDH1
- Uniprot ID
- P40925
- Uniprot Name
- Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic
- Molecular Weight
- 36425.795 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May function as oxidoreductase.
- Specific Function
- oxidoreductase activity
- Gene Name
- ydhF
- Uniprot ID
- P76187
- Uniprot Name
- Oxidoreductase YdhF
- Molecular Weight
- 33675.345 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- nucleotide binding
- Gene Name
- ptr2
- Uniprot ID
- Q8I814
- Uniprot Name
- Putative pteridine reductase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 29204.015 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Required for the solubility and assembly of the heterotetramer 3-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] (ACP) reductase functional complex (KAR or KAR1) that forms part of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthase (mtFAS). Alpha-subunit of the KAR complex that acts as a scaffold protein required for the stability of carbonyl reductase type-4 (CBR4, beta-subunit of the KAR complex) and for its 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase activity, thereby participating in mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA into 3-ketoacyl-CoA (3-oxoacyl-CoA) with no chain length preference; this enzymatic activity is not needed for the KAR function (PubMed:19571038, PubMed:25203508, PubMed:30508570). Prefers (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA over (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA and displays enzymatic activity only in the presence of NAD(+) (PubMed:19571038). Cooperates with enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 in mitochondria, together they constitute an alternative route to the auxiliary enzyme pathways for the breakdown of Z-PUFA (cis polyunsaturated fatty acid) enoyl-esters (Probable) (PubMed:30508570). NAD-dependent 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with highest activity towards estradiol (17beta-estradiol or E2). Has very low activity towards testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one). Primarily an oxidative enzyme, it can switch to a reductive mode determined in the appropriate physiologic milieu and catalyze the reduction of estrone (E1) to form biologically active 17beta-estradiol (PubMed:17978863)
- Specific Function
- (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- HSD17B8
- Uniprot ID
- Q92506
- Uniprot Name
- (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 26973.56 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols (PubMed:10510318, PubMed:30538128). Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosaccharides and bile acids, with a preference for negatively charged substrates, such as glucuronate and succinic semialdehyde (PubMed:10510318, PubMed:30538128). Functions as a detoxifiying enzyme by reducing a range of toxic aldehydes (By similarity). Reduces methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, which are present at elevated levels under hyperglycemic conditions and are cytotoxic (By similarity). Involved also in the detoxification of lipid-derived aldehydes like acrolein (By similarity). Plays a role in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs, including the anthracyclines doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DAUN) (PubMed:11306097, PubMed:18276838). Also acts as an inhibitor of protein S-nitrosylation by mediating degradation of S-nitroso-coenzyme A (S-nitroso-CoA), a cofactor required to S-nitrosylate proteins (PubMed:30538128). S-nitroso-CoA reductase activity is involved in reprogramming intermediary metabolism in renal proximal tubules, notably by inhibiting protein S-nitrosylation of isoform 2 of PKM (PKM2) (By similarity). Also acts as a S-nitroso-glutathione reductase by catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (PubMed:31649033). Displays no reductase activity towards retinoids (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P14550
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1
- Molecular Weight
- 36572.71 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- oxidoreductase activity
- Gene Name
- actIII
- Uniprot ID
- P16544
- Uniprot Name
- Putative ketoacyl reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 27264.88 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Auxiliary enzyme of beta-oxidation. It participates in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters having double bonds in both even- and odd-numbered positions in mitochondria. Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield trans-3-enoyl-CoA
- Specific Function
- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- DECR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16698
- Uniprot Name
- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing], mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 36067.4 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9WYS2
- Uniprot Name
- Oxidoreductase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family
- Molecular Weight
- 27916.72 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADP-dependent formation of prostaglandin F2-alpha from prostaglandin H2. Has also aldo/ketoreductase activity towards the synthetic substrates 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde.
- Specific Function
- aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9GV41
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin F synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 30992.385 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) that displays broad substrate specificity in vitro. Is able to reduce the standard AKR substrates DL-glyceraldehyde, D-erythrose, methylglyoxal, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and butyraldehyde, in the presence of NADPH. Cannot use NADH as a cosubstrate. Does not act on glucose, 2-pyridine carboxyaldehyde, fructose and xylose. The physiological function of this enzyme is not clear. May play a role in bacterial stress response and/or in detoxification of reactive aldehydes.
- Specific Function
- oxidoreductase activity
- Gene Name
- yhdN
- Uniprot ID
- P80874
- Uniprot Name
- General stress protein 69
- Molecular Weight
- 37311.93 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Anabaena sp. (strain PCC 7119)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity
- Gene Name
- petH
- Uniprot ID
- P21890
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 48865.145 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Methylobacterium extorquens (strain ATCC 14718 / DSM 1338 / AM1)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the dehydrogenation of methylene-H(4)MPT. Can also catalyze the reversible dehydrogenation of methylene-H(4)F with 20-fold lower catalytic efficiency.
- Specific Function
- methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- mtdA
- Uniprot ID
- P55818
- Uniprot Name
- Bifunctional protein MdtA
- Molecular Weight
- 29735.595 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X022
- Uniprot Name
- Alcohol dehydrogenase, iron-containing
- Molecular Weight
- 39942.68 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver
- Specific Function
- ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity
- Gene Name
- FDXR
- Uniprot ID
- P22570
- Uniprot Name
- NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 53836.36 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / UTEX 2576)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity
- Gene Name
- petH
- Uniprot ID
- P58558
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 48838.075 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Corynebacterium sp. (strain ATCC 31090)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (25DKG) to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KLG). 5-keto-D-fructose and dihydroxyacetone can also serve as substrates. 25DKGR-A exhibits a greater selectivity for the substrate and higher thermal stability than 25DKGR-B.
- Specific Function
- oxidoreductase activity
- Gene Name
- dkgA
- Uniprot ID
- P06632
- Uniprot Name
- 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase A
- Molecular Weight
- 30118.485 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- In vitro, is able to reduce the standard aldo-keto reductase (AKR) substrates DL-glyceraldehyde, D-erythrose and methylglyoxal in the presence of NADPH, albeit with poor efficiency. Shows only trace activity with benzaldehyde and butyraldehyde. Is unable to oxidize myo-inositol with either NADP(+) or NAD(+) as a cosubstrate and also does not use glucose, 2-pyridine carboxyaldehyde, fructose, xylose and succinyl semialdehyde as a substrate (PubMed:12554958, PubMed:15019785). The physiological function of this enzyme is not clear (PubMed:15019785). Does not seem to be necessary for inositol catabolism (PubMed:9226270).
- Specific Function
- oxidoreductase activity
- Gene Name
- iolS
- Uniprot ID
- P46336
- Uniprot Name
- Protein IolS
- Molecular Weight
- 35167.595 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptococcus mutans serotype c (strain ATCC 700610 / UA159)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (non-phosphorylating) activity
- Gene Name
- gapN
- Uniprot ID
- Q59931
- Uniprot Name
- NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 51193.14 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase involved in metabolic inactivation of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids: prostaglandins (PG), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) (PubMed:25619643). Catalyzes with high efficiency the reduction of the 13,14 double bond of 15-oxoPGs, including 15-oxo-PGE1, 15-oxo-PGE2, 15-oxo-PGF1-alpha and 15-oxo-PGF2-alpha (PubMed:25619643). Catalyzes with lower efficiency the oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C12 of LTB4 and its derivatives, converting them into biologically less active 12-oxo-LTB4 metabolites (By similarity) (PubMed:25619643). Reduces 15-oxo-LXA4 to 13,14 dihydro-15-oxo-LXA4, enhancing neutrophil recruitment at the inflammatory site (By similarity). May play a role in metabolic detoxification of alkenals and ketones. Reduces alpha,beta-unsaturated alkenals and ketones, particularly those with medium-chain length, showing highest affinity toward (2E)-decenal and (3E)-3-nonen-2-one (PubMed:25619643). May inactivate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a cytotoxic lipid constituent of oxidized low-density lipoprotein particles (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 13-lipoxin reductase activity
- Gene Name
- PTGR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q14914
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin reductase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 35869.64 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Component of the sulfite reductase complex that catalyzes the 6-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide. This is one of several activities required for the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from sulfate. The flavoprotein component catalyzes the electron flow from NADPH -> FAD -> FMN to the hemoprotein component.
- Specific Function
- flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Gene Name
- cysJ
- Uniprot ID
- P38038
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component
- Molecular Weight
- 66269.23 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:18087047, PubMed:19013440, PubMed:19563777, PubMed:9565553). Displays strong enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:18087047). Plays a critical role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls) (PubMed:19013440, PubMed:19563777). Displays no reductase activity towards glucose (PubMed:12732097)
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1B10
- Uniprot ID
- O60218
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10
- Molecular Weight
- 36019.295 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9WZS7
- Uniprot Name
- NADH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase A
- Molecular Weight
- 43354.78 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Vibrio harveyi
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to acids. May be implicated in controlling luminescence as it catalyzes the oxidation of the fatty aldehyde substrate for the light-emitting reaction.
- Specific Function
- aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
- Gene Name
- aldH
- Uniprot ID
- Q56694
- Uniprot Name
- NADP-dependent fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 54459.035 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Putative oxidoreductase
- Specific Function
- carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- DHRS4L1
- Uniprot ID
- P0CG22
- Uniprot Name
- Putative dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4-like 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30607.35 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- aldose reductase (NADPH) activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X0A2
- Uniprot Name
- Oxidoreductase, aldo/keto reductase family
- Molecular Weight
- 33244.185 Da
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at June 12, 2020 16:52