Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Losartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker used to treat hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, and is used to reduce the risk of stroke.
- Brand Names
- Cozaar, Hyzaar
- Generic Name
- Losartan
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00678
- Background
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat hypertension.3 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used for a similar indication but are associated with a cough.3 When patients with ACE inhibitor associated coughs are switched to ARBs like losartan, they have an incidence of cough similar to placebo or hydrochlorothiazide.3 Losartan is available as losartan potassium oral tablets as well as a combination tablet of losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide.3,4 Patients taking losartan should have their renal function and potassium levels monitored.3 Losartan was granted FDA approval on 14 April 1995.3
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Losartan (DB00678)
- Weight
- Average: 422.911
Monoisotopic: 422.162187095 - Chemical Formula
- C22H23ClN6O
- Synonyms
- (2-butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol
- 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl]imidazole
- Losartan
- External IDs
- DUP 89
- HGP-1405
- HGP1405
- MK594
Pharmacology
- Indication
Losartan is indicated to treat hypertension in patients older than 6 years, reduce the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (though this benefit may not extend to patients with African heritage), and to treat diabetic nephropathy with elevated serum creatinine and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.3 Losartan with hydrochlorothiazide is indicated to treat hypertension and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (though this benefit may not extend to patients with African heritage).4,6
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Diabetic nephropathy •••••••••••• •••• • •••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••• ••••• ••••••••••• •••• ••••• •••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••• ••• ••••••••••• •••••• Used in combination to manage High blood pressure (hypertension) Combination Product in combination with: Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999) •••••••••••• •••••• Management of High blood pressure (hypertension) •••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••• ••• ••••••••••• •••••• Management of Marfan syndrome ••• ••••• Used in combination to prevent Stroke, ischemic Combination Product in combination with: Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999) •••••••••••• •••• ••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and to reduce the risk of stroke.1,3,4 Losartan has a long duration of action as it is given once daily.3,4 Patients taking losartan should be regularly monitored for hypotension, renal function, and potassium levels.3,4
- Mechanism of action
Losartan reversibly and competitively prevents angiotensin II binding to the AT1 receptor in tissues like vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland.3,4 Losartan and its active metabolite bind the AT1 receptor with 1000 times more affinity than they bind to the AT2 receptor.3,4 The active metabolite of losartan is 10-40 times more potent by weight than unmetabolized losartan as an inhibitor of AT1 and is a non-competitive inhibitor.3,4 Losartan's prevention of angiotensin II binding causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation, lowering blood pressure.3,4
Angiotensin II would otherwise bind to the AT1 receptor and induce vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure.3,4
Target Actions Organism AErythropoietin receptor stimulatorHumans AType-1 angiotensin II receptor antagonistHumans - Absorption
Losartan is approximately 33% orally bioavailable.1,3,4 Losartan has a Tmax of 1 hour and the active metabolite has a Tmax of 3-4 hours.1,3,4 Taking losartan with food decreases the Cmax but does only results in a 10% decrease in the AUC of losartan and its active metabolite.1,3,4 A 50-80mg oral dose of losartan leads to a Cmax of 200-250ng/mL.1
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of losartan is 34.4±17.9L and 10.3±1.1L for the active metabolite (E-3174).1
- Protein binding
Losartan is 98.6-98.8% protein bound and the active metabolite (E-3174) is 99.7% protein bound in serum.1
- Metabolism
Losartan is metabolized to an aldehyde intermediate, E-3179, which is further metabolized to a carboxylic acid, E-3174, by cytochrome P450s like CYP2C9.1 Losartan can also be hydroxylated to an inactive metabolite, P1.1 Approximately 14% of losartan is metabolized to E-3174.1 Losartan can be metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C10.1 Losartan can also be glucuronidated by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A10, UGT2B7, and UGT 2B17.2
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
A single oral dose of losartan leads to 4% recovery in the urine as unchanged losartan, 6% in the urine as the active metabolite.3,4 Oral radiolabelled losartan is 35% recovered in urine and 60% in feces.3,4 Intravenous radiolabelled losartan is 45% recovered in urine and 50% in feces.3,4
- Half-life
The terminal elimination half life of losartan is 1.5-2.5 hours while the active metabolite has a half life of 6-9 hours.1
- Clearance
Losartan has a total plasma clearance of 600mL/min and a renal clearance of 75mL/min.1 E-3174, the active metabolite, has a total plasma clearance of 50mL/min and a renal clearance of 25mL/min.1
- Adverse Effects
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The oral TDLO in mice is 1000mg/kg and in rats is 2000mg/kg.3,4 In humans the TDLO for men is 10mg/kg/2W and for women is 1mg/kg/1D.5
Symptoms of overdose are likely to include hypotension, tachycardia, or bradycardia due to vagal stimulation.3,4 Supportive treatment should be instituted for symptomatic hypotension.3,4 Hemodialysis will not remove losartan or its active metabolite due to their high rates of protein binding.3,4
- Pathways
Pathway Category Losartan Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Losartan is combined with Abaloparatide. Abametapir The serum concentration of Losartan can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Losartan can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Losartan. Acebutolol Losartan may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Acebutolol. - Food Interactions
- Take at the same time every day.
- Take with or without food. Food delays absorption, but does not affect the extent of absorption.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Losartan potassium 3ST302B24A 124750-99-8 OXCMYAYHXIHQOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Lortaan
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Act Losartan Tablet 50 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-01-25 2019-08-07 Canada 
Act Losartan Tablet 25 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-01-25 2019-08-07 Canada Act Losartan Tablet 100 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-01-25 2019-08-07 Canada Cozaar Tablet, film coated 50 mg/1 Oral Med Pharma Co., Ltd. 1995-04-14 2012-07-11 US 
Cozaar Tablet, film coated 100 mg/1 Oral Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V. 1995-04-14 Not applicable US 
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ag-losartan Tablet 100 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-06-27 Not applicable Canada Ag-losartan Tablet 50 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-06-27 Not applicable Canada Ag-losartan Tablet 25 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-06-27 Not applicable Canada Apo-losartan Tablet 100 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2012-01-25 Not applicable Canada Apo-losartan Tablet 50 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2012-01-25 Not applicable Canada - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ลอแรนต้า 50 มก. ชนิดเม็ด Tablet, coated 50 mg Oral บริษัท สยามเภสัช จำกัด 2007-03-28 Not applicable Thailand 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acetan HCT Tablet 100mg/25mg Losartan potassium (100 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) Tablet Oral Duopharma Marketing Sdn. Bhd. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
Acetan HCT Tablet 50/12.5mg Losartan potassium (50 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Duopharma Marketing Sdn. Bhd. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia Act Losartan/hct Losartan potassium (50 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-07-03 2018-06-25 Canada Act Losartan/hct Losartan potassium (100 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-07-03 2018-06-25 Canada Act Losartan/hct Losartan potassium (100 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) Tablet Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2012-07-03 2018-06-25 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C09CA01 — Losartan
- C09CA — Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain
- C09C — ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs), PLAIN
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C09DA — Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and diuretics
- C09D — ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs), COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Agents Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System
- Agents causing angioedema
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blocker
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and diuretics
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Antihypertensive Agents Indicated for Hypertension
- Benzene Derivatives
- Biphenyl Compounds
- BSEP/ABCB11 Substrates
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
- Hypotensive Agents
- Imidazoles
- OAT1/SLC22A6 inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Photosensitizing Agents
- Tetrazoles
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A3 substrates
- UGT2B17 substrates
- UGT2B7 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biphenyls and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing to benzene rings linked together by a C-C bond.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Biphenyls and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Biphenyls and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenyltetrazoles and derivatives / 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles / N-substituted imidazoles / Aryl chlorides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organochlorides show 2 more
- Substituents
- 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole / Alcohol / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Azole / Biphenyl / Heteroaromatic compound show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- imidazoles, biphenylyltetrazole (CHEBI:6541)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- JMS50MPO89
- CAS number
- 114798-26-4
- InChI Key
- PSIFNNKUMBGKDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C22H23ClN6O/c1-2-3-8-20-24-21(23)19(14-30)29(20)13-15-9-11-16(12-10-15)17-6-4-5-7-18(17)22-25-27-28-26-22/h4-7,9-12,30H,2-3,8,13-14H2,1H3,(H,25,26,27,28)
- IUPAC Name
- (2-butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2'-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol
- SMILES
- CCCCC1=NC(Cl)=C(CO)N1CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Gordon C. Campbell, Jr., Anil M. Dwivedi, Dorothy A. Levorse, James A. McCauley, Krishnaswamy S. Raghavan, "Polymorphs of losartan and the process for the preparation of form II of losartan." U.S. Patent US5608075, issued May, 1994.
US5608075- General References
- Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. [Article]
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Losartan Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
- Cayman Chemicals: Losartan Potassium MSDS [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: HYZAAR (losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide) tablets for oral use (March 2023) [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014816
- KEGG Drug
- D08146
- KEGG Compound
- C07072
- PubChem Compound
- 3961
- PubChem Substance
- 46506538
- ChemSpider
- 3824
- BindingDB
- 318822
- 52175
- ChEBI
- 6541
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL191
- ZINC
- ZINC000003873160
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000523
- PharmGKB
- PA450268
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- LSN
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Losartan
- PDB Entries
- 5x23 / 5x24 / 5xxi / 6vlt / 7rl2 / 8th4 / 8vx0 / 8vz7
- FDA label
- Download (212 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (19 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Aging / Hypertension 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / COVID / Hypertension 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Fabry's Disease / Proteinuria 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Healthy Normotensive Participants 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Hypertension 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Merck research laboratories div merck co inc
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Merck & Co., Inc.
- Packagers
- AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Cardinal Health
- Dispensing Solutions
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd.
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Merck & Co.
- Mylan
- Neuman Distributors Inc.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Remedy Repack
- Roxane Labs
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Sandoz
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Stat Rx Usa
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Torrent Pharmaceuticals
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 100 mg Capsule, coated Oral Tablet Oral 100.0 mg Tablet Oral 25.0 mg Tablet Oral 50.0 mg Capsule Oral Tablet, coated Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 50.000 mg Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 12.500 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 50 mg Tablet Oral 12.5 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 50.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 12.5 MG Tablet Oral 100.00 mg Tablet Oral 50.00 mg Tablet, coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 25 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 5000000 mg Tablet, coated Oral 12.5 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 75 MG Tablet, coated Oral Tablet Oral 10000000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg Tablet Oral 5000000 mg Tablet Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral 5000000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 12.5 mg Tablet, coated Oral 0.1 g Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet Oral 500.000 mg Powder, for suspension Oral 2.5 MG/ML Tablet, film coated Oral 25.0 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 50.0 mg Tablet Oral 25.000 MG Tablet Oral 100.000 mg Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, coated Oral 50 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Losartan Potassium 90 50 mg tablet Bottle 211.78USD bottle Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 30 50-12.5 mg tablet Bottle 78.05USD bottle Hyzaar 100-25 mg tablet 3.91USD tablet Hyzaar 100-12.5 mg tablet 3.87USD tablet Hyzaar 100-12.5 tablet 3.61USD tablet Hyzaar 100-25 tablet 3.61USD tablet Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-12.5 mg tablet 3.54USD tablet Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-25 mg tablet 3.54USD tablet Cozaar 100 mg tablet 3.41USD tablet Losartan potassium 100 mg tablet 3.14USD tablet Hyzaar 50-12.5 mg tablet 2.97USD tablet Hyzaar 50-12.5 tablet 2.65USD tablet Cozaar 50 mg tablet 2.5USD tablet Losartan potassium 50 mg tablet 2.26USD tablet Cozaar 25 mg tablet 1.92USD tablet Losartan potassium 25 mg tablet 1.72USD tablet Cozaar 100 mg Tablet 1.31USD tablet Cozaar 25 mg Tablet 1.31USD tablet Cozaar 50 mg Tablet 1.31USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5210079 No 1993-05-11 2010-11-11 US US5608075 No 1997-03-04 2009-03-04 US CA2085584 No 2003-02-11 2011-06-07 Canada CA1334092 No 1995-01-24 2012-01-24 Canada
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 178-184 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3824.html boiling point (°C) 682 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3824.html water solubility <1mg/mL http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3824.html logP 1.19 https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/20-386S019_Cozaar_EAFONSI.pdf pKa 5.5 MERCK INDEX (1996); approx. - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0047 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.5 ALOGPS logP 5 Chemaxon logS -5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 5.85 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.85 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 92.51 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 8 Chemaxon Refractivity 131.85 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 44.86 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 1.0 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.7812 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8957 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6993 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8782 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.5309 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.5689 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.6839 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9115 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6226 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.5514 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5423 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8102 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6288 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.796 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7049 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5382 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6595 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.6055 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.5781 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.8084
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 213.7287188 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 194.84657 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 213.2744188 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 197.22203 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 214.0437188 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 204.8881 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Stimulator
- General Function
- Receptor for erythropoietin, which mediates erythropoietin-induced erythroblast proliferation and differentiation (PubMed:10388848, PubMed:2163695, PubMed:2163696, PubMed:8662939, PubMed:9774108). Upon EPO stimulation, EPOR dimerizes triggering the JAK2/STAT5 signaling cascade (By similarity). In some cell types, can also activate STAT1 and STAT3 (PubMed:11756159). May also activate the LYN tyrosine kinase (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- erythropoietin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- EPOR
- Uniprot ID
- P19235
- Uniprot Name
- Erythropoietin receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 55064.725 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor for angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting peptide, which acts as a key regulator of blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney (PubMed:15611106, PubMed:1567413, PubMed:25913193, PubMed:26420482, PubMed:30639100, PubMed:32079768, PubMed:8987975). The activated receptor in turn couples to G-alpha proteins G(q) (GNAQ, GNA11, GNA14 or GNA15) and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C (PubMed:15611106)
- Specific Function
- angiotensin type I receptor activity
- Gene Name
- AGTR1
- Uniprot ID
- P30556
- Uniprot Name
- Type-1 angiotensin II receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 41060.53 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Sardo MA, Castaldo M, Cinquegrani M, Bonaiuto M, Fontana L, Campo S, Campo GM, Altavilla D, Saitta A: Effects of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on sICAM-1 and TNF-alpha levels in uncomplicated hypertensive patients. Angiology. 2004 Mar-Apr;55(2):195-203. [Article]
- Dickstein K, Timmermans P, Segal R: Losartan: a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist for the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1998 Nov;7(11):1897-914. [Article]
- Anand-Srivastava MB, Palaparti A: Angiotensin-II-induced enhanced expression of Gi proteins is attenuated by losartan in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells: role of AT1 receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;81(2):150-8. [Article]
- Rocha I, Bras-Rosario L, Amparo-Barros M, Silva-Carvalho L: Angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan and the defence reaction in the anaesthetised rat. Effect on the carotid chemoreflex. Exp Physiol. 2003 May;88(3):309-14. [Article]
- Guan J, Cheng DY, Chen XJ, Zhang Y, Wang H, Su QL: [The effects of losartan on pulmonary arterial collagen and AT1 in chronic hypoxic rats]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2004 Nov;35(6):774-7. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Song JC, White CM: Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Feb;20(2):130-9. [Article]
- Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. [Article]
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Yasar U, Forslund-Bergengren C, Tybring G, Dorado P, Llerena A, Sjoqvist F, Eliasson E, Dahl ML: Pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite E-3174 in relation to the CYP2C9 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jan;71(1):89-98. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- FDA label Losartan [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Song JC, White CM: Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Feb;20(2):130-9. [Article]
- Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. [Article]
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Mukai Y, Senda A, Toda T, Hayakawa T, Eliasson E, Rane A, Inotsume N: Drug-drug Interaction between Losartan and Paclitaxel in Human Liver Microsomes with Different CYP2C8 Genotypes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015 Jun;116(6):493-8. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12355. Epub 2014 Dec 23. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- The current evidence available for this enzyme inhibition is limited to one in vitro study.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Taavitsainen P, Kiukaanniemi K, Pelkonen O: In vitro inhibition screening of human hepatic P450 enzymes by five angiotensin-II receptor antagonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 May;56(2):135-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Involved in the glucuronidation of bilirubin, a degradation product occurring in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates (PubMed:17187418, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:24525562). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:20610558)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:24641623). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of calcidiol, which is the major circulating form of vitamin D3, essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:24641623). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonists losartan, candesartan and zolarsartan, which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A3
- Uniprot ID
- P35503
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3
- Molecular Weight
- 60337.835 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19545173, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAW8
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10
- Molecular Weight
- 59809.075 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60720.15 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:8798464). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol) (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:8798464)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B17
- Uniprot ID
- O75795
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17
- Molecular Weight
- 61094.915 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Mukai Y, Senda A, Toda T, Hayakawa T, Eliasson E, Rane A, Inotsume N: Drug-drug Interaction between Losartan and Paclitaxel in Human Liver Microsomes with Different CYP2C8 Genotypes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015 Jun;116(6):493-8. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12355. Epub 2014 Dec 23. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Takara K, Kakumoto M, Tanigawara Y, Funakoshi J, Sakaeda T, Okumura K: Interaction of digoxin with antihypertensive drugs via MDR1. Life Sci. 2002 Feb 15;70(13):1491-500. [Article]
- Borgnia MJ, Eytan GD, Assaraf YG: Competition of hydrophobic peptides, cytotoxic drugs, and chemosensitizers on a common P-glycoprotein pharmacophore as revealed by its ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 9;271(6):3163-71. [Article]
- Soldner A, Benet LZ, Mutschler E, Christians U: Active transport of the angiotensin-II antagonist losartan and its main metabolite EXP 3174 across MDCK-MDR1 and caco-2 cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;129(6):1235-43. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:11907186, PubMed:14675047, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370, PubMed:28534121, PubMed:9950961). Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine (PubMed:9887087). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion (PubMed:11907186). Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:26377792). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). May transport glutamate (PubMed:26377792). Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:14675047). Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate (PubMed:14675047, PubMed:26377792). Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) (PubMed:11669456). May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Race JE, Grassl SM, Williams WJ, Holtzman EJ: Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel human renal organic anion transporters (hOAT1 and hOAT3). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 16;255(2):508-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electroneutral antiporter that translocates urate across the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells in exchange for monovalent organic or inorganic anions (PubMed:12024214, PubMed:22194875, PubMed:35144162, PubMed:35462902). Involved in renal reabsorption of urate and helps maintaining blood levels of uric acid (PubMed:12024214, PubMed:22194875). Mediates urate uptake by an exchange with organic anions such as (S)-lactate and nicotinate, and inorganic anion Cl(-) (PubMed:12024214). Other inorganic anions such as Br(-), I(-) and NO3(-) may also act as counteranions that exchange for urate (PubMed:12024214). Also mediates orotate tubular uptake coupled with nicotinate efflux and to a lesser extent with lactate efflux, therefore displaying a potential role in orotate renal reabsorption (PubMed:21350910). Orotate transport is Cl(-)-dependent (PubMed:21350910)
- Specific Function
- PDZ domain binding
- Gene Name
- SLC22A12
- Uniprot ID
- Q96S37
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 12
- Molecular Weight
- 59629.57 Da
References
- Lipkowitz MS: Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Apr;14(2):179-88. doi: 10.1007/s11926-012-0240-z. [Article]
- Burnier M, Roch-Ramel F, Brunner HR: Renal effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in normotensive subjects. Kidney Int. 1996 Jun;49(6):1787-90. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- High-capacity urate transporter, which may play a role in the urate reabsorption by proximal tubules (PubMed:18327257, PubMed:18701466, PubMed:22647630, PubMed:28083649, PubMed:36749388). May have a residual high-affinity, low-capacity glucose and fructose transporter activity (PubMed:18327257, PubMed:18701466, PubMed:18842065). Transports urate at rates 45- to 60-fold faster than glucose (PubMed:18842065). Does not transport galactose (PubMed:28083649). May mediate small uptake of adenine but not of other nucleobases (PubMed:22647630)
- Specific Function
- carbohydrate
- Gene Name
- SLC2A9
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NRM0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9
- Molecular Weight
- 58701.205 Da
References
- Lipkowitz MS: Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Apr;14(2):179-88. doi: 10.1007/s11926-012-0240-z. [Article]
- Burnier M, Roch-Ramel F, Brunner HR: Renal effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in normotensive subjects. Kidney Int. 1996 Jun;49(6):1787-90. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the transport of the major hydrophobic bile salts, such as taurine and glycine-conjugated cholic acid across the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in an ATP-dependent manner, therefore participates in hepatic bile acid homeostasis and consequently to lipid homeostasis through regulation of biliary lipid secretion in a bile salts dependent manner (PubMed:15791618, PubMed:16332456, PubMed:18985798, PubMed:19228692, PubMed:20010382, PubMed:20398791, PubMed:22262466, PubMed:24711118, PubMed:29507376, PubMed:32203132). Transports taurine-conjugated bile salts more rapidly than glycine-conjugated bile salts (PubMed:16332456). Also transports non-bile acid compounds, such as pravastatin and fexofenadine in an ATP-dependent manner and may be involved in their biliary excretion (PubMed:15901796, PubMed:18245269)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type bile acid transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID
- O95342
- Uniprot Name
- Bile salt export pump
- Molecular Weight
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 17, 2024 13:59