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Identification
- Summary
Proline is an amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition.
- Brand Names
- Aminosyn II 7 %, Sulfite-free, Aminosyn-PF 7%, Clinimix 2.75/5, Clinimix E 2.75/5, Clinisol 15, Freamine 6.9, Freamine III 10, Hepatamine 8, Olimel, Periolimel, Plenamine, Premasol, Primene, Procalamine 3, Prosol, Travasol 10, Trophamine 10 %
- Generic Name
- Proline
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00172
- Background
Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Proline (DB00172)
- Weight
- Average: 115.1305
Monoisotopic: 115.063328537 - Chemical Formula
- C5H9NO2
- Synonyms
- (-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (−)-(S)-proline
- (−)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (−)-proline
- (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- (S)-2-Carboxypyrrolidine
- (S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- 2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- L-(−)-proline
- L-alpha-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- L-Prolin
- L-Prolina
- L-Proline
- L-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- L-α-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- P
- Prolina
- Proline
- Prolinum
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3319
- NSC-46703
Pharmacology
- Indication
L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons and also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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L-Proline is a major amino acid found in cartilage and is important for maintaining youthful skin as well as repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin damage. It is also essential for the immune system, and for necessary balance of this formula. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons. Helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
- Mechanism of action
Glycogenic, by L-Proline oxidase in the kidney, it is ring-opened and is oxidized to form L-Glutamic acid. L-Ornithine and L-Glutamic acid are converted to L-Proline via L-Glutamic acid-gamma-semialdehyde. It is contained abundantly in collagen, and is intimately involved in the function of arthrosis and chordae.
- Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hepatic
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1996-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1993-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (195 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada 2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex Proline (187 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (316 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (283 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (132 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (165 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (201 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (159.5 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (154 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (137.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (159.5 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Clinimix Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (100.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US 
Clinimix Proline (5.78 g/2L) + Alanine (17.60 g/2L) + Arginine (9.78 g/2L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.66 g/2L) + D-glucose monohydrate (300.00 g/2L) + Dipotassium phosphate (5.22 g/2L) + Glycine (8.76 g/2L) + Histidine (4.08 g/2L) + Isoleucine (5.10 g/2L) + Leucine (6.20 g/2L) + Lysine (4.93 g/2L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1.02 g/2L) + Methionine (3.40 g/2L) + Phenylalanine (4.76 g/2L) + Serine (4.25 g/2L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (5.94 g/2L) + Sodium chloride (1.54 g/2L) + Threonine (3.57 g/2L) + Tryptophan (1.53 g/2L) + Tyrosine (0.34 g/2L) + Valine (4.93 g/2L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US Clinimix Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETLI) Proline (1.12 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Leucine (0.91 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2013-01-29 2024-01-23 Turkey 
FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETSIZ) Proline (1.12 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Leucine (0.91 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2013-01-29 2024-01-23 Turkey
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. These are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Proline and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- L-alpha-amino acids / Pyrrolidine carboxylic acids / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Dialkylamines / Carboxylic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives show 1 more
- Substituents
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Azacycle / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / L-alpha-amino acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives show 13 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- proteinogenic amino acid, L-alpha-amino acid, proline, glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:17203) / Common amino acids (C00148)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 9DLQ4CIU6V
- CAS number
- 147-85-3
- InChI Key
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Richard I. Leavitt, "L-Proline production from algae." U.S. Patent US4383039, issued October, 1968.
US4383039- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000162
- KEGG Drug
- D00035
- KEGG Compound
- C00148
- PubChem Compound
- 145742
- PubChem Substance
- 46506858
- ChemSpider
- 128566
- BindingDB
- 50000100
- 8737
- ChEBI
- 17203
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL54922
- ZINC
- ZINC000000895360
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000198
- PharmGKB
- PA451125
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- PRO
- Wikipedia
- Proline
- MSDS
- Download (72.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Critically Ill Patients / Starvation 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Basic Science Healthy Volunteers (HV) / Obesity / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Prevention Intestinal Obstruction / Laparotomies / Mesenteric vascular insufficiency 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Terminated Supportive Care Cancer-related Malnutrition 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Terminated Supportive Care Critically Ill Patients 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Professional Co.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Parenteral Solution Intravenous 10.50 g/1000ml Injection Intravenous 0.5 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.25 g/1000ml Solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection Intravenous 0.52 g/l Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 11.000 g/1000ml Solution Intravenous 18.5 g/L Injection Intravenous 5.5 g/1000ml Emulsion Intravenous 0.468 g Injection Intravenous 16 g/1000ml Emulsion Parenteral 20.000 g Injection Intravenous 1.6 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.37 g/l Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous 0.466 g Injection, emulsion; injection, solution Intravenous Emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution Injection, emulsion Intravenous 4.656 g/1000ml Injection, emulsion Intravenous 6.792 g/1000ml Solution Intraperitoneal Injection, solution Intraperitoneal Liquid Hemodialysis Solution Intraperitoneal 0.184 g/l Injection, emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 176 g/l Emulsion Intravenous 4 g Emulsion Intravenous 3 g Solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 4 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.21 g/100ml Liquid Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Injection Intravenous 10.30 g/l Injection Intravenous - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit L-proline crystal 3.6USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 221 dec °C PhysProp water solubility 1.62E+005 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996) logP -2.54 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 365.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.7 ALOGPS logP -2.6 Chemaxon logS 0.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.94 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 11.33 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 49.33 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 28.06 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 11.5 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9755 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9245 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6216 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5641 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9938 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9819 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8047 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8458 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7439 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7563 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9627 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9595 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9656 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.992 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9918 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8927 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9574 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9077 Rat acute toxicity 2.0201 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9555 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9506
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.03 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 118.6742864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 121.7025198 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5206864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5629864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 115.74924 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 118.6742864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 121.7025198 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5206864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5629864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 115.74924 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 119.7393864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.6321928 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.5301864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.6893864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.332664 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 119.7393864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.6321928 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.5301864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.6893864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.332664 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 119.0888864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.8471864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9304864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9370864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 128.31685 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 119.0888864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.8471864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9304864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9370864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 128.31685 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIB
- Uniprot ID
- P23284
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B
- Molecular Weight
- 23742.405 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:2001362, PubMed:20676357, PubMed:21245143, PubMed:21593166, PubMed:25678563). Exerts a strong chemotactic effect on leukocytes partly through activation of one of its membrane receptors BSG/CD147, initiating a signaling cascade that culminates in MAPK/ERK activation (PubMed:11943775, PubMed:21245143). Activates endothelial cells (ECs) in a pro-inflammatory manner by stimulating activation of NF-kappa-B and ERK, JNK and p38 MAP-kinases and by inducing expression of adhesion molecules including SELE and VCAM1 (PubMed:15130913). Induces apoptosis in ECs by promoting the FOXO1-dependent expression of CCL2 and BCL2L11 which are involved in EC chemotaxis and apoptosis (PubMed:31063815). In response to oxidative stress, initiates proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling in ECs via activation of NF-kappa-B and AKT1 and up-regulation of antiapoptotic protein BCL2 (PubMed:23180369). Negatively regulates MAP3K5/ASK1 kinase activity, autophosphorylation and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis mediated by MAP3K5/ASK1 (PubMed:26095851). Necessary for the assembly of TARDBP in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes and regulates TARDBP binding to RNA UG repeats and TARDBP-dependent expression of HDAC6, ATG7 and VCP which are involved in clearance of protein aggregates (PubMed:25678563). Plays an important role in platelet activation and aggregation (By similarity). Regulates calcium mobilization and integrin ITGA2B:ITGB3 bidirectional signaling via increased ROS production as well as by facilitating the interaction between integrin and the cell cytoskeleton (By similarity). Binds heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (PubMed:11943775). Inhibits replication of influenza A virus (IAV) (PubMed:19207730). Inhibits ITCH/AIP4-mediated ubiquitination of matrix protein 1 (M1) of IAV by impairing the interaction of ITCH/AIP4 with M1, followed by the suppression of the nuclear export of M1, and finally reduction of the replication of IAV (PubMed:22347431, PubMed:30328013)
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIA
- Uniprot ID
- P62937
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A
- Molecular Weight
- 18012.42 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Can utilize both NAD and NADP, but has higher affinity for NAD. Involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress
- Specific Function
- Identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- PYCR1
- Uniprot ID
- P32322
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 33360.27 Da
References
- Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
- Hu CA, Donald SP, Yu J, Lin WW, Liu Z, Steel G, Obie C, Valle D, Phang JM: Overexpression of proline oxidase induces proline-dependent and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan;295(1-2):85-92. Epub 2006 Jul 28. [Article]
- Meng Z, Lou Z, Liu Z, Hui D, Bartlam M, Rao Z: Purification, characterization, and crystallization of human pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Sep;49(1):83-7. Epub 2006 Mar 20. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional protein which primarily functions within the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex, also known as multisynthetase complex. Within the complex it catalyzes the attachment of both L-glutamate and L-proline to their cognate tRNAs in a two-step reaction where the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP. Subsequently, the activated amino acid is transferred to the acceptor end of the cognate tRNA to form L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) and L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro) (PubMed:23263184, PubMed:24100331, PubMed:29576217, PubMed:3290852, PubMed:37212275). Upon interferon-gamma stimulation, EPRS1 undergoes phosphorylation, causing its dissociation from the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex. It is recruited to form the GAIT complex, which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements found in the 3'-UTR of various inflammatory mRNAs, such as ceruloplasmin. The GAIT complex inhibits the translation of these mRNAs, allowing interferon-gamma to redirect the function of EPRS1 from protein synthesis to translation inhibition in specific cell contexts (PubMed:15479637, PubMed:23071094). Furthermore, it can function as a downstream effector in the mTORC1 signaling pathway, by promoting the translocation of SLC27A1 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane where it mediates the uptake of long-chain fatty acid by adipocytes. Thereby, EPRS1 also plays a role in fat metabolism and more indirectly influences lifespan (PubMed:28178239)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- EPRS1
- Uniprot ID
- P07814
- Uniprot Name
- Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase
- Molecular Weight
- 170589.705 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Amino acid transporter that plays an important role in the absorption of amino acids in the intestinal tract. Mediates the uptake of a broad range of neutral and cationic amino acids (with the exception of proline) in a Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent manner (PubMed:10446133). Transports non-alpha-amino acids such as beta-alanine with low affinity, and has a higher affinity for dipolar and cationic amino acids such as leucine and lysine (PubMed:18599538). Can also transport carnitine, butirylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine coupled to the transmembrane gradients of Na(+) and Cl(-) (PubMed:17855766)
- Specific Function
- (r)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC6A14
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UN76
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+)
- Molecular Weight
- 72152.145 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Brain specific sodium (and chloride)-dependent proline transporter (PubMed:7651355). Terminates the action of proline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals (Probable)
- Specific Function
- L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC6A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q99884
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent proline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 70909.935 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. In some cell types, such as erythrocytes, its primary function may be the generation of NADP(+). Can utilize both NAD and NADP. Has higher affinity for NADP, but higher catalytic efficiency with NADH (PubMed:2722838, PubMed:6894153). Involved in cellular response to oxidative stress (PubMed:25865492)
- Specific Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- PYCR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q96C36
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 33636.815 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Murahama M, Yoshida T, Hayashi F, Ichino T, Sanada Y, Wada K: Purification and characterization of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoenzymes, indicating differential distribution in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;42(7):742-50. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins
- Specific Function
- Electron transfer activity
- Gene Name
- P4HA2
- Uniprot ID
- O15460
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 60901.42 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
- Specific Function
- Fad binding
- Gene Name
- PRODH
- Uniprot ID
- O43272
- Uniprot Name
- Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 68028.465 Da
References
- Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
- White TA, Krishnan N, Becker DF, Tanner JJ: Structure and kinetics of monofunctional proline dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus. J Biol Chem. 2007 May 11;282(19):14316-27. Epub 2007 Mar 7. [Article]
- White TA, Tanner JJ: Cloning, purification and crystallization of Thermus thermophilus proline dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2005 Aug 1;61(Pt 8):737-9. Epub 2005 Jul 8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding (PubMed:20676357). Participates in pre-mRNA splicing. May play a role in the assembly of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex, one of the building blocks of the spliceosome. May act as a chaperone
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIH
- Uniprot ID
- O43447
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H
- Molecular Weight
- 19208.04 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6
- Specific Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Gene Name
- PLPBP
- Uniprot ID
- O94903
- Uniprot Name
- Pyridoxal phosphate homeostasis protein
- Molecular Weight
- 30343.7 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins
- Specific Function
- Identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- P4HA1
- Uniprot ID
- P13674
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 61048.775 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding (PubMed:20676357). Involved in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) (PubMed:26387735). It is proposed that its association with the mPTP is masking a binding site for inhibiting inorganic phosphate (Pi) and promotes the open probability of the mPTP leading to apoptosis or necrosis; the requirement of the PPIase activity for this function is debated (PubMed:26387735). In cooperation with mitochondrial p53/TP53 is involved in activating oxidative stress-induced necrosis (PubMed:22726440). Involved in modulation of mitochondrial membrane F(1)F(0) ATP synthase activity and regulation of mitochondrial matrix adenine nucleotide levels (By similarity). Has anti-apoptotic activity independently of mPTP and in cooperation with BCL2 inhibits cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis (PubMed:19228691)
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIF
- Uniprot ID
- P30405
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 22040.09 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIC
- Uniprot ID
- P45877
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C
- Molecular Weight
- 22763.165 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding (PubMed:20676357). May be implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. May play an important role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing
- Specific Function
- Cyclosporin a binding
- Gene Name
- PPIG
- Uniprot ID
- Q13427
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G
- Molecular Weight
- 88616.535 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts
- Specific Function
- Iron ion binding
- Gene Name
- P3H1
- Uniprot ID
- Q32P28
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 83393.195 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- P5CR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q4W8W1
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 33726.42 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the specific attachment of the proline amino acid (aa) to the homologous transfer RNA (tRNA), further participating in protein synthesis. The reaction occurs in a two steps: proline is first activated by ATP to form Pro-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Pro)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- PARS2
- Uniprot ID
- Q7L3T8
- Uniprot Name
- Probable proline--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 53262.18 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase that catalyzes the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline on collagens (PubMed:18487197). Contributes to proline 3-hydroxylation of collagen COL4A1 and COL1A1 in tendons, the eye sclera and in the eye lens capsule (By similarity). Has high activity with the type IV collagen COL4A1, and lower activity with COL1A1 (PubMed:18487197). Catalyzes hydroxylation of the first Pro in Gly-Pro-Hyp sequences where Hyp is 4-hydroxyproline (PubMed:18487197). Has no activity on substrates that lack 4-hydroxyproline in the third position (PubMed:18487197)
- Specific Function
- Iron ion binding
- Gene Name
- P3H2
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IVL5
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 80983.685 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Part of a complex composed of PLOD1, P3H3 and P3H4 that catalyzes hydroxylation of lysine residues in collagen alpha chains and is required for normal assembly and cross-linkling of collagen fibrils. Required for normal hydroxylation of lysine residues in type I collagen chains in skin, bone, tendon, aorta and cornea. Required for normal skin stability via its role in hydroxylation of lysine residues in collagen alpha chains and in collagen fibril assembly. Apparently not required for normal prolyl 3-hydroxylation on collagen chains, possibly because it functions redundantly with other prolyl 3-hydroxylases
- Specific Function
- Iron ion binding
- Gene Name
- P3H3
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IVL6
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 81835.705 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Proline is synthesized from either glutamate or ornithine; both are converted to pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and then to proline via pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases (PYCRs). PYCRL is exclusively linked to the conversion of ornithine to proline
- Specific Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Gene Name
- PYCR3
- Uniprot ID
- Q53H96
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 28663.025 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the dehydration of trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline to Delta(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (Pyr2C). May be required to degrade trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline from the diet and originating from the degradation of proteins such as collagen-IV that contain it
- Specific Function
- Hydro-lyase activity
- Gene Name
- L3HYPDH
- Uniprot ID
- Q96EM0
- Uniprot Name
- Trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline dehydratase
- Molecular Weight
- 38137.395 Da
References
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
- Specific Function
- Fad binding
- Gene Name
- PRODH
- Uniprot ID
- O43272
- Uniprot Name
- Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 68028.465 Da
References
- Phang JM, Donald SP, Pandhare J, Liu Y: The metabolism of proline, a stress substrate, modulates carcinogenic pathways. Amino Acids. 2008 Nov;35(4):681-90. doi: 10.1007/s00726-008-0063-4. Epub 2008 Apr 10. [Article]
- Phang JM, Liu W, Zabirnyk O: Proline metabolism and microenvironmental stress. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug 21;30:441-63. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104638. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium- and proton-independent thyroid hormones and aromatic acids transporter (PubMed:11827462, PubMed:18337592, PubMed:28754537). Mediates both uptake and efflux of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) with high affinity, suggesting a role in the homeostasis of thyroid hormone levels (PubMed:18337592). Responsible for low affinity bidirectional transport of the aromatic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) (PubMed:11827462, PubMed:28754537). Plays an important role in homeostasis of aromatic amino acids (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:23