Sieve of Eratosthenes

The Sieve of Eratosthenes is an algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to some limit n.

It is attributed to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, an ancient Greek mathematician.

How it works

Create a boolean array of n + 1 positions (to represent the numbers 0 through n)
Set positions 0 and 1 to false, and the rest to true
Start at position p = 2 (the first prime number)
Mark as false all the multiples of p (that is, positions 2 * p, 3 * p, 4 * p... until you reach the end of the array)
Find the first position greater than p that is true in the array. If there is no such position, stop. Otherwise, let p equal this new number (which is the next prime), and repeat from step 4

When the algorithm terminates, the numbers remaining true in the array are all the primes below n.

An improvement of this algorithm is, in step 4, start marking multiples of p from p * p, and not from 2 * p. The reason why this works is because, at that point, smaller multiples of p will have already been marked false.

Example

Complexity

The algorithm has a complexity of O(n log(log n)).

References

Wikipedia