diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index db1f353c73..2660eba845 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -19,12 +19,11 @@ analysis:
 	. venv/bin/activate; flake8 --ignore=E402,F401,W391,W291,W293 twilio --max-line-length=300
 
 test: analysis
-	. venv/bin/activate; \
-  find tests -type d | xargs nosetests
+	. venv/bin/activate; pytest tests
 
 test-with-coverage:
 	. venv/bin/activate; \
-  find tests -type d | xargs nosetests --with-coverage --cover-inclusive --cover-erase --cover-package=twilio; \
+  pytest --cov=twilio tests; \
   coverage xml --omit 'twilio/rest/*' -o coverage.xml
 
 docs-install:
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 29174d1c0c..0e7a439483 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 flake8
 mock
-nose
 requests>=2.0.0
 PyJWT>=2.0.0, <3.0.0
 twine
diff --git a/tests/requirements.txt b/tests/requirements.txt
index f20b5dea95..44ba76b784 100644
--- a/tests/requirements.txt
+++ b/tests/requirements.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 Sphinx==1.8.0
 mock==0.8.0
-nose
+pytest
+pytest-cov
 coverage
-nosexcover
 flake8
 mccabe
 wheel>=0.22.0
diff --git a/tests/unit/jwt/test_access_token.py b/tests/unit/jwt/test_access_token.py
index e58f4b0e16..a1f8e0f898 100644
--- a/tests/unit/jwt/test_access_token.py
+++ b/tests/unit/jwt/test_access_token.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import time
 import unittest
-
 from datetime import datetime
-from nose.tools import assert_equal
 
 from twilio.jwt.access_token import AccessToken
 from twilio.jwt.access_token.grants import (
@@ -35,31 +33,31 @@ def assert_greater_equal(obj1, obj2):
 
 class AccessTokenTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def _validate_claims(self, payload):
-        assert_equal(SIGNING_KEY_SID, payload['iss'])
-        assert_equal(ACCOUNT_SID, payload['sub'])
+        assert SIGNING_KEY_SID == payload['iss']
+        assert ACCOUNT_SID == payload['sub']
 
-        assert_is_not_none(payload['exp'])
-        assert_is_not_none(payload['jti'])
-        assert_is_not_none(payload['grants'])
+        assert payload['exp'] is not None
+        assert payload['jti'] is not None
+        assert payload['grants'] is not None
 
-        assert_greater_equal(payload['exp'], int(time.time()))
+        assert payload['exp'] >= int(time.time())
 
-        assert_in(payload['iss'], payload['jti'])
+        assert payload['iss'] in payload['jti']
 
     def test_empty_grants(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         token = scat.to_jwt()
 
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal({}, decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {} == decoded_token.payload['grants']
 
     def test_region(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret', region='foo')
         token = scat.to_jwt()
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
-        assert_equal(decoded_token.headers['twr'], 'foo')
+        assert decoded_token.headers['twr'] == 'foo'
 
     def test_empty_region(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
@@ -72,15 +70,15 @@ def test_nbf(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret', nbf=now)
         token = scat.to_jwt()
 
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(now, decoded_token.nbf)
+        assert now == decoded_token.nbf
 
     def test_headers(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self.assertEqual(decoded_token.headers['cty'], 'twilio-fpa;v=1')
 
@@ -88,66 +86,66 @@ def test_identity(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret', identity='test@twilio.com')
         token = scat.to_jwt()
 
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal({
-            'identity': 'test@twilio.com'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'identity': 'test@twilio.com'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']
 
     def test_conversations_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         scat.add_grant(ConversationsGrant(configuration_profile_sid='CP123'))
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'configuration_profile_sid': 'CP123'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['rtc'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'configuration_profile_sid': 'CP123'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['rtc']
 
     def test_video_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         scat.add_grant(VideoGrant(room='RM123'))
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'room': 'RM123'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['video'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'room': 'RM123'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['video']
 
     def test_ip_messaging_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         scat.add_grant(IpMessagingGrant(service_sid='IS123', push_credential_sid='CR123'))
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'service_sid': 'IS123',
-            'push_credential_sid': 'CR123'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'service_sid': 'IS123',
+                   'push_credential_sid': 'CR123'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging']
 
     def test_chat_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         scat.add_grant(ChatGrant(service_sid='IS123', push_credential_sid='CR123'))
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'service_sid': 'IS123',
-            'push_credential_sid': 'CR123'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['chat'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'service_sid': 'IS123',
+                   'push_credential_sid': 'CR123'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['chat']
 
     def test_sync_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
@@ -155,15 +153,15 @@ def test_sync_grant(self):
         scat.add_grant(SyncGrant(service_sid='IS123', endpoint_id='blahblahendpoint'))
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(2, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal("bender", decoded_token.payload['grants']['identity'])
-        assert_equal({
-            'service_sid': 'IS123',
-            'endpoint_id': 'blahblahendpoint'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['data_sync'])
+        assert 2 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert "bender" == decoded_token.payload['grants']['identity']
+        assert {
+                   'service_sid': 'IS123',
+                   'endpoint_id': 'blahblahendpoint'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['data_sync']
 
     def test_grants(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
@@ -171,12 +169,12 @@ def test_grants(self):
         scat.add_grant(IpMessagingGrant())
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(2, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({}, decoded_token.payload['grants']['video'])
-        assert_equal({}, decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging'])
+        assert 2 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {} == decoded_token.payload['grants']['video']
+        assert {} == decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging']
 
     def test_programmable_voice_grant(self):
         grant = VoiceGrant(
@@ -190,18 +188,18 @@ def test_programmable_voice_grant(self):
         scat.add_grant(grant)
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'outgoing': {
-                'application_sid': 'AP123',
-                'params': {
-                    'foo': 'bar'
-                }
-            }
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['voice'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'outgoing': {
+                       'application_sid': 'AP123',
+                       'params': {
+                           'foo': 'bar'
+                       }
+                   }
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['voice']
 
     def test_programmable_voice_grant_incoming(self):
         grant = VoiceGrant(
@@ -212,15 +210,15 @@ def test_programmable_voice_grant_incoming(self):
         scat.add_grant(grant)
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'incoming': {
-                'allow': True
-            }
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['voice'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'incoming': {
+                       'allow': True
+                   }
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['voice']
 
     def test_task_router_grant(self):
         grant = TaskRouterGrant(
@@ -233,15 +231,15 @@ def test_task_router_grant(self):
         scat.add_grant(grant)
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({
-            'workspace_sid': 'WS123',
-            'worker_sid': 'WK123',
-            'role': 'worker'
-        }, decoded_token.payload['grants']['task_router'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {
+                   'workspace_sid': 'WS123',
+                   'worker_sid': 'WK123',
+                   'role': 'worker'
+               } == decoded_token.payload['grants']['task_router']
 
     def test_playback_grant(self):
         """Test that PlaybackGrants are created and decoded correctly."""
@@ -253,11 +251,11 @@ def test_playback_grant(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret')
         scat.add_grant(PlaybackGrant(grant=grant))
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(1, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal(grant, decoded_token.payload['grants']['player'])
+        assert 1 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert grant == decoded_token.payload['grants']['player']
 
     def test_pass_grants_in_constructor(self):
         grants = [
@@ -267,13 +265,13 @@ def test_pass_grants_in_constructor(self):
         scat = AccessToken(ACCOUNT_SID, SIGNING_KEY_SID, 'secret', grants=grants)
 
         token = scat.to_jwt()
-        assert_is_not_none(token)
+        assert token is not None
 
         decoded_token = AccessToken.from_jwt(token, 'secret')
         self._validate_claims(decoded_token.payload)
-        assert_equal(2, len(decoded_token.payload['grants']))
-        assert_equal({}, decoded_token.payload['grants']['video'])
-        assert_equal({}, decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging'])
+        assert 2 == len(decoded_token.payload['grants'])
+        assert {} == decoded_token.payload['grants']['video']
+        assert {} == decoded_token.payload['grants']['ip_messaging']
 
     def test_constructor_validates_grants(self):
         grants = [VideoGrant, 'GrantMeAccessToEverything']
diff --git a/tests/unit/jwt/test_client.py b/tests/unit/jwt/test_client.py
index 5cbd937f45..05928aad73 100644
--- a/tests/unit/jwt/test_client.py
+++ b/tests/unit/jwt/test_client.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-import unittest
-
 import time
-from nose.tools import assert_true, assert_equal
+import unittest
 
 from twilio.jwt import Jwt
 from twilio.jwt.client import ClientCapabilityToken, ScopeURI
@@ -11,23 +9,23 @@ class ClientCapabilityTokenTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def assertIn(self, foo, bar, msg=None):
         """backport for 2.6"""
-        return assert_true(foo in bar, msg=(msg or "%s not found in %s" % (foo, bar)))
+        assert foo in bar, (msg or "%s not found in %s" % (foo, bar))
 
     def now(self):
         return int(time.time())
 
     def test_no_permissions(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
-        assert_equal(len(token._generate_payload()), 1)
-        assert_equal(token._generate_payload()["scope"], '')
+        assert len(token._generate_payload()) == 1
+        assert token._generate_payload()["scope"] == ''
 
     def test_inbound_permissions(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
         token.allow_client_incoming("andy")
 
         eurl = "scope:client:incoming?clientName=andy"
-        assert_equal(len(token._generate_payload()), 1)
-        assert_equal(token._generate_payload()['scope'], eurl)
+        assert len(token._generate_payload()) == 1
+        assert token._generate_payload()['scope'] == eurl
 
     def test_outbound_permissions(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ def test_outbound_permissions(self):
 
         eurl = "scope:client:outgoing?appSid=AP123"
 
-        assert_equal(len(token._generate_payload()), 1)
+        assert len(token._generate_payload()) == 1
         self.assertIn(eurl, token._generate_payload()['scope'])
 
     def test_outbound_permissions_params(self):
@@ -43,21 +41,21 @@ def test_outbound_permissions_params(self):
         token.allow_client_outgoing("AP123", foobar=3)
 
         eurl = "scope:client:outgoing?appParams=foobar%3D3&appSid=AP123"
-        assert_equal(token.payload["scope"], eurl)
+        assert token.payload["scope"] == eurl
 
     def test_events(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
         token.allow_event_stream()
 
         event_uri = "scope:stream:subscribe?path=%2F2010-04-01%2FEvents"
-        assert_equal(token.payload["scope"], event_uri)
+        assert token.payload["scope"] == event_uri
 
     def test_events_with_filters(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
         token.allow_event_stream(foobar="hey")
 
         event_uri = "scope:stream:subscribe?params=foobar%3Dhey&path=%2F2010-04-01%2FEvents"
-        assert_equal(token.payload["scope"], event_uri)
+        assert token.payload["scope"] == event_uri
 
     def test_decode(self):
         token = ClientCapabilityToken("AC123", "XXXXX")
diff --git a/tests/unit/jwt/test_jwt.py b/tests/unit/jwt/test_jwt.py
index e9ac4f0c1b..eee05d61d9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/jwt/test_jwt.py
+++ b/tests/unit/jwt/test_jwt.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import unittest
-import jwt as jwt_lib
 import time as real_time
+import unittest
 
-from nose.tools import assert_true
+import jwt as jwt_lib
 from mock import patch
 
 from twilio.jwt import Jwt, JwtDecodeError
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ def _generate_headers(self):
 class JwtTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def assertIn(self, foo, bar, msg=None):
         """backport for 2.6"""
-        return assert_true(foo in bar, msg=(msg or "%s not found in %s" % (foo, bar)))
+        assert foo in bar, (msg or "%s not found in %s" % (foo, bar))
 
     def now(self):
         return int(real_time.time())
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_request_validator.py b/tests/unit/test_request_validator.py
index 86478d6746..fdc5d53095 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_request_validator.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_request_validator.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import unittest
 
-from nose.tools import assert_equal, assert_true
-
 from twilio.request_validator import RequestValidator
 
 
@@ -28,36 +26,36 @@ def setUp(self):
     def test_compute_signature(self):
         expected = (self.expected)
         signature = self.validator.compute_signature(self.uri, self.params)
-        assert_equal(signature, expected)
+        assert signature == expected
 
     def test_compute_hash_unicode(self):
         expected = self.bodyHash
         body_hash = self.validator.compute_hash(self.body)
 
-        assert_equal(expected, body_hash)
+        assert expected == body_hash
 
     def test_validation(self):
-        assert_true(self.validator.validate(self.uri, self.params, self.expected))
+        assert self.validator.validate(self.uri, self.params, self.expected)
 
     def test_validation_removes_port_on_https(self):
         uri = self.uri.replace(".com", ".com:1234")
-        assert_true(self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, self.expected))
+        assert self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, self.expected)
 
     def test_validation_removes_port_on_http(self):
         expected = "Zmvh+3yNM1Phv2jhDCwEM3q5ebU="  # hash of http uri with port 1234
         uri = self.uri.replace(".com", ".com:1234").replace("https", "http")
-        assert_true(self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, expected))
+        assert self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, expected)
 
     def test_validation_adds_port_on_https(self):
         expected = "kvajT1Ptam85bY51eRf/AJRuM3w="  # hash of uri with port 443
-        assert_true(self.validator.validate(self.uri, self.params, expected))
+        assert self.validator.validate(self.uri, self.params, expected)
 
     def test_validation_adds_port_on_http(self):
         uri = self.uri.replace("https", "http")
         expected = "0ZXoZLH/DfblKGATFgpif+LLRf4="  # hash of uri with port 80
-        assert_true(self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, expected))
+        assert self.validator.validate(uri, self.params, expected)
 
     def test_validation_of_body_succeeds(self):
         uri = self.uriWithBody
         is_valid = self.validator.validate(uri, self.body, "a9nBmqA0ju/hNViExpshrM61xv4=")
-        assert_true(is_valid)
+        assert is_valid
diff --git a/tests/unit/twiml/__init__.py b/tests/unit/twiml/__init__.py
index 70b95d781e..637c5cd077 100644
--- a/tests/unit/twiml/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/unit/twiml/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
 
-from nose.tools import raises
+from pytest import raises
 
 from twilio.twiml import (
     format_language,
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ class TwilioTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def strip(self, xml):
         return str(xml)
 
-    @raises(TwiMLException)
     def test_append_fail(self):
-        t = TwiML()
-        t.append(12345)
+        with raises(TwiMLException):
+            t = TwiML()
+            t.append(12345)
 
     def test_format_language_none(self):
         language = None
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ def test_format_language_coerced(self):
         language = 'EN_us'
         self.assertEqual('en-US', format_language(language))
 
-    @raises(TwiMLException)
     def test_format_language_fail(self):
-        format_language('this is invalid')
+        with raises(TwiMLException):
+            format_language('this is invalid')
 
     def test_lower_camel_empty_string(self):
         self.assertEqual('', lower_camel(''))
diff --git a/tests/unit/twiml/test_messaging_response.py b/tests/unit/twiml/test_messaging_response.py
index 4e097de9f5..79fcda723c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/twiml/test_messaging_response.py
+++ b/tests/unit/twiml/test_messaging_response.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from nose.tools import assert_equal
 from tests.unit.twiml import TwilioTest
 from twilio.twiml.messaging_response import MessagingResponse, Body, Media
 
@@ -7,49 +6,40 @@ class TestResponse(TwilioTest):
 
     def test_empty_response(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response />'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response />'
 
     def test_response(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
         r.message('Hello')
         r.redirect(url='example.com')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
 
     def test_response_chain(self):
         with MessagingResponse() as r:
             r.message('Hello')
             r.redirect(url='example.com')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
 
     def test_nested_verbs(self):
         with MessagingResponse() as r:
             with r.message('Hello') as m:
                 m.media('example.com')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello<Media>example.com</Media></Message></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello<Media>example.com</Media></Message></Response>'
 
     def test_child_node(self):
         with MessagingResponse() as r:
             with r.add_child('message', tag='global') as mod:
                 mod.add_child('bold', 'Hello')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><message tag="global"><bold>Hello</bold></message></Response>')
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><message tag="global"><bold>Hello</bold></message></Response>'
 
     def test_mixed(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
@@ -58,10 +48,8 @@ def test_mixed(self):
         r.add_child('Child').append('content')
         r.append('after')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Child>content</Child>after</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Child>content</Child>after</Response>'
 
 
 class TestMessage(TwilioTest):
@@ -70,10 +58,8 @@ def test_body(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
         r.message('Hello')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Message>Hello</Message></Response>'
 
     def test_nested_body(self):
         b = Body('Hello World')
@@ -81,10 +67,8 @@ def test_nested_body(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
         r.append(b)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Body>Hello World</Body></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Body>Hello World</Body></Response>'
 
     def test_nested_body_media(self):
         b = Body('Hello World')
@@ -94,10 +78,8 @@ def test_nested_body_media(self):
         r.append(b)
         r.append(m)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Body>Hello World</Body><Media>hey.jpg</Media></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Body>Hello World</Body><Media>hey.jpg</Media></Response>'
 
 
 class TestRedirect(TwilioTest):
@@ -105,10 +87,8 @@ def test_redirect(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
         r.redirect(url='example.com')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect>example.com</Redirect></Response>'
 
 
 class TestText(TwilioTest):
@@ -116,10 +96,8 @@ def test_text(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
         r.append('No tags!')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>No tags!</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>No tags!</Response>'
 
     def text_mixed(self):
         r = MessagingResponse()
@@ -127,7 +105,5 @@ def text_mixed(self):
         r.append(Body('Content'))
         r.append('after')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Body>Content</Body>after</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Body>Content</Body>after</Response>'
diff --git a/tests/unit/twiml/test_voice_response.py b/tests/unit/twiml/test_voice_response.py
index 6a90112585..7f8b3e3c18 100644
--- a/tests/unit/twiml/test_voice_response.py
+++ b/tests/unit/twiml/test_voice_response.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from nose.tools import assert_equal
 from tests.unit.twiml import TwilioTest
 from twilio.twiml.voice_response import VoiceResponse, Dial, Enqueue, Gather
 
@@ -8,10 +7,7 @@ class TestResponse(TwilioTest):
 
     def test_empty_response(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response />'
-        )
+        assert (self.strip(r) == '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response />')
 
     def test_response(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
@@ -23,11 +19,9 @@ def test_response(self):
             from_='+10987654321'
         )
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /><Leave />'
-            '<Sms from="+10987654321" to="+11234567890">twilio sms</Sms></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /><Leave />' \
+               '<Sms from="+10987654321" to="+11234567890">twilio sms</Sms></Response>'
 
     def test_response_chain(self):
         with VoiceResponse() as r:
@@ -39,21 +33,17 @@ def test_response_chain(self):
                 from_='+10987654321'
             )
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /><Leave />'
-            '<Sms from="+10987654321" to="+11234567890">twilio sms</Sms></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /><Leave />' \
+               '<Sms from="+10987654321" to="+11234567890">twilio sms</Sms></Response>'
 
     def test_nested_verbs(self):
         with VoiceResponse() as r:
             with r.gather() as g:
                 g.say('Hello', voice='man')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say voice="man">Hello</Say></Gather></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say voice="man">Hello</Say></Gather></Response>'
 
 
 class TestSay(TwilioTest):
@@ -63,71 +53,57 @@ def test_empty_say(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say /></Response>'
 
     def test_say_hello_world(self):
         """ should say hello world """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('Hello World')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say>Hello World</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say>Hello World</Say></Response>'
 
     def test_say_french(self):
         """ should say hello monkey """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('n\xe9cessaire et d\'autres')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say>n&#233;cessaire et d\'autres</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say>n&#233;cessaire et d\'autres</Say></Response>'
 
     def test_say_loop(self):
         """ should say hello monkey and loop 3 times """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('Hello Monkey', loop=3)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say loop="3">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say loop="3">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
 
     def test_say_loop_gb(self):
         """ should say have a woman say hello monkey and loop 3 times """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('Hello Monkey', language='en-gb')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say language="en-gb">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say language="en-gb">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
 
     def test_say_loop_woman(self):
         """ should say have a woman say hello monkey and loop 3 times """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('Hello Monkey', loop=3, voice='woman')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say loop="3" voice="woman">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say loop="3" voice="woman">Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
 
     def test_say_all(self):
         """ convenience method: should say have a woman say hello monkey and loop 3 times and be in french """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.say('Hello Monkey', loop=3, voice='man', language='fr')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say language="fr" loop="3" voice="man">'
-            'Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Say language="fr" loop="3" voice="man">' \
+               'Hello Monkey</Say></Response>'
 
 
 class TestPlay(TwilioTest):
@@ -137,40 +113,32 @@ def test_empty_play(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.play()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play /></Response>'
 
     def test_play_hello(self):
         """ should play hello monkey """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.play(url='http://hellomonkey.mp3')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play>http://hellomonkey.mp3</Play></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play>http://hellomonkey.mp3</Play></Response>'
 
     def test_play_hello_loop(self):
         """ should play hello monkey loop """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.play(url='http://hellomonkey.mp3', loop=3)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play loop="3">http://hellomonkey.mp3</Play></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play loop="3">http://hellomonkey.mp3</Play></Response>'
 
     def test_play_digits(self):
         """ should play digits """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.play(digits='w123')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play digits="w123" /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Play digits="w123" /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestRecord(TwilioTest):
@@ -180,41 +148,32 @@ def test_record_empty(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.record()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record /></Response>'
 
     def test_record_action_method(self):
         """ should record with an action and a get method """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.record(action='example.com', method='GET')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record action="example.com" method="GET" /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record action="example.com" method="GET" /></Response>'
 
     def test_record_max_length_finish_timeout(self):
         """ should record with an maxLength, finishOnKey, and timeout """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.record(timeout=4, finish_on_key='#', max_length=30)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record finishOnKey="#" maxLength="30" timeout="4" '
-            '/></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record finishOnKey="#" maxLength="30" timeout="4" /></Response>'
 
     def test_record_transcribe(self):
         """ should record with a transcribe and transcribeCallback """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.record(transcribe_callback='example.com')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record transcribeCallback="example.com" /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Record transcribeCallback="example.com" /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestRedirect(TwilioTest):
@@ -223,29 +182,23 @@ def test_redirect_empty(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.redirect('')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect /></Response>'
 
     def test_redirect_method(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.redirect('example.com', method='POST')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect method="POST">example.com</Redirect></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Redirect method="POST">example.com</Redirect></Response>'
 
     def test_redirect_method_params(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.redirect('example.com?id=34&action=hey', method='POST')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>'
-            '<Redirect method="POST">example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey</Redirect></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>' \
+               '<Redirect method="POST">example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey</Redirect></Response>'
 
 
 class TestHangup(TwilioTest):
@@ -255,10 +208,8 @@ def test_hangup(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.hangup()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Hangup /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestLeave(TwilioTest):
@@ -268,10 +219,8 @@ def test_leave(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.leave()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Leave /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Leave /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestReject(TwilioTest):
@@ -281,10 +230,8 @@ def test_reject(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.reject()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Reject /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Reject /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestSms(TwilioTest):
@@ -294,43 +241,35 @@ def test_empty(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.sms('')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Sms /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Sms /></Response>'
 
     def test_body(self):
         """ Test hello world """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.sms('Hello, World')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Sms>Hello, World</Sms></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Sms>Hello, World</Sms></Response>'
 
     def test_to_from_action(self):
         """ Test the to, from, and status callback """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.sms('Hello, World', to=1231231234, from_=3453453456, status_callback='example.com?id=34&action=hey')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>'
-            '<Sms from="3453453456" statusCallback="example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey" to="1231231234">'
-            'Hello, World</Sms></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>' \
+               '<Sms from="3453453456" statusCallback="example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey" to="1231231234">' \
+               'Hello, World</Sms></Response>'
 
     def test_action_method(self):
         """ Test the action and method parameters on Sms """
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.sms('Hello', method='POST', action='example.com?id=34&action=hey')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>'
-            '<Sms action="example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey" method="POST">Hello</Sms></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>' \
+               '<Sms action="example.com?id=34&amp;action=hey" method="POST">Hello</Sms></Response>'
 
 
 class TestConference(TwilioTest):
@@ -348,12 +287,10 @@ def test_conference(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>'
-            '<Conference beep="false" endConferenceOnExit="true" startConferenceOnEnter="true" waitUrl="">'
-            'TestConferenceAttributes</Conference></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>' \
+               '<Conference beep="false" endConferenceOnExit="true" startConferenceOnEnter="true" waitUrl="">' \
+               'TestConferenceAttributes</Conference></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_muted_conference(self):
         d = Dial()
@@ -369,12 +306,10 @@ def test_muted_conference(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>'
-            '<Conference beep="false" endConferenceOnExit="true" muted="true" startConferenceOnEnter="true" waitUrl="">'
-            'TestConferenceMutedAttribute</Conference></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>' \
+               '<Conference beep="false" endConferenceOnExit="true" muted="true" startConferenceOnEnter="true" waitUrl="">' \
+               'TestConferenceMutedAttribute</Conference></Dial></Response>'
 
 
 class TestQueue(TwilioTest):
@@ -386,11 +321,9 @@ def test_queue(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>'
-            '<Queue method="GET" url="">TestQueueAttribute</Queue></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>' \
+               '<Queue method="GET" url="">TestQueueAttribute</Queue></Dial></Response>'
 
 
 class TestEcho(TwilioTest):
@@ -399,10 +332,8 @@ def test_echo(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.echo()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Echo /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Echo /></Response>'
 
 
 class TestEnqueue(TwilioTest):
@@ -417,12 +348,10 @@ def test_enqueue(self):
             wait_url_method='POST'
         )
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>'
-            '<Enqueue action="act" method="GET" waitUrl="wait" waitUrlMethod="POST">TestEnqueueAttribute</Enqueue>'
-            '</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>' \
+               '<Enqueue action="act" method="GET" waitUrl="wait" waitUrlMethod="POST">TestEnqueueAttribute</Enqueue>' \
+               '</Response>'
 
     def test_task_string(self):
         e = Enqueue(None, workflowSid='123123123')
@@ -431,11 +360,9 @@ def test_task_string(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(e)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Enqueue workflowSid="123123123">'
-            '<Task>{"account_sid": "AC123123123"}</Task></Enqueue></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Enqueue workflowSid="123123123">' \
+               '<Task>{"account_sid": "AC123123123"}</Task></Enqueue></Response>'
 
     def test_task_dict(self):
         e = Enqueue(None, workflowSid='123123123')
@@ -444,11 +371,9 @@ def test_task_dict(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(e)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Enqueue workflowSid="123123123">'
-            '<Task>{"account_sid": "AC123123123"}</Task></Enqueue></Response>',
-            self.strip(r)
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Enqueue workflowSid="123123123">' \
+               '<Task>{"account_sid": "AC123123123"}</Task></Enqueue></Response>'
 
 
 class TestDial(TwilioTest):
@@ -458,10 +383,8 @@ def test_dial(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.dial("1231231234")
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>1231231234</Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>1231231234</Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_sim(self):
         d = Dial()
@@ -470,10 +393,8 @@ def test_sim(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Sim>123123123</Sim></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Sim>123123123</Sim></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_sip(self):
         """ should redirect the call """
@@ -483,10 +404,8 @@ def test_sip(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Sip>foo@example.com</Sip></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Sip>foo@example.com</Sip></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_sip_username_password(self):
         """ should redirect the call """
@@ -496,11 +415,9 @@ def test_sip_username_password(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>'
-            '<Sip password="bar" username="foo">foo@example.com</Sip></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>' \
+               '<Sip password="bar" username="foo">foo@example.com</Sip></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_number(self):
         """ add a number to a dial """
@@ -510,10 +427,8 @@ def test_add_number(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Number>1231231234</Number></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Number>1231231234</Number></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_number_status_callback_event(self):
         """ add a number to a dial with status callback events"""
@@ -523,12 +438,10 @@ def test_add_number_status_callback_event(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>'
-            '<Number statusCallback="http://example.com" statusCallbackEvent="initiated completed">1231231234</Number>'
-            '</Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial>' \
+               '<Number statusCallback="http://example.com" statusCallbackEvent="initiated completed">1231231234</Number>' \
+               '</Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_conference(self):
         """ add a conference to a dial """
@@ -538,10 +451,8 @@ def test_add_conference(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Conference>My Room</Conference></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Conference>My Room</Conference></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_queue(self):
         """ add a queue to a dial """
@@ -551,10 +462,8 @@ def test_add_queue(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Queue>The Cute Queue</Queue></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Queue>The Cute Queue</Queue></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_empty_client(self):
         """ add an empty client to a dial """
@@ -564,10 +473,8 @@ def test_add_empty_client(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Client /></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Client /></Dial></Response>'
 
     def test_add_client(self):
         """ add a client to a dial """
@@ -577,10 +484,8 @@ def test_add_client(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(d)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Client>alice</Client></Dial></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Dial><Client>alice</Client></Dial></Response>'
 
 
 class TestGather(TwilioTest):
@@ -590,10 +495,8 @@ def test_empty(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.gather()
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather /></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather /></Response>'
 
     def test_gather_say(self):
         g = Gather()
@@ -602,10 +505,8 @@ def test_gather_say(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(g)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say>Hello</Say></Gather></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say>Hello</Say></Gather></Response>'
 
     def test_nested_say_play_pause(self):
         """ a gather with a say, play, and pause """
@@ -617,11 +518,9 @@ def test_nested_say_play_pause(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append(g)
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say>Hey</Say><Play>hey.mp3</Play>'
-            '<Pause /></Gather></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><Gather><Say>Hey</Say><Play>hey.mp3</Play>' \
+               '<Pause /></Gather></Response>'
 
 
 class TestText(TwilioTest):
@@ -629,10 +528,8 @@ def test_text(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
         r.append('No tags!')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>No tags!</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>No tags!</Response>'
 
     def text_mixed(self):
         r = VoiceResponse()
@@ -640,18 +537,14 @@ def text_mixed(self):
         r.say('Content')
         r.append('after')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Say>Content</Say>after</Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response>before<Say>Content</Say>after</Response>'
 
     def test_add_child(self):
         with VoiceResponse() as r:
             with r.add_child('alexa', omnipresent='true') as alexa:
                 alexa.add_child('purchase', 'Kindle')
 
-        assert_equal(
-            self.strip(r),
-            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><alexa omnipresent="true">'
-            '<purchase>Kindle</purchase></alexa></Response>'
-        )
+        assert self.strip(r) == \
+               '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Response><alexa omnipresent="true">' \
+               '<purchase>Kindle</purchase></alexa></Response>'