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Merge branch 'master' into python-variables-update
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‎python-closure/README.md

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# Python Closures: Common Use Cases and Examples
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This folder provides the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Python Closures: Common Use Cases and Examples](https://realpython.com/python-closure/).

‎python-closure/app.py

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import tkinter as tk
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app = tk.Tk()
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app.title("GUI App")
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app.geometry("320x240")
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label = tk.Label(app, font=("Helvetica", 16, "bold"))
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label.pack()
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def callback(text):
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def closure():
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label.config(text=text)
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return closure
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button = tk.Button(
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app,
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text="Greet",
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command=callback("Hello, World!"),
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)
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button.pack()
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app.mainloop()

‎python-closure/appender.py

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def make_appender():
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items = []
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def appender(new_item):
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items.append(new_item)
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return items
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return appender

‎python-closure/closure.py

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# def outer_func():
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# name = "Pythonista"
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# def inner_func():
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# print(f"Hello, {name}!")
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# return inner_func
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def outer_func():
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name = "Pythonista"
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return lambda: print(f"Hello, {name}!")
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inner_func = outer_func()
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inner_func()

‎python-closure/counter.py

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def make_counter():
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count = 0
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def counter():
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nonlocal count
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count += 1
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return count
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return counter

‎python-closure/cum_average.py

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def cumulative_average():
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data = []
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def average(value):
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data.append(value)
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return sum(data) / len(data)
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return average

‎python-closure/decorators.py

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def decorator(function):
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def closure():
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print("Doing something before calling the function.")
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function()
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print("Doing something after calling the function.")
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return closure
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@decorator
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def greet():
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print("Hi, Pythonista!")

‎python-closure/free_variables.py

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def outer_func(outer_arg):
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local_var = "Outer local variable"
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def closure():
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print(outer_arg)
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print(local_var)
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print(another_local_var)
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another_local_var = "Another outer local variable"
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return closure

‎python-closure/inner.py

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def outer_func():
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name = "Pythonista"
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def inner_func():
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print(f"Hello, {name}!")
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inner_func()

‎python-closure/memoization.py

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from time import sleep
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from timeit import timeit
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def memoize(function):
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cache = {}
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def closure(number):
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if number not in cache:
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cache[number] = function(number)
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return cache[number]
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return closure
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@memoize
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def slow_operation(number):
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sleep(0.5)
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exec_time = timeit(
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"[slow_operation(number) for number in [2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4]]",
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globals=globals(),
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number=1,
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)
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print(f"Slow operation's time: {exec_time:.2f} seconds.")

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